FINAL: unit 4

Question 1

gene

Answer 1

section of DNA that contains the regulatory sequences and coding sequences for transcription to RNA

Question 2

DNA

Answer 2

molecule that stores genetic information

Question 3

gene

Answer 3

specific region of DNA that codes for protein

Question 4

chromosomes

Answer 4

long DNA molecules tightly coiled with histones and many genes

Question 5

proteins

Answer 5

made based off information in genes

Question 6

what is the polarity of the DNA template strand?

Answer 6

3’ -> 5’

Question 7

what is the polarity of the DNA coding strand?

Answer 7

5’ -> 3’

Question 8

what direction is mRNA read and built by RNA polymerase?

Answer 8

read: 3’ -> 5’
built: 5’ -> 3’

Question 9

core promoter region

Answer 9

determines the start site and direction of transcription

Question 10

what binds to promoter region (TATA box)?

Answer 10

general transcription factors which is required for transcription

Question 11

TATA box

Answer 11

specific DNA sequence found in the promoter region that marks the start of transcription

Question 12

when and where does RNA polymerase bind?

Answer 12

it binds to the promoter region after the GTF binds to TATA box

Question 13

proximal regulatory regions

Answer 13

region close to the promoter site where transcription factors such as activators and repressors can bind

Question 14

activators

Answer 14

protein that binds to enhancer regions and recruits histone acelaytion to decondense chromatin
- promotes transcription by helping GTF and RNA polymerase bind

Question 15

repressors

Answer 15

stop transcription by blocking general transcription factors and RNA polymerase

Question 16

distal regulatory regions

Answer 16

DNA sequences further away from protein coding region of DNA such as enhancers and silencers

Question 17

how do distal regulatory regions affect transcription?

Answer 17

influences how much of a gene is expressed and facilitates chromatin remodeling

Question 18

enhancer

Answer 18

increases transcription

Question 19

silencer

Answer 19

decreases transcription

Question 20

after transcription, what needs to happen before translation can occur?

Answer 20

alternative splicing: cutting out the introns

Question 21

what is added to the mRNA strand?

Answer 21

5’ methyl G cap
3’ polyA tail

Question 22

what direction is RNA read by ribosome?

Answer 22

5’ -> 3’

Question 23

where does the ribosome start translation?

Answer 23

start codon: AUG

Question 24

where does ribosome stop translation?

Answer 24

stop codon: UAA, UGA, UAG

Question 25

what direction are proteins built?

Answer 25

N terminus -> C terminus

Question 26

silent mutations

Answer 26

no change in amino acid - no shape change so no loss of function

Question 27

missense mutations

Answer 27

changes one amino acid base bair

Question 28

conservative missense mutations

Answer 28

chemical property of new amino acid is the same as the original - can still function

Question 29

nonconservative missense mutation

Answer 29

chemical property of new amino acid is different - creates nonfunctional protein because it cannot bind to active site

Question 30

nonsense mutation

Answer 30

changes to stop codon - loss of function due to shape change and protein sequence being stopped

Question 31

frameshift mutation

Answer 31

insertion or deletion of base pair - changes how mRNA is read