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anthropology > midterm 1 vocab > Flashcards

midterm 1 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Anthropology

A

A discipline that investigates the nature of and causes of human variation and those aspects of life that are common to all of humanity

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2
Q

Medical anthropology

A

The study of health, illness, health care, and related topics from a broad anthropological perspective

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3
Q

Critical medical anthropology

A

An analysis of how power differentials affect health

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4
Q

Interpretive approach

A

The attempt to understand medical systems, health, and disease strictly within their cultural contexts

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5
Q

Nosologies

A

A system of disease classification

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6
Q

Cultural construction of diseases

A
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7
Q

International classification of disease

A

World Health Organization (WHO) - a globally recognized listing of standard definitions of disease

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8
Q

EMIC

A

The perspective of members of a society

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9
Q

ETIC

A

The perspective on a society from the view of an outsider

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10
Q

Culture

A

The beliefs, values, practices, and traditions of behavior of a group

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11
Q

Cartesian Dualism

A

Separation of mind and body - separation of nature and nurture

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12
Q

Epigenetics

A

The health and dietary status of your ancestors is imbedded in your DNA

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13
Q

Norms

A
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14
Q

Biological determinism

A

The concept that all human behavior is determined by genes, brain size, and/or other biological attributes (reductive and inaccurate)

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15
Q

Biocultural perspective

A

Perspective that considers the social, ecological, and biological aspects of health issues and, importantly, how these interact within and across populations and over evolutionary time

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16
Q

Ethnographic fieldwork

A

Anthropological research that usually involves long-term residence in a community, speaking the local language, and participating in daily life as a member of that community

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17
Q

Participant-observation

A

The participation in, yet detached observance of, a group’s behavior that is the hallmark of ethnographic fieldwork

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18
Q

Ethnomedicine

A

Healing traditions of a certain culture

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19
Q

Ethno-biocentrism

A

Refers to the denigration or pathologization of biological variation that doesn’t conform to people’s beliefs about what is normal or better human biology

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20
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that your culture and way of life is superior to all other ways life

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21
Q

Reflexivity

A
  • Role of the ethnographer and social positioning
  • Influences the relationship between anthropologist and community
  • Influences the type of data collected
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22
Q

Positionality

A
  • Role of the ethnographer and social positioning
  • Influences the relationship between anthropologist and community
  • Influences the type of data collected
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23
Q

International health

A

A state of complete social, psychological, and physical well-being - varies cross-culturally

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24
Q

Cultural relativism

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A

Cultures must not be evaluated in relation to another that is judged superior, but rather understood on their own terms

25
Food (in)security
26
Dietary reference intakes
Standards for the recommended intake of nutrients (estimated average requirements, recommended dietary allowances, adequate intake, tolerable upper intake levels, acceptable macronutrient distribution range)
27
Malnutrition (over and under)
- Under nutrition (caloric) - growth failure (failure to thrive, protein-energy malnutrition) - Under nutrition (specific nutrient deficiencies) - specific nutrient deficiencies (iron, zinc, various vitamins) - Overnutrition (caloric) - obesity - Nutrient imbalance - refers to diseases affected by poor nutrition such as Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, etc
28
Hypertension
When the pressure in your blood pressure is too high (above 140/90 mmHg)
29
Celiac disease
An immunologically mediated sensitivity to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley
30
Body mass index
Supposed fat to muscle composition (Weight in kg / height in square meters)
31
Obesity
Having a BMI of 30 or more
32
Overweight
Having a BMI of 25-30
33
Diabetes
A syndrome in which blood sugar levels remain high. There are two types: Type I (IDDM) appears to be immunologically mediated and caused by destruction of cells that produce insulin; Type II (NIDDM) is often caused by insulin resistance
34
Embodiment
The ways in which the environment that humans live leaves traces in human biology or alters biological development in children
35
Medicalization
Defining a condition as a disease or a condition in need of medical surveillance
36
Proximate (causes)
The immediate cause of some physiological disruption
37
Ultimate (causes)
The more distant sociocultural, political, economic, historical, ecological, or evolutionary causes of a disease
38
Biological normalcy
Refers to the ways in which the statistical distributions of biological traits in a population are related to normative views about what bodies 'should' look like (what people in a society consider a normal human body)
39
Etiology
Causation, course of sickness
40
Sick role
A socially recognizable set of different expectations for individuals with a socially recognized disease or illness
41
Nocebo and placebo effect
- Nocebo: when one feels ill because one believes themselves to be ill - Placebo: when one feels healthy because one believes themselves to be healthy (or that a treatment that has no benefits actually helped)
42
Morbidity
Disease or the symptoms of disease
43
Mortality
Death
44
Sickness
An inclusive term that refers to “unwanted” variations in physical, social, and psychological dimensions of health
45
Insulin
A hormone produced in the pancreas that is responsible for clearing glucose from the bloodstream by having cells take up glucose
46
Disease
Refers to the physiological altercation that impairs or has the potential to impair function in some way
47
Illness
Refers to the individual experience of feeling sick
48
Mutation
Mistakes that are made in the copying of DNA. Can lead to new antigens in pathogens, malignant cells - as in cancer - or new adaptive variants of a gene
49
Natural selection
A process through which ind. with traits that enhance their survival or reproduction leave more offspring in subsequent generations so that those traits become more common over time
50
Evolution
Changes in the characteristics of a population over time
51
Adaptation
A trait that confers some survival or reproductive advantage
52
Adaptability
Short-term, non-inheritable physiological changes that occur in ind. when they are confronted w/ immediate challenges to their survival
53
Fitness
Reproductive success in evolutionary terms
54
Selective forces
Factors that derive from the environment that ultimately pose threats to health, well-being, survival, and reproduction (challenge survival and reproduction)
55
Stressors
Challenges to health and well-being, survival and reproduction, or anything that generates a physiological stress response
56
Cultural relativity
The viewpoint that all cultures must be understood within their own internal logic
57
Culture bound syndrome
Response to non-Western mental health that falls outside DSM, illness unique to a particular society
58
Amok
Dissociative disorder in China

anthropology (4 decks)

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