Final Vocab

Question 1

Red Queen hypothesis

Answer 1

species must survive and adapt while pitted against the constant adaptations of opposing species -> can lead to speciation events

Question 2

Phyletic gradualism

Answer 2

Model of evolution that hypothesizes that changes in morphology are slow, gradual and constant; there are no sudden jumps

Question 3

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 3

theory that when changes in lineages occur, it is rapid and associated with branching speciation

Question 4

Anagenesis

Answer 4

product of phyletic gradualism where species develops into a new species, and the original disappears (pseudo extinction is a byproduct)

Question 5

Escape and Radiate Coevolution

Answer 5

red queen hypothesis in an antagonistic framework leads to a new species

Question 6

Cambrian explosion

Answer 6

period of rapid evolutionary cange that occured in the early cambrian period; sudden appearance of animal phyla

Question 7

Burgess shale

Answer 7

location in Canada with a large variety of fossils that provide evidence of the Cambrian explosion

Question 8

Ring species

Answer 8

A small population expands across a large area with varied geographic features and selection pressures; no break in species territory, but populations at extremes are different enough to be called different species

Question 9

Sympatric speciation

Answer 9

speciation occurs in completely overlapping populations with pockets of speciation

Question 10

Parapatric speciation

Answer 10

speciation results from a population spread across a large range adapting ether end of the extreme

Question 11

Hybrid zone

Answer 11

zone between two extemes in a parapatric speciation event

Question 12

Allopatric speciation

Answer 12

geographic separation of a population results in a speciation event

Question 13

Biological Species Concept

Answer 13

If populations can produce viable offspring, they are considered the same species

Question 14

Genealogical Species Concept

Answer 14

phylogenetic species concept + biological species concept

Question 15

Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 15

species boundaires are defined using shared characteristics that are unique to a monophyletic group

Question 16

Background extinction

Answer 16

extinction that occurs as a natural, ongoing process influence by evolution

Question 17

5 Prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms

Answer 17

1) Habitat isolation
2) Temporal Isolation
3) Behavioral Isolation
4) Copulation without gamete transfer
5) Gametic incompatibility

Question 18

4 Postzygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms

Answer 18

1) zygote dies in early embryogenesis
2) F1 hybrids are not viable (do not survive for long)
3) F1 hybrids are sterile
4) Backcross or F2 hybrids are inviable or sterile

Question 19

Endemic species

Answer 19

species that is native to only one area and is not found anywhere else in the world

Question 20

Local extinction

Answer 20

population is extinct in a specific geographic location but still exists elsewhere

Question 21

Phylogenetic systematics

Answer 21

organization of life based on evolutionary history

Question 22

Parsimony

Answer 22

the best phylogeny is the one that explains the observed character with the fewest evolutionary changes

Question 23

Transition

Answer 23

changing purine to purine or pyrimide to pyrimidine

Question 24

Transversion

Answer 24

changing and pure to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine

Question 25

Monophyletic

Answer 25

taxonomic group that contains all the descendants of the groups most recent common ancestor

Question 26

Paraphyletic

Answer 26

Group of organisms that descended from a common ancestor that does not contain all of the descendants

Question 27

Outgroup

Answer 27

group that is related to phylogeny of interest by diverged much earlier; can be used a reference to determine ancestral and derived traits

Question 28

Phylogeography

Answer 28

Involving geographic distribution into evolutionary relationships and phylogeny; phylogeny + geography + geology

Question 29

Morphological data

Answer 29

information about the form, structure, and physical characteristics of organisms

Question 30

Character

Answer 30

any observable characteristic

Question 31

trait

Answer 31

character state, morphology, anatomy, behavior

Question 32

The ultimate source of variation

Answer 32

Mutation

Question 33

Vestigial organs

Answer 33

Structures that are still present in a species even though they are no longer used for their original function

Question 34

5 reasons vestigial organs exist

Answer 34

1) not selected against because not causing harm 2) some NS against trait, but it is weak and slow 3) trait has undiscovered function 4) trait is linked to a second advantageous trait 5) trait is disadvantageous with no ready path for NS

Question 35

Homoplasy

Answer 35

Any similarity in traits between two or more species evolved from convergent evolution

Question 36

Common ancestor

Answer 36

ancestral organism that distinct lineages share; represented by a node on a phylogenetic tree

Question 37

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 37

result of natural selection with pressure introduced in the form of antibiotics

Question 38

Three ways bacteria evolve antibiotic resistance

Answer 38

1) alter molecular target of the drug 2) create efflux pump to pump out drug 3) produce enzyme that modifies or destroys the drug

Question 39

Speciation

Answer 39

the formation of a new and distinct species in the course of evolution

Question 40

Phenotypes

Answer 40

traits that result from genotypic expression and natural selection can act on

Question 41

Life history strategy

Answer 41

the way an organism invests time and resources into survivorship and reproduction over its lifetime

Question 42

Genotype

Answer 42

The allele identity of the whole organism

Question 43

Exaptation

Answer 43

the process in which existing traits take on new functions through descent with modification

Question 44

Uniformitarianism

Answer 44

principle that geologic processes that occurrred in the past are the same ones that are seen today

Question 45

Norm of reaction

Answer 45

a curve that represents the phenotype expressed by a genotype in different environmental conditions

Question 46

Artifical selection

Answer 46

breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with those traits

Question 47

Direct ditness

Answer 47

how many offspring an individual reproduces

Question 48

Indirect fitness

Answer 48

how many offspring an individua helps another individual of the same species reproduce

Question 49

Inclusive fitness

Answer 49

direct fitness + indirect fitness

Question 50

Diffuse coevolution

Answer 50

coevolution of several species due to complex relationships between each

Question 51

Coevolution

Answer 51

where heritable traits in species 1 drive changes to heritable trait in species 2 which feedback to changes in species 1 and so on

Question 52

Aposematic coloration

Answer 52

bright coloration signal to predators that they are dangerous, poisonous, or unpalatable

Question 53

3 steps of natural selection

Answer 53

1) Variation between individuals within a population 2) Variation is heritable 3) Differential reproductive success

Question 54

3 Conclusions of Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium

Answer 54

1) frequencies of alleles p and q do not change over time without involvement of evolutionary processes 2) equilibrium genotype frequencies can be predicted given allele frequencies, p and q, and random mating using equation 3) If there are no evolutionary processes at work than a population that is not is HW equilibrium, it will go to HW equilibrium in one generation