FINAL: unit 2

Question 1

cellular respiration

Answer 1

converts chemical energy into cellular energy

Question 2

cellular respiration equation

Answer 2

glucose + oxygen –> water + carbon dioxide + ATP

Question 3

what kind of cells can do cellular respiration?

Answer 3

aerobic prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Question 4

what are the four parts of cellular respiration?

Answer 4

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate processing
3. citric acid cycle
4. electron transport chain

Question 5

where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 5

cytosol

Question 6

where does glycolysis occur in prokarytoic cells?

Answer 6

cytosol

Question 7

does glycolysis require oxygen?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

inputs of glycolysis

Answer 8

glucose
NAD+
ADP
ATP

Question 9

outputs of glycolysis

Answer 9

pyruvate
NADH
ATP

Question 10

what parts of cellular respiration require oxygen?

Answer 10

pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

Question 11

where does pyruvate processing occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 11

mitochondrial matrix

Question 12

inputs of pyruvate processing

Answer 12

pyruvate
NAD+
coenzyme A

Question 13

outputs of pyruvate processing

Answer 13

acetyl CoA
NADH
CO2

Question 14

how is acetyl CoA formed during pyruvate processing?

Answer 14

from pyruvate and coenzyme A

Question 15

how is CO2 formed during pyruvate processing?

Answer 15

comes from the carboxyl group released by pyruvate

Question 16

where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 16

mitochondria

Question 17

inputs of citric acid cycle

Answer 17

acetyl CoA
NAD+
FAD+
ADP

Question 18

outputs of citric acid cycle

Answer 18

NADH
FADH
ATP
CO2

Question 19

how is CO2 formed in the citric acid cycle?

Answer 19

from acetyl CoA

Question 20

where do NADH and FADH go after citric acid cycle?

Answer 20

act as electron carriers in the electron transport chain

Question 21

where does the electron transport chain occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 21

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 22

inputs of electron transport chain

Answer 22

NADH
FADH
O2

Question 23

outputs of electron transport chain

Answer 23

H2O
ATP
NAD+
FAD+

Question 24

what is ATP synthase?

Answer 24

it creates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

Question 25

what is ATP synthase powered by?

Answer 25

the high concentration of H+ ions from NADH and FADH in the ETC - active transport

Question 26

what is ATP used for?

Answer 26

cellular functions such as biosynthesis, transport, and movement

Question 27

where is the highest H+ concentration in mitochondria?

Answer 27

electron transport chain

Question 28

photosynthesis

Answer 28

light energy into chemical energy

Question 29

what cells do photosynthesis?

Answer 29

only plant cells

Question 30

photosynthesis equation

Answer 30

CO2 + H20 --> O2 + glucose + H2O

Question 31

where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 31

chloroplast

Question 32

where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

Answer 32

thylakoid - highest concentration of H+

Question 33

inputs of light dependent reactions

Answer 33

light H2O NADP+ ADP

Question 34

outputs of light dependent reactions

Answer 34

O2 NADPH ATP

Question 35

how is O2 made in light dependent reactions?

Answer 35

made from H2O after H+ is oxidized from H2O and forms NADPH

Question 36

what are the systems of the light-dependent reactions?

Answer 36

photosystem I is connected to photosystem 2 via the Z-scheme

Question 37

where do the light-independent reactions (calvin cycle_ take place?

Answer 37

stroma

Question 38

inputs of calvin cycle

Answer 38

CO2 (comes from atmosphere) ATP NADPH

Question 39

outputs of calvin cycle

Answer 39

glucose (comes from CO2) NADP+ ADP

Question 40

what is the biochemical link between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Answer 40

photosynthesis uses products of cellular respiration and cellular respiration uses products of photosynthesis

Question 41

what are the 3 steps of cell signaling?

Answer 41

1. signal reception 2. signal transduction 3. signal response

Question 42

signal reception

Answer 42

ligand (signal) binds to receptor - receptor changes shape to create response

Question 43

where does cell reception occur for a polar molecule?

Answer 43

the receptor is attached to the cell membrane - transmembrane protein

Question 44

is the receptor for signal reception always active?

Answer 44

no, it needs to be activated

Question 45

what happens if the receptor is the effector?

Answer 45

NLS tag is revealed so the signal can enter the nucleus

Question 46

what happens if the receptor is NOT the effector?

Answer 46

there is a chain of signaling that will eventually create a response

Question 47

signal transduction

Answer 47

series of molecular switches turn each other on by changing next molecule in pathway

Question 48

where does signal transduction occur?

Answer 48

cytoplasm or nucleus

Question 49

two receptor types

Answer 49

GPCR and RTK

Question 50

GPCR process

Answer 50

1. signal enters GPCR 2. inactive form of G protein is bound to GDP 3. activation of G protein by binding of receptor and exchange of GDP for GTP 4. activated G protein moves through cell membrane and binds/activates next protein

Question 51

RTK process

Answer 51

1. kinase adds phosphates to change shape of the protein 2. shape change can reveal active site so protein can phosphorylate/activate next protein

Question 52

kinase

Answer 52

adds phosphate groups

Question 53

phosphatase

Answer 53

removes phosphate groups, which stops the kinase cascade

Question 54

how to inactivate GTP?

Answer 54

hydrolysis of GTP into GDP, which stops the signal transduction

Question 55

signal response

Answer 55

1. activating enzyme 2. opening membrane channels 3. initiating gene expression