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HLST 200 Final > Final unit 7-12 > Flashcards

Final unit 7-12 Flashcards

1
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

infectious disease caused by bacteria that spread through the air when someone coughs, sneezes or, to a lesser degree, talks. It usually attacks the lungs

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2
Q

Certain populations in Canada, are disproportionately affected by TB

A

First Nations
People who are particularly at risk of TB include poverty-stricken and/or homeless people; inner-city residents, especially those prone to excess alcohol use and injection drug users; elderly people, especially single men; and individuals with HIV.

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3
Q

West Nile Virus

A

mosquito-borne virus. Mosquitoes become infected by feeding on the blood of birds that carry the virus, and then transmit the virus by biting other birds, animals, or people

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4
Q

Antimicrobial Resistance

A

bacterial resistance to antibiotics

eg. MRSA,gonorrhoea

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5
Q

Sexually Transmitted Infections

A
  • infections and diseases transmitted through sexual contact
  • sti often diagnosed younger in women
  • higher rates in indigenous community
  • prevention - condom/dental dam/ cling film
  • Pap does not test for STIs
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6
Q

HIV/AIDS

A
  • all pregnant women are tested for HIV during their pregnancy and if they are found to be HIV positive they are treated with a cocktail of HIV medications
  • present in breastmilk
  • alcohol and hydrogen peroxide don’t kill HIV, bleach does, virus killing spermicide also
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7
Q

Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)

A

While the bacteria which cause LGV and Chlamydia are from the same group, the infections caused by LGV bacteria are more invasive. LGV is transmitted through unprotected oral, vaginal, and anal sex (including unprotected fist insertion and sharing of dildos). The risk of infection can be reduced by using condoms or other barrier methods for oral, vaginal, and anal sex.

antibiotic treatment

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8
Q

Mode of disease transmission (5)

A 
Contact
Food or water
Airborne
Vector
Perinatal
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9
Q

Contact Disease Transmission

A

Direct (e.g., skin or sexual contact) or indirect (e.g., infected blood or body fluid)

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10
Q

Food or Water Disease Transmission

A

Eating or coming in contact with contaminated food, water, or products passed through contaminated food or water.

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11
Q

Airborne Disease Transmission

A

tiny droplets inhaled - coughing, laughing, talking

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12
Q

Vector Disease Transmission

A

By secretions, biting, egg-laying, as done by mosquitoes, ticks, snails, avians, etc.

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13
Q

Perinatal Disease Transmission

A

In utero or as a baby passes through the birth canal.

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14
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

Includes both heart disease and stroke, is a leading cause of death in Canada. Although more than a third of all Canadians die from CVD

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15
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors

A

-age
-lifestyle
high blood pressure
cholesterol
overweight/obesity
tobacco use
lack of physical activity
diabetes.

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16
Q

Hypertension, or High Blood Pressure (CVD)

A

Systolic (higher) / Diastolic (lower)

high +140/+90

many don’t realize they have it
major contributing factor to CD

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17
Q

Tobacco Use (CVD)

A
  • estimated to cause 10% of CVD
  • risk highest in women/young men
  • risk reduces after 2 years/ gone after 15
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18
Q

Raised Blood Glucose (Diabetes) (CVD)

A

Diabetes is defined as having a fasting plasma glucose value of 7.0 mmol/l (126 mg/dl) or higher

  • CV events 2/3x higher in people with diabetes
  • disproportionately effects women
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19
Q

Physical Inactivity

A

Insufficient physical activity is the fourth leading risk factor for mortality
-People who are insufficiently physically active have a 20 to 30% increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to those who engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity most days of the week
-

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20
Q

DAILY

A

Disability adjusted life year
insufficient activity major cause
unhealthy diet major cause

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21
Q

Unhealthy Diet

A

High dietary intakes of saturated fat, trans-fats and salt, and low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish are linked to cardiovascular risk.

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22
Q

Blood Cholesterol/Lipids

A

needed to make hormones

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23
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipoproteins
“bad” cholesterol. A high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in the arteries (blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to your body)
The higher the level of LDL cholesterol in the blood, the GREATER the chance is of getting heart disease.

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24
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoproteins
“good” cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from other parts of the body back to the liver. The liver removes the cholesterol from your body.
The higher the level of HDL cholesterol in your blood, the LOWER your chance is of getting heart disease.

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25
Q

Overweight and Obesity

A

lots of global DALYs are caused by overweight or obesity

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26
Q

dyslipidaemia

A

abnormal amount of lipids in the blood

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27
Q

Stroke

A

a sudden loss of brain function that occurs when the blood flow supplying oxygen to a part of the brain is interrupted

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28
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

lack of blood flow to the brain due to a blood clot

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29
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage:

A

bleeding within the brain

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30
Q

Atraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

rupture of an aneurysm at the base of the brain that causes bleeding into the lining of the brain.

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31
Q

Uncontrollable Risks - Stroke and CD

A

While the text mentions heredity, genetics is only part of the story because other, non-genetic risk factors also tend to run in families. For instance, members of the same family may eat the same high-fat foods, smoke cigarettes, etc.

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32
Q

Tools to diagnose CVD

A

ECG - heart electroactivity monitered during a stress test

Cardiac Catheterization - dye injected and x ray taken to view blockages

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33
Q

Cancer

A

40% of Canadians will develop cancer in their lifetime and about 1 in 4 Canadians will die of cancer.

34
Q

most prevalent cancers (4) and %

A

52%

lung
breast
colorectal
prostate

35
Q

Preventing Cancer

A

diet/lifestyle/exercise

  • Eliminating tobacco use
  • reduce alcohol consumption
  • reduce prolonged sunlight exposure/tanning
  • reduce exposure to pollutants - chemicals/secondhand smoke

About one-third of all cancers are related to diet, body weight and physical activity.

36
Q

Diabetes

A

metabolic disorder

prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among Canadians increased by 70%

37
Q

Diabetes Risk Factors

A

Advancing age, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, certain ethnicities, and a family history of diabetes (or gestational diabetes in women) are all important risk factors. Socio-demographic factors, including lower socio-economic status, belonging to certain ethnic groups, and living in rural areas are associated with higher rates of type 2 diabetes, more prevalent risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and higher levels of morbidity and mortality.

38
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Autoimmune disorder

39
Q

Aboriginal Canadians - thrifty gene

A

traditional nomadic lifestyles and feast/famine cycles of Aboriginals. Aboriginal Canadians may have the capacity to store food energy very efficiently, that is, perhaps they have a “thrifty” gene that helps to ensure the body’s survival. Unfortunately, the rapid change from a traditional diet to one high in calories, fats, and sugar, combined with a sedentary lifestyle, has led to an increase in obesity in this population, and with obesity comes type 2 diabetes.

40
Q

Asthma

A

wheezing, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and coughing spasms. Most attacks are mild, however, they can trigger bronchospasms (contractions of the bronchial tubes) which can cause death in the absence of quick treatment. Attacks may be triggered by allergens such as dust, pollen, and animal dander, by emotional factors such as anxiety and stress, or by exercise.

41
Q

Chronic Obstructive Lung

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

The exact cause of emphysema is uncertain, but it has a strong relationship with long-term cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. Inadequate oxygen supply combined with the stress of overexertion on the heart takes its toll on the cardiovascular system and eventually leads to premature death. Little can be done to reverse the effects of emphysema.

Smoking is the major risk factor for chronic bronchitis, although dust, fumes, and particulate matter in the air also contribute. Those who suffer from emphysema or chronic bronchitis often need respiratory devices.

42
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Weakening of the bones and predisposing people to breaks and fractures. 1/3 women 1/5 men

The text describes various risk factors for osteoporosis. Consuming inadequate levels of vitamin D, which facilitates calcium absorption, is a risk factor.

43
Q

Arthritis

A

Joint Inflammation

With OA, the cartilage erodes, eventually resulting in pain, stiffness, swelling and bone-on-bone movement in the affected joint. OA will usually cause the affected joints to become stiff in the morning, but the stiffness usually lasts about 15-20 minutes. As the day progresses and joints are used, the pain and discomfort can get worse. Resting the joints tends to provide relief. The pain and stiffness causes the joints to be used less often and the muscles surrounding the joint weaken.

44
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

nflammatory arthritis and an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease is one where the body’s immune system becomes confused and begins to “attack” the body. RA can occur at any age, but typically appears between the ages of 20 and 50. About one out of every 100 Canadians has rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is three times more common among women

45
Q

Low Back Pain

A

Risk factors include advancing age, body type, poor posture, strength and fitness, psychological factors, and occupational risks. Prevention of LBP involves protecting the lower back from blows, excessive strain, or sharp twists when muscles are not warmed up. Exercises that strengthen the abdominal muscles, exercises that stretch the back muscles, and good posture are important.

46
Q

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

A

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a group of painful disorders of muscles, tendons, and nerves. Carpal tunnel syndrome (median nerve in the wrist becomes irritated, causing numbness, tingling, and pain in the fingers and hands), tendonitis, thoracic outlet syndrome, and tension neck syndrome are examples. Work activities which are frequent and repetitive, or activities with awkward postures cause these disorders which may be painful during work or at rest

47
Q

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

A 
myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) 
onset often follows an upper respiratory infection

ME/CFS is diagnosed based on two major criteria and at least eight minor criteria. Major criteria include debilitating fatigue that persists for at least six months and the ruling out of other diagnoses that could cause such symptoms. Minor criteria include headaches, fever, sore throat, painful lymph nodes, weakness, fatigue after exercise, sleep problems, and rapid onset of these symptoms. Treatment of CFS focuses on improved nutrition, rest, counselling for depression, exercise, and development of a strong support network.

48
Q

Headaches

A

The most common types of headaches are tension and migraine. Tension headaches are generally caused by muscle contractions or tension in the neck or head. Recent research indicates that tension headaches may be a product of a more generic mechanism, by which chemicals deep inside the brain may cause the muscular tension and pain (Donatelle & Thompson, 2011). Triggers for this may be red wine, lack of sleep, fasting, menstruation, or other factors. The same symptoms (sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, and/or throbbing pain) may characterize different types of headaches. Migraine headaches include a pulsating pain on one side of the head in combination with dizzy spells, nausea, and a severe intolerance for light and noise. For some, migraines are preceded by a sensory warning sign known as an aura, such as flashes of light, flickering vision, blind spots, or tingling in the arms or legs, or sensations of odour or taste. These types of headaches can last for days.

49
Q

Prevention for High Risk Strategy

A

he high-risk approach begins by identifying those who are at high risk, usually by screening large sections of the population. For heart disease, screening involves identifying and treating persons with high blood cholesterol levels, especially those who also smoke and those who have hypertension. This approach is effective, since screening efforts are concentrated on a segment of the population that should produce the best outcomes. Also, high-risk people have more incentive to follow the advice than do average-risk people. This factor helps make this approach more cost effective than broadly based intervention programs for the general population. One problem with the high-risk approach is that it overlooks many future cases of disease, as those who fall below the risk cut-off points are not eligible for treatment.

50
Q

Prevention for Population Strategy

A

population approach, on the other hand, considers that everyone in the population can benefit from healthy lifestyle changes: increasing fruit and vegetable servings, increasing physical activity levels, or decreasing stress. The advantages of the population approach are that even those who are considered to be low risk are included in the program, and prevention activities are usually low-tech, and thereby, relatively low-cost.

51
Q

Tobacco Processing - 3 types

A
  • dried tobacco is heated to speed the curing process - Virginia tobacco
  • Air-cured tobacco - Maryland Tobacco
  • Sun-cured tobacco is called Oriental tobacco
52
Q

nicotine injestion

A

When tobacco leaves are burned in a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, nicotine is released and inhaled into the lungs. Sucking or chewing tobacco releases nicotine into the saliva, and is then absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth

53
Q

nicotine poisoning

A

include dizziness, lightheadedness, rapid, erratic pulse, clammy skin, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The effects of nicotine poisoning stop when tolerance to the chemical develops. Research indicates that tolerance develops almost immediately in new users, such as after the second or third cigarette. In contrast, tolerance to most other drugs, such as alcohol, develops over a period of months or years

54
Q

chemicals in cigarettes

A
  • ammonia, which aids in the delivery of nicotine
  • freon and ammonia gases to tobacco and freeze-dry it to increase its volume
  • titanium oxide, which accelerates and maintains burning so a cigarette stays lit, and delivers smoke evenly with each puff.
  • carbon monoxide
  • benzene, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and cadmium.
55
Q

“Sauced” Tobacco

A

-the addition of sugar or menthol oils make the smoke seem milder or cooler
-adding ammonia increase the nicotine hit
glycerol helps to keep cigarettes fresh
=ingredients such as fruit extracts, spices, sugars, syrups, licorice and even chocolate change the taste of cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco and snuff
-inorganic salts control the speed of burning

56
Q

Flavoured tobacco

A

Canada was the first country in the world to take action on flavoured tobacco products thought to appeal to youth by banning the use of flavoured additives in cigarettes, little cigars and blunt wraps.

Federal legislation bans flavours (except menthol) from being added to cigarettes and cigarillos that weigh less than 1.4 grams.

57
Q

E-cigarettes

A
  • legal in canada

- dont contain nicotine - easy to replace cartridge

58
Q

Underage Smoking

A

Only Alberta and Nova Scotia have laws agains underage smoking
-legal age 18/19

59
Q

tobacco advertising / packaging

A

advertising is illegal
Furthermore, cigarette packaging laws are strict; packages must show how much tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide the cigarettes produce.

60
Q

Methods to quit smoking

A

-Bupropion, a pill originally developed to treat depression, is an additional drug that may be used to address the physiological addiction to cigarettes. clonodine and nortriptyline.

meds combined with support, taken correctly - very useful

61
Q

Adult Caffeine intake

Pregnant/Breastfeeding woman

A

400-450mg

max 300mg

62
Q

caffeinism

A

usually related to doses of 500-1000 mgs per day). Typical symptoms are tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), hypertension, irregular heartbeat, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Caffeine can also interact with other drugs. For example, Health Canada warns people to never mix caffeine with ephedrine

63
Q

three types of alcohol

A

beer, wine, spirits (40%)

64
Q

I serving of Alcohol

A

13grams

65
Q

Canadian alcohol consumption

A

Canadians drink more than 50% of populations globally

- prefer to drink beer

66
Q

Underage drinking

A
  • 30% 7th graders
  • 80% 12th graders
  • adolescents who experiment with drinking before age 15 are more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who begin drinking at a later age. This supports the rationale for establishing a legal drinking age
67
Q

Legal Blood Alcohol to Drive

A

.08% canada

.05% Alberta

68
Q

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

A

FASD is a leading cause of preventable birth defects among Canadian children

69
Q

Alcohol Addiction Treatment

A

Withdrawal can take from 7 to 21 days, under medical supervision
- Typically the inpatient programs are between 21 and 28 days. focusing on phycologilogical addiction after withdrawal

70
Q

Disulfiram

A

is a drug used in aversion treatment; if a person consumes alcohol while on this medication, it causes unpleasant effects such as nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and hangover. Such aversion therapy is based on conditioning therapy. When the sight, smell, and/or taste of alcohol is paired with a noxious stimulus e.g., vomiting induced by medication, people may become averse to alcohol. This is coupled with counselling.

71
Q

Reducing Alcohol-Related Harms strategies

A
  • instituting a minimum legal drinking age;
  • restricted hours and days of selling alcohol;
  • public monopolies on the production and/or distribution of alcohol (each province and territory has established a liquor authority responsible for the control and sale of alcohol);
  • outlet density restrictions (e.g., zoning laws to limit the clustering of retail alcohol outlets in a particular area);
  • alcohol taxes (e.g., federal excise tax; provincial markups and environmental taxes; federal and provincial sales taxes);
  • sobriety check points (random or selective testing of drivers at roadside checkpoints);
  • lowered BAC limits (in Canada, 0.08 [Criminal Code] and lower in most provinces (0.05 range);
  • administrative license suspension (in Canada, suspension may be imposed administratively for a period ranging from 12 hours to 90 days);
72
Q

Life Expectancy

A

83 - women

79 - men

73
Q

Ageism

A

a prejudice against individuals or groups because of their age, is prevalent in Canada

74
Q

Senescence

A

efers to the phase of old age in which there is much deterioration of body functioning.

75
Q

wear-and-tear theory

A

the human body simply wears out. According to this theory, high impact activities such as jogging may predispose people to premature bone and joint injuries in later years, particularly in the lower back, hip, and knee areas. Inherent in this theory is the idea that the more one abuses the body the faster it will wear out.

76
Q

cellular theory

A

at birth we have a static number of usable cells, which are genetically programmed to divide or reproduce only a limited number of times. Once these cells reach the end of their reproductive cycle, they begin to die and the organs they make up begin to deteriorate. The rate of deterioration is individual, and the impact of the deterioration depends on the body system affected.

77
Q

autoimmune theory

A

attributes aging to the decline of the body’s immune system. As we age, our immune systems become less effective in fighting disease. Health behaviours such as too much stress, lack of sleep, poor diet, and inactivity contribute negatively to fighting against disease. In some instances, the immune system appears to turn its protective mechanisms inward, actually attacking a person’s own body. Although autoimmune diseases occur in all age groups, some gerontologists believe that they increase in frequency and severity with age.

78
Q

genetic mutation theory

A

proposes that the number of cells exhibiting unusual or different characteristics increases with age. Proponents of this theory believe that aging is related to the amount of mutational damage within the genes. The greater the mutation, the greater the chance that cells will not function properly, leading to eventual dysfunction of body organs and systems.

79
Q

personality development perspective - 2 theories

A

Ericson - eight critical states of development during a lifetime; if one’s development is delayed in some way (e.g., lack of stimulation in infancy), then problems are likely to happen later in life. According to this theory, attitudes, behaviours, and beliefs related to maladjustments in old age are often a result of problems encountered in earlier stages of a person’s life.
Peck - developmental issues of middle and old age. He suggests that as people age, they face a series of increasingly stressful tasks. Those who are poorly adjusted psychologically or who do not have good coping skills are likely to undergo a painful aging process.

80
Q

Social capital

A

describes the network of social relations that provides seniors with access to needed resources and support. Studies have shown that seniors with higher amounts of social capital tend to function better and longer than those who lack adequate social resources.

81
Q

Comorbid conditions

A

having two or more diseases at the same time) are common among the elderly. They are significant determinants of survival

82
Q

Respite care

A

is short term care that gives a family a break from the daily care-giving routine and associated stress. It can take place in a client’s home or in a variety of out-of-home settings. Respite care is an essential part of the overall support that families may need to keep a loved one with a disability or chronic illness at home.

HLST 200 Final (1 decks)

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