Final: Water & Additives

Question 1

What % of vertebrate bodies are water?

Answer 1

65-70%

Question 2

What is the single most vital nutrient the animal takes in?

Answer 2

water

Question 3

How do desert creatures meet needs for water (other than drinking it)?

Answer 3

Produce it metabolically (during complete oxidation of feedstuff)
Have long Loops of Henle

Question 4

What animal has the smallest water requirement for maintenance?

Answer 4

cat

Question 5

What can increase water requirement?

Answer 5

exercise and heat stress

horse = sweat, dog = panting

Question 6

Why can’t the cat’s water requirement increase with exercise and heat stress?

Answer 6

Cats cannot run very far because they overheat, so intake and requirement don’t increase

Question 7

What is water hardness?

Answer 7

Cation content of water (Ca carbonate and Mg carbonate)

- Little consequence to animals

Question 8

What is softened water?

Answer 8

Exchanging Na for Ca in the water

Question 9

What requirement can softened water meet in some animals?

Answer 9

Na

Question 10

What might softened water contribute to in humans?

Answer 10

hypertension

Question 11

What is the safety of water whose ion content is <1000 mg/L?

Answer 11

Safe for all

Question 12

What is the safety of water whose ion content is 1000-3000 mg/L?

Answer 12

initially diarrhea, but get accustomed

Question 13

What is the safety of water whose ion content is >3000 mg/L?

Answer 13

intake can reduce = poor performance

Question 14

What is the safety of water whose ion content is >5000 mg/L?

Answer 14

Pregnant animals should avoid (abort, poor fetal growth)

Question 15

What is the normal pH range for water?

Answer 15

4-11

Question 16

What is the consequence of too high or too low pH of water?

Answer 16

Little consequence, but pH can determine what will live in water trough

Question 17

What temperature of water do animals prefer?

Answer 17

warm

Question 18

What happens when nitrates are ingested?

Answer 18

Can be converted to nitrites by gut microbes

Question 19

What can nitrites do when absorbed into the blood?

Answer 19

Displace O2 from hemoglobin,

Will form methemoglobin - will not carry O2 to tissues!

Question 20

What is the human limit for drinking nitrates?

Answer 20

10 mg/L

Question 21

What is the livestock limit for drinking nitrates?

Answer 21

100 mg/L

Question 22

What happens when an animal is given free access to water after severe dehydration?

Answer 22

Can lead to brain edema (CSF draws in excessive water)

Question 23

Why are antioxidants/preservatives added to diets?

Answer 23

Meant to keep fat and vitamins from going rancid and preserve antioxidant activity

Question 24

What are 4 examples of antioxidants/preservatives?

Answer 24

1. Ethoxyquin
2. BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole)
3. BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)
4. Propionic acid

Question 25

What gives food sweet flavor?

Answer 25

sucrose, molasses (horses)

Question 26

What gives food sour flavor?

Answer 26

acetic acid

Question 27

What are humectants?

Answer 27

Allow food to hold moisture and not spoil

Question 28

What is propylene glycol and what issues does it cause?

Answer 28

Humectant in most semi-moist dog/cat food; provide energy but cause problems with RBCs

Question 29

What are sequestrants used for?

Answer 29

to block dental calculus in dogs and cats

Question 30

What are pellet binders?

Answer 30

Allow food to be compressed thru pellet mold and promotes cohesiveness and prevents pellet crumbling

Question 31

What are 3 examples of pellet binders?

Answer 31

1. Bentonites and clays 2. Kaolin 3. Lignin sulfonate

Question 32

What do anti-caking agents do?

Answer 32

Reduce lumpyness of feed, allow storage in bins

Question 33

What are 2 examples of anti-caking agents?

Answer 33

1. Aluminosilicates (zeolites) | 2. Diatomaceous earth

Question 34

What two things are used for anti-dust?

Answer 34

1. Mineral oil | 2. Vegetable oils

Question 35

What is the only good evidence for strong mycotoxin binding?

Answer 35

Aflatoxin

Question 36

What are probiotics and what do they target, typically?

Answer 36

Intended to provide live colonies of bacteria that are native to the healthy intestinal tract of an animal; typically target lactic acid bacteria

Question 37

Why are probiotics used?

Answer 37

produce vitamins, enzymes, FAs, exclude pathogens (Salmonella), restore flora after abx use, stimulate motility following gut sx

Question 38

What is Aviguard?

Answer 38

Mixed cultures of microflora isolated from healthy chickens Sprayed on newly hatched chicks, they pick up bacteria while preening Establishes normal bacteria on gut surfaces, preventing pathogens from establishing in the gut