finals Flashcards
(354 cards)
1
Q
may be prepared from any combination of solid,
liquid or gas, the three states of matter
A
Solutions
2
Q
Liquid preparations that contain one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
A
Solutions
3
Q
Homogenous mixture that is prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in another liquid and represents a group of preparations in which the molecules of the solute or dissolved substance are dispersed
A
Solutions
4
Q
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
A
Solid Solution
Liquid Solution
Gaseous Solutions
5
Q
the solvent is solid
the solvent is liquid
the solvent is gas
A
Solid Solution
Liquid Solution
Gaseous Solutions
6
Q
SS - Solid in solid example
A
Cu + gold= 12 karat yellow gold
7
Q
SS- Liquid in solid example
A
Hg dissolved in Ag = amalgam
8
Q
SS- Gas in solid
A
air dissolved in soap = floating soap
9
Q
LS- solid in liquid
A
salt in water
10
Q
LS- ▪ Liquid in liquid
A
alcohol and water
11
Q
LS- Gases in liquid
A
carbonated beverages
12
Q
GS- Solid in gas
A
sulfur in air
13
Q
GS- Liquid in gas
A
water vapor in air
14
Q
GS- Gas in gas
A
oxygenated air
15
Q
FACTORS AFFECTING THE “RATE” OF SOLUBILITY
A
Particle size
Agitation
Temperature
16
Q
an increase in surface area to the solvent will _____ rate of solution. So the particle size should be reduced by_____ before it is dissolved
A
Increase
communition
17
Q
increases the rate of solution by removing from the surface of the solute. The more concentrated solution around it the ___ concentrated the solvent.
A
less
18
Q
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY OF SOLUTE
A
Temperature
Molecular Structure
Effects of other substance
pH (weak acids, weak bases)
19
Q
has the widest range of usefulness of all the solvents employed in pharmaceutical dispensing or manufacturing. It is a good solvent for most
inorganic and organic
A
Water
20
Q
good solvent for many organic substances both natural and synthetic.
A
Alcohol USP, Ethyl Alcohol, Ethanol
21
Q
Alcohol USP, Ethyl Alcohol, Ethanol limit for:
6 to 12 years old
12 years old and bove
Adult
A
0.5%
5%
10%
22
Q
99.5% absolute alcohol is partially free from water
A
Dehydrated Alcohol
23
Q
prepared by mixing equal volume of Alcohol USP and purified water
A
Diluted Alcohol NF
24
Q
– contains about 70% of ethyl alcohol by volume the
remainder consists of water, denaturants with or without color additives and perfume oils and stabilizers
A
Alcohol, Rubbing
25
– clear syrupy liquid with sweet taste.
Glycerin USP (Glycerol)
26
It is miscible both with water and alcohol
Glycerin USP (Glycerol)
27
Excellent solvent for tannins, phenol and boric
| acid. It has a preservative quality.
Glycerin USP (Glycerol)
28
miscible in water, acetone, alcohol and chloroform
Propylene Glycol
29
miscible in water, acetone alcohol and other glycols
Polyethylene glycol 400
30
miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene, hexane and both fixed and volatile oils
chloroform
31
miscible with water, alcohol, ether, chloroform and most of the volatile oils
Acetone
32
METHODS OF PREPARING SOLUTIONS
Simple Solution
Solution by Chemical reaction
Solution by Extraction
33
prepared by dissolving the solute in the solvent
Simple Solution
34
prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent.
Solution by Chemical reaction
35
vegetables or animal origin are often extracted with
| suitable solvent. Preparation of this type may be classified as solutions but more often EXTRACTIVES
Solution by Extraction
36
used as a major ingredient. Water is used as a vehicle
| and a solvent for the desired flavoring or medical agent
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
37
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
o Tasteless
o Freedom from irritating qualities
o Lack of pharmacologic activity
38
PREPARATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
o Distillation
o Demineralization or Deionization
o Reverse Osmosis
39
This ionization process is the well-known Zeolite process of softening water high mineral content.
Demineralization or Deionization
40
act as a catalyst such as dehydrated aluminum
Zeolite
41
the water should be ___before they can be used for pharmaceuticals
purified
42
Transport of solvent through semipermeable membrane separating 2 solutions of different concentrations (less
concentrated and more concentrated
Reverse Osmosis
43
A reversely new separation process w/c in principle may be applied to the separation, concentration and fractionalization of inorganic or organic substances in aqueous or non-aqueous solutions in the liquid or the gaseous phase is known
reverse osmosis
44
reverse osmosis also referred as “__ " membrane
| filtration
“crossflow or tangential flow”
45
Aromatic water is also called
medicated water
46
defined in the USP as clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances
AROMATIC WATERS
47
2 Components of aromatic water
1. Volatile oil
| 2. Water
48
Official Processes of Preparation in aromatic water
Distillation
| Solution Method
49
is the process of obtaining aromatic water by distillation one or more times from delicate drugs with small quantities of volatile principles
Cohobation
50
Example of cohobation
Stronger Rose (Aqua Rose Fertier, Triple Rose Water)
51
Solution Method
❑ Simple Solution Method
| ❑ Alternate Solution by Intervention
52
volatile material is mixed thoroughly with __ g of purified talc
15
53
T or F
| Aromatic water are not permanently stable preparations
True
54
aqueous solution which is directed against a part or into a cavity of the body. It functions as a cleansing or antiseptic.
Douche
55
Douches are usually directed to the appropriate body parts by using
Bulb syringe
56
vaginal syringe is made up of an ___ ounce capacity bulb syringe with a large vulcanite or rubber spray tube
8 to 10
57
KINDS OF DOUCHES
Eye douche
Pharyngeal douche
nasal Douche
Vaginal douche
58
Vaginal Douche are also called
urethral douche or irrigation
59
Enema are also called
clyster
60
Enemas are usually given at body temperature in quantities of ___ injected slowly with enema syringe
1 to 2 pints
61
If they are to be retained in the intestine, they should not be used in larger quantities than __ ounces for an adult
6 fluid
62
Enema of soft soap - prepared by dissolving __ g of soft soap with purified water to make __
50
| 1000 mL
63
TYPES OF ENEMA
Evacuation Enemas
Retention Enemas
Nutritive Enema
Medicated Enema
64
rectal enemas employed to promote evacuation of bowel and to cleanse the colon for retention and for diagnosis - toenema
Evacuation Enemas
65
a number of solutions are administered rectally for the local effects of the medication - toenema
Retention Enemas
66
supply nutrient to thepatient - toenema
Nutritive Enema
67
supply medication for systemic effect- - toenema
Medicated Enema
68
BaSO4 and Fleet Enema - toenema
Diagnostic Enema
69
Are aqueous solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs
gargles
70
Examples of gargles
Phenol Gargle and Potassium Chlorate (also known as Golden Gargle) and Phenol Gargle are official in B.P.C
71
Latin name of phenol gargle
Gargarisma Phenol
72
Contains 50mL of Phenol Glycerin (__ % w/w pheno and __% w/w glycerin), __ amaranth solution ( __%w/v in chloroform water) and water to make 1L
16%, 84%
| 10mL, 1%
73
an aqueous solution which is most often used for its Deodorant Refreshing Antiseptic effect
mouthwash
74
washes also called
LAVATIO ORI
75
Eye washes- as anesthetic, anti-infective, diagnostic, myotic and anti-inflammatory
Collyrium
76
Mouthwash - antibacterial
Collutorium
77
Nasal wash - antibacterial and antiseptic
Collunarium
78
Juices are formerly known as
INPISSATED JUICES
79
Example of Juices
Cherry juice and Raspberry juices are official in USP
80
concentrated solutions of sugar (such as sucrose) in water or other aqueous liquids with or without added flavoring agents and medicinal substances
Syrups
81
3 Types of syrups
Simple syrup
Medicated syrup
Non-medicated/Flavored syrup
82
concentrated solution of sucrose in purified
| water alone
Simple syrup
83
aqueous solution of sucrose containing other substances as polyols(glycerin and sorbitol)
Medicated syrup
84
contained various aromatic and pleasantly flavored substances and is intended as a vehicle or flavor for preparations.
Non-medicated/Flavored syrup
85
are used as vehicles and have no official formulas and therefore no detailed descriptions of the product are found in compendia.
Non-medicated/Flavoring syrups
86
Pharmaceutical Classification
| • Based on their basic formula
- sugar based syrups
| - artificial sweeteners and non-nutritive syrups
87
syrups which are concentrated solutions
sugar based syrups
88
formulated with artificial sweetening agents and viscosity builders
artificial sweeteners and non-nutritive syrups
89
This sucrose - based syrup utilizes sweet orange peel tincture, and citric acid as the source of flavor and tartness
Orange Syrup
90
syrup of orange peel, sweet orange peel __ mL;citric acid __ g; talc __ g; sucrose __ g; purified water q.s to
make __ mL
```
Syrupus Aurantii
50 mL
5 g
15 g
820 g
100 mL
```
91
Commercially available vehicles for the extemporaneous compounding of Syrups.
Ora - Sweet and Ora-Sweet SF
92
Sugar free
Ora-Sweet SF
93
A sucrose - based syrup containing about __% by volume of raspberry juice
Raspberry Syrup
| 48%
94
Licorice syrup, Glycyrrhiza fluid extract __ mL; Fennel oil __ mL; Anise oil __ mL; syrups, q.s to make __ mL
```
Glycyrrhiza Syrup
250 mL
0.55 mL
0.5 mL
1000 mL
```
95
Cocoa Syrup =
Syrupus cacao, Cacao syrup
96
Cocoa Syrup chocolate flavored, cocoa __ g; sucrose __ g ; liquid glucose __ g; glycerin __ mL;
Sodium chloride __g; Vanilla __ g ; Sodium benzoate __g ; water q.s. to make 1000 mL
```
180 g
600g
180 g
50 mL
2 g
0.2 g
1 g
```
97
Cherry Syrup =
Syrupus Gerasi
98
Cherry juice __ mL; sucrose __; alcohol __ ; water q.s. to make 1000 mL
475 mL
800 g
20 mL
99
Acacia Syrup=
Syrupus acaciae
100
Acacia Syrup
Acacia powder __ g; Sodium benzoate __ g; Vanilla tincture __ mL; Sucrose __ g; Purified
water q.s to make 1000 mL.
100 g
1 g
5 mL
800 g
101
Citric acid Syrup =
Syrupus Acidi Citrici, Syrup lemon
102
Citric acid Syrup -
Lemon tincture __ mL; Citric acid __ g: Purified water q.s to make 1000
mL
10 mL
| 10 g
103
may be used as the basis for the preparation of
| flavored or medicated syrup
Simple syrup
104
Simple Syrup has __ % sucrose in purified water
85%
105
COMPONENTS OF SYRUPS
```
Sugar
Antimicrobial preservatives
Flavorants
colorants
Miscellaneous
```
106
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF SYRUPS
| Generally, syrups are stored at ___ in tightly closed bottle and well-filled bottles
room temperature
107
PRESERVATIVES SYRUPS
* Benzoic acid- __ %
* Sodium benzoate – __ %
* Combination of methyl, propyl, butyl parabens totaling= %
0. 1% to 0.2%
0. 1 to 0.2
0. 1%
108
Honey is also called
“Clarified honey” or “Strained Honey”
109
Honey instead of __ was used as a base for thick liquid preparation known as
Syrup
| Honeys or Mels
110
___ the secretion deposited in the honeycomb of the bee and consists of a mixture of invert sugar – __ %; sucrose – __ %; dextrin – __%
Honey
62-83%
8%
0.2%
111
Honeys example
Oxymel (acid honey) – contains acetic acid – __ mL; Purified water __ mL; honey q.s to make 1000 mL
150 mL
| 150 mL
112
Are thick, viscid, adhesive liquids, produced by dispersing gum in water or by extracting with water mucilagenous principle from vegetable substances
MUCILAGES
113
used primarily to aid in suspending insoluble substances in liquids
MUCILAGES
114
Are liquid preparation composed by pyroxylin dissolved a solvent mixture. Usually composed of alcohol and ether with or without added substances
COLLODIONS
115
is obtained by the action of mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acids on cotton and consists chiefly of cellulose tetranitrate.
• Pyroxylin (nitrocellulose soluble gun cotton, collodion cotton)
116
applied to the skin by means of a soft brush or other suitable applicators. The solvent rapidly evaporates, leaving a film residue of pyroxylin
Collodion
117
protective coating collodion
Collodion, USP is a clear or slightly opalescent viscous
liquid prepared by dissolving __% W/V pyroxillin in __ mixture of ether and alcohol
4%
| 3:1
118
protective coating collodion
___ is prepared by adding __% of Camphor and __% castor oil to the Collodion
Flexible Collodion, USP
2%
3%
119
provides medication collodion
__ % solution of salicylic acid in flexible collodion. Used as keratolytic effect t ( topical drug that softens the superficial keratincontaining layer of the skin and promotes its desquamation) especially in the removal of corns from the toes.
Salicylic acid Collodion, USP
| 10%
120
Salicylic acid Collodion, USP synonym
Corn solvent
121
• Are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hdyroalcoholic liquids intended for oral as compared to syrup, elixirs are less sweet and viscous since they contain a lower portion of sugar and consequently less effective in masking the taste of medicinal substances
Elixirs
122
Elixir is by __ solution
simple solution
123
Elixir main ingredient
ethanol and water
124
Elixir
The alcohol content varies from __% depending on the water alcohol solubility of the ingredients
3 to 41 %
125
Preparation of Elixirs
1. Simple solution with agitation
| 2. By the admixture of two or more liquid ingredients
126
Classes of Elixirs
Medicated and nonmedicated elixirs
127
Solutions of mixtures of medicinal or pharmaceutical substances in glycerin
GLYCERITES
128
Generally, a minimum of __ % of glycerin is present in glycerites
50%
129
Glycerites possess preservative properties?
true
130
A drugs or combinations of drugs the by virtue of their high vapor pressure can be carried by a current into the nasal passage where they exert their effects.
INHALATIONS/INHALANTS
131
The device in which they bare administered is termed an (in inhalation)
inhaler
132
treatment of anginal pain (inhalant)
Amyl Nitrite inhalant
133
nasal decongestant (inhalant)
Propylhexedrine inhalant
134
Are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances intended for external application to the skin, generally with
rubbing
Liniments
135
LINIMENTS are formerly called
“embrocations”
136
Liniments are prepared in the different manner as solutions, emulsions or suspensions
False
137
Just read
All liniments Must Bear a Label Indicating
1. for external use only
2. Shake well for emulsion or suspension
3. Store in tight containers
4. Not to be applied to bruises or broken skin areas
138
Formerly called “Essences”
SPIRITS
139
alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances.
SPIRITS
140
Brandy =
| ___ % alcohol from grapes
Spiritus Vini vitis
| 48 to 54%
141
Whisky = __
__ of alcohol from cereals
Spiritus frumenti
47 to 53%
142
Majority of spirits are prepared by dissolving the solute in alcohol by agitation. Filtration is generally desirable to obtain a sparking clear product
Simple solution
143
Example of what method
Aromatic Spirit - __% hydroalcoholic solution of ammonia and ammonium carbonate flavored and perfumed with lemon, lavender and myristica oil.
Simple Solution
62 to 68%
144
Macerate the vegetable materials in a suitable solvent to remove the undesired constituents or to extract one which is desired
Solution with Maceration
145
Peppermint Spirit
– __ % hydroalcoholic solution containing __ %
peppermint oil
79 to 85%
| 10%
146
Peppermint Spirit=
Spiritus Menthae Piperitae
147
Only the preparation of Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia NF, involves a chemical reaction where the official Ammonium carbonate
Solution by Chemical Reaction
148
No spirits currently official are prepared by distillation, However, two products of historical significance which is official in NF are prepared by distillation.
Examples:
Brandy and whisky
Distillation
149
Are preparations used for the temporary relief of toothache by application of a small cotton saturated with the product into the tooth cavity
TOOTHACHE DROPS
150
The word emulsion, came from____, “meaning ___
emulgio
| to milk out
151
Is a dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of a liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immiscible
Emulsions
152
The dispersed phase is referred to as the
Internal phase
153
dispersion medium as the
External or Continuous phase
154
Emulsions having an oleaginous internal phase and aqueous external phase are referred to as
oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions
155
Emulsions having an aqueous internal phase and an oleaginous external phase are termed
water-in- oil (w/o) emulsions
156
Just read
O/W emulsion may be diluted with water or an aqueous preparation, & W/O emulsion with an oleaginous or oil miscible liquid
157
Just read
▪ The aqueous phase may contain water-soluble drugs, preservatives, coloring and flavoring agents
▪ The oil phase frequently consists of fixed oil or volatile and drugs that exist as oil, such as oil soluble vitamins and antiseptic
158
Just read
It is necessary to add antioxidant to prevent autoxidation of the oil and rancidity/and or destruction of any vitamin present
159
emulsions useful as vehicle to develop the bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs
O/W emulsions
160
For orally administered emulsion permits the palatable administration of an otherwise distasteful oil by dispersing it in a sweetened, flavored vehicle.
O/W
161
On the unbroken skin __ emulsion
W/O
162
easily removed from the skin __ emulsion is preferred
O/W
163
Results in the lowering of the interfacial tension of the 2 immiscible liquids, reducing the repellant force between the liquids and diminishing each liquids attraction for its own molecules
Surface Tension Theory
164
tension lowering substances are referred to as
surface active (surfactants) or wetting agents
165
Assumes monomolecular layers of emulsifying agent curved around a droplet of the internal phase of the emulsion
Oriented-Wedge Theory
166
is based on the presumption that certain emulsifying agents orient themselves about and within a liquid in a manner reflective of their
solubility in that particular liquid
Oriented-Wedge Theory
167
An emulsifying agent having a greater hydrophilic character than hydrophobic character will promote an O/w emulsion and a W/O emulsion result through use of more hydrophobic than hydrophilic
emulsifiers
Oriented-Wedge Theory
168
Places the emulsifying agent at the interface between the oil and water, surrounding the droplets of the internal phase as a thin layer of film
adsorbed on the surface of the drops
Plastic or Internal Film Theory
169
prevents the contact and the coalescence of the dispersed phase
Plastic or Internal Film Theory
170
the tougher and more pliable the film, the greater the stability of the emulsion
TRUE
171
States that the viscosity of an emulsion aids emulsification by the mechanical hindrance to coalescence of the globules although it is not the cause of emulsification.
Viscosity Theory
172
These materials form hydrophilic colloids when added to water and generally produced O/W emulsions
Natural emulsifying agent
173
Most frequently use Natural emulsifying agent
Acacia
174
thickening agents in Acacia emulsified products
Tragacanth and Agar
175
Natural emulsifying agent proteins
gelatin, egg yolk, casein
176
These materials employed primarily as thickening and stabilizing agents for O/W emulsions such as lotion and ointments
High Molecular Weight alcohols
177
may also be employed in externally used emulsion and promote W/O emulsions
Cholesterol
178
These materials generally form O/W emulsions when the insoluble material is added to the aqueous phase if there is greater volume of the aqueous phase than of the oleaginous phase
Finely divided solids
179
Synthetic (wetting agents), which may be
▪ Anionic: triethanolamine oleate and sodium lauryl sulfate
▪ Cationic: benzalkonium chloride
▪ Nonionic: sorbitan esters (span); polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate; polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters (Tweens)
180
Just read
Qualities Required for Emulsifiers
▪ Must be compatible with other ingredients in the formula
▪ Must not interfere with the stability and efficacy of the therapeutic agent
▪ Must be stable to microorganisms
▪ Must be non-toxic
▪ Must possess little or no odor, taste or color 6. Must promote emulsification and maintain stability of the emulsion for intended shelf-life
181
HLB or Hydrophilic-Lipophile Balance usual range
between 1 to 20
182
Surfactants having an assigned HLB value from __ are greatly lipophilic and produce W/O emulsions
3 to 6
183
those HLB values of from
| about ____ produce O/W emulsions
8 to 18
184
In selecting an Emulsifier for an emulsion, choose one having the same or nearly the same HLB value as the oleaginous phase
True
185
Just read
▪ Ex.: Mineral oil has assigned HLB of 4 if a W/O emulsion is desired and a value of 10.5 if O/W emulsion is prepared
▪ Therefore, use surfactant SPAN 80 (Sorbitan monoleate) with HLB 4.3 for W/O emulsion and methylcellulose with HLB of 10.5 for O/W
186
The method is also referred to as the “4:2:1” because for every 4 parts (volumes) of oil, 2 parts of water and 1 part of gum are added in preparing the initial or primary emulsion.
Continental or Dry gum method
187
A mortar with a rough rather than smooth inner surface must be used to ensure proper grinding action and the reduction of the globule size during the preparation of the internal phase emulsion. A glass mortar has too smooth a surface to produce the proper size reduction of the internal phase
True
188
For the extemporaneous preparation of emulsions from volatile oils or oleaginous substances of low viscosities, the bottle method is used.
(2:2:1)
English or wet gum method Bottle or Forbes bottle method (G+O+W)
189
In SITU soap method
Two types of soap developed by this method are
Calcium soaps and Soft soaps.
190
The diameter of droplets in a microemulsion may be in the range of ___
A (10 microns) to 1000 A whereas in a microemulsion the droplets may be ___ angstroms in diameter
100
| 5000
191
is the joining together of globules to form large clumps or floccules which rise or settle in the emulsion more rapidly than do the individual particles
Flocculation
192
is the rising or settling of globules or floccules to form a concentrated layer at the surface or to the bottom of the emulsion
Creaming
193
is taking up of a certain amount of liquid without a measurable increase by a gel with an increase volume
Imbibition
194
is the taking up of a liquid by a gel with an increase in volume. Only those liquid that solvate a gel
Swelling
195
is when the interaction between particles of the dispersed phase becomes so great than on standing, the dispersing medium is squeezed out in droplets and the gel shrinks
Syneresis
196
a form of instability in aqueous and no aqueous gels
Syneresis
197
a reversible gel-sol formation with no change in volume or temperature-a type of non-Newtonian flow
Thixotrophy
198
is formed when the liquid is removed from a gel and only the framewok remains
Xerogel
199
Is a two-phase system consisting of a finely divided solid dispersed in a liquid vehicle
Suspensions
200
finely divided particles are also referred to as
‘Suspensoids”
201
Suspensions
the substance distributed is referred to as
dispersed phase
202
Suspensions
the vehicle is termed the
dispersing phase or dispersion medium
203
Dispersions containing coarse particles, usually ___ um in size, are referred to as ___
coarse dispersion.
| 10 to 50 um
204
Dispersions containing particles of smaller size are termed ___ usually in a range of __
fine dispersions
| 0.5 - 10 um
205
Suspensions for injections must contain particles size such that they can pass freely through the syringe needle called
“syringeability”
206
Ophthalmic suspension should be formulated such that the particles do not exceed __ microns
10 microns (less than 10 microns)
207
They are liquid suspension or dispersion intended for external application to the skin, frequently containing suspended particles or emulsified liquid droplets
LOTIONS
208
aqueous suspensions of insoluble, inorganic drugs and differ from gels mainly in that the suspended particles are larger.
MAGMAS & MILK
209
oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients, dissolved, suspended or dispersed in a suitable vehicle
MIXTURES
210
semisolid systems consisting of small inorganic particles suspended
in a liquid medium
Gels
211
It consists of a network of small discrete particles
Gels
212
involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive components through the use of selective solvents
Extraction
213
Galenicals include classes of preparations knows as
```
o Decoction
o Infusion
o Fluidextracts
o Tinctures
o Pilular (semi solid) extracts
o Powdered extracts
```
214
Maceration (Process M)- term derived from latin word __ meaning to soak.
“macerare”
215
Process in which the properly comminuted drug is permitted to soak in the menstruum and the soluble constituents are dissolved
Maceration (Process M)
216
Just read
Percolation –
| Per =“through”; Colare = “strain”
217
The process in which the comminuted drug is extracted of its soluble constituents by the slow passage of a suitable solvent through a column of drug
Percolation
218
The drug is packed in a special extraction apparatus termed as ___ with the extractive collected called the __
percolator
| percolate
219
Cylindrical with little if any taper except for the lower orifice also called
Oldberg percolator
220
form of maceration with gentle heat
Digestion
221
process in which vegetable drugs, generally coarsely comminuted, are extracted of the water-soluble constituents
Infusion
222
process of boiling vegetable substances with water to extract the soluble principle
Decoction
223
defined as alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solution prepared from vegetable material or from chemical substance
TINCTURES
224
Topical solutions employ an ___
aqueous vehicle
225
topical tinctures characteristically employ an ___
alcoholic vehicle
226
Jus read
Topical solutions and Tinctures are prepared by simple solution and self -preserved.
227
Methods of Preparation of Tinctures
By simple solution
| By simple solution
228
Methods of Preparation of Tinctures
tinctures prepared from chemical substances
By simple solution
229
Methods of Preparation of Tinctures
by maceration or percolation
By extraction
230
Alcohol Content of Green soap Tincture
28 to 32% alcohol
231
Alcohol Content of Tolu Balsam Tincture
77 to 83% alcohol
232
liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as a solvent or as a preservative or both, and so made that each mL contains the therapeutic constituents of 1g of the standard drug that it represents
FLUIDEXTRACTS
233
true or false
Fluidextracts are sometimes referred to as “100% tinctures”
True - ▪ Because they contain alcohol and are highly concentrated
234
true or false
Fluidextracts of potent drugs are ten times as concentrated or as potent
as corresponding tincture
True
235
Preparations of Fluidextracts
- entails exhaustive percolation with an alcoholic or
hydroalcoholic menstruum
Process A
236
Preparations of Fluidextracts
- is used in the preparation of fluidextract with boiling water as the menstruum and alcohol generally added to the concentrated percolate as preservative. A heat resistant or metallic percolator is used
Process B or D
237
Preparations of Fluidextracts
- is intended to facilitate total drug extraction by
collecting 1000 mL of percolate from each 1000 g of drug, uses long narrow column of drug and percolation under pressure
Process C and E
238
are concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents of the respective drugs with suitable menstruum, evaporation of all or nearly all the solvents, and adjustment of the
residual masses or powders to the prescribed standards
Extract
239
Just read
Methods of Preparation in extraction
Prepared by percolation then evaporation of the solvent either by
distillation under pressured and using reduced heat
240
Just read
3 Forms of Extract (depending upon the extent of the removal of solvent)
▪ Semiliquid extracts are those of a syrupy consistency
▪ Pilular or solid extracts of a plastic consistency
▪ Powdered extracts prepared to be dry by the removal of all the solvent
241
True or false
Packaging and Storage of Extracts
Must be packaged in wide mouth containers or plastic tubes and closely tight to prevent loss of moisture which would result in its becoming hard and unstable for use
True
242
The term parenteral derived from the Greek words
para (outside) and enteron, (intestine)
243
Refers to the injectable routes administration
PARENTERALS
244
joints
Intra-articular
245
spinal column
Intraspinal
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arteries
Intra-arterial
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veins
Intravenous
248
shin
Intradermal
249
joint fluid
Intrasynovial
250
spinal fluid
Intrathecal
251
heart
Intracardiac
252
muscles
Intramuscular
253
under the skin
Subcutaneous
254
Generally, the flow rates of IV are expressed in ___ range from __
mL/hr
| 42 to 150 mL/hour
255
Hazard of Intravenous Injection
The possibility of thrombus formation - induced by the touching of the wall of the vein by the catheter or needle
256
s a blood clot formed within the blood vessel (or heart) due usually to a slowing of the circulation or to an alteration of the blood or vessel wall
Thrombus
257
Once such a blot circulates, it becomes an ___ - carried by the blood stream until it lodges in a blood vessel, obstructing it, and resulting in blockage
or occlusion referred to as an ___
embolus
| Embolism
258
provide effects that are less rapid, but generally of greater duration than those obtained from intravenous administration
Intramuscular injections
259
True or false
IM are not performed deep into the skeletal muscles
False
260
IM : limited : ___ in the gluteal region
5 mL
261
IM : in the deltoid of the arm
2 mL
262
IM: Injection
| is __ inches deep; __ gauge needle
2 to 3 inch
| 20 to 22
263
technique useful for IM injections of medications that stain upper tissue
Z-Track Injection
264
May be utilized for the injection of small amounts of medication or of drugs beneath the surface of the skin of the upper arm, the anterior surface of the thigh, and the lower portion of the abdomen
lower portion of the abdomen
SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE (
265
The maximum amount of drug given SC is about
1.3 mL
266
SC: Syringes- up to __ capacities
3 mL
267
SC: Utilizing needles __ gauge
24 to 26 gauges
268
SC insulin needles: gauge between ___ ; needle length between ___ to __ inch
25 to 30
5-16
5-8 inch
269
Substances may be effectively injected into the corium, the more vascular layer of the skin just beneath the epidermis
INTRADERMAL ROUTE
270
INTRADERMAL ROUTE
These substances include
diagnostic determinations, desensitization, or
| immunization
271
INTRADERMAL ROUTE
Usual site
anterior surface of the forearm
272
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A short (3-8 inch) and narrow gauge (23 to 26) is inserted horizontally into the skin with the bevel facing upward. The injection is made when the bevel just disappears into the corium
273
INTRADERMAL ROUTE
needle volume is
about 0.1 mL
274
long-acting injections are called
respiratory or depot preparations
275
Injections true or false
The use coloring agents is strictly prohibited
True
276
Parenteral products are packaged in special ___ containers of specific and highly quality
hermetic
277
Water for Injection is required to be sterilized, it must be pyrogen free
False (not required to be sterilized )
278
This water is purified by distillation or by reverse osmosis.
Water for Injection, USP
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▪ may not contain other substances
| ▪ meets standard for the presence of total solids
Purified water, USP
280
▪ is water for injection which has been sterilized and packaged in single
dose containers of not greater than IL size
▪ as water for Injection, it must be pyrogen free and may not contain an
antimicrobial agent or other added substance
Sterile Water for Injection, USP
281
▪ is sterile water for injection containing one or more suitable
antimicrobial agents.
▪ it is packaged in pre-filled syringes or in vials containing not more than
30 mL of the water. Label must state, “Not for Use in Newborns”.
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP
282
▪ a sterile isotonic solution of sodium chloride in Water for Injection.
▪ It contains no anti- microbial agents
Sodium Chloride Injection, USP
283
Sodium chloride concentration is __% to render isotonic solution. It is also used to flush a catheter or IV line to maintain its patency.. “Not for Use in Newborns”
Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection
0.9%
284
▪ is a sterile solution of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium
chloride in water for injection.
▪ It is used as electrolyte replenisher and a systemic alkalizer.
▪ Lactated R = Na lactate
Ringer’s Injection, USP
285
must be present in adequate concentration at the time of use to prevent the multiplication of microorganism.
Antifungal/Antibacterial
286
Antifungal/Antibacterial
__ %; for agents like chlorobutanol, cresol
phenol -___%
0. 01 %
| 0. 5%
287
one of the pathways of degradation which can be accelerated during thermal sterilization.
Oxidation
288
Antioxidants- Sulfur dioxide - %
0.2%
289
antioxidants which functions by being
| preferentially oxidized
Reducing agents
290
antioxidants which block an oxidative chain reaction in which they are not usually consumed
Blocking agents
291
compounds increase the effectiveness of antioxidants, particularly those blocking oxidative reactions
Synergists
292
those that complex with catalysts which otherwise would accelerate the oxidative reaction
Chelating agents
293
Inert gases like ___ have been used to
| displace oxygen from a solution and reduce the possibility of oxidative changes in the formulation
nitrogen and carbon dioxide
294
added to maintain the required pH for many products; a change in pH may cause significant alterations in the rate of degradation reactions
Buffers
295
The principal buffer systems used to stabilize pH are the
Acetates
Citrates
Phosphates
296
Compounds contributing to the isotonicity of a product reduce the pain of injection in areas with nerve endings
Tonicity Contributors
297
Containers for sterile products are made of ___
glass or plastic
298
Two general types of glass
▪ soda-lime
| ▪ borosilicate
299
glass compounds are classified into 4 types
highly resistant borosilicate glass
Type I
300
glass compounds are classified into 4 types
treated soda-lime glass
Type II
301
glass compounds are classified into 4 types
soda lime glass
Type III
302
used to seal the openings of catridges, vials and bottles, providing a material soft and elastic enough to permit entry and withdrawal of a hypodermic needle without loss of the integrity of the sealed container
Rubber closures
303
the complete destruction or elimination of microbial life.
Sterilization
304
conducted in an autoclave and employs steam under pressure
Steam distillation
305
usually carried out in sterilizing ovens specifically designed for this purpose. The ovens may be heated either gas or electricity and generally thermostatically controlled. It is conducted at temperatures of ___ for periods not less than 2 hours
Dry-heat sterilization
| 1600C to 1700C
306
This is a nonthermal method for the sterilization of select solutions by removing microorganisms from the solution while permitting the passage of all the desired components of the solution and imparting no undesirable components from the filter
Sterilization by filtration
307
Sterilization by filtration
available in pore sizes from
14 to 0.025 um.
308
Sterilization by filtration
The size of the smallest particle visible to the naked eye is about __ , a red blood cell is about __ , the smallest bacteria, about__ , and a polio virus, about 0.025 um
40 um
6. 5 um
0. 2 um
309
believed to exert its lethal effect upon microorganisms by alkylating essential metabolites, affecting particularly the reproductive process.
Ethylene oxide
310
acceptable practical method for sterilizing
| plastic
Ethylene dioxide
| sterilization
311
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▪ Sterilization by ionizing radiation
Ionizing Radiations are highly radiations emitted from
radioactive isotopes such as cobalt-60 (gamma rays) or produced by mechanical acceleration of electrons to very high velocities and energies (cathode rays, beta rays).
Ionizing radiations destroy microorganisms by stopping
reproduction as a result of lethal mutations
312
fever producing organic substances arising from microbial contamination and responsible for many of the febrile reactions which occur in patients following injections
Pyrogens
313
obtained from aqueous extracts of the circulating amebocytes of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, and which has been prepared & characterized for use as an LAL reagent for gel-clot formation
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL)
314
The test involves measuring the rise in temperature of rabbits
Pyrogen Test
315
If no rabbit shows an individual rise in temperature 0.60C or more above its respective control temperature, and if the sum of the 3 individual maximum temperature rises does not exceed __, the product meets the requirements for the absence of pyrogens
1.40 degree celcius
316
is a useful method for evaluating the efficiency of the sealing process.
Leaker’s test
317
the test consists of immersing completely the sterile sealed ampules in an aqueous dye bath ___ % within a vacuum chamber.
0.5 to 1.0% of methylene blue
318
a sterile aqueous solution of insulin. It is prepared from beef or pork pancreas or both or through biosynthetic means (Human Insulin).
Insulin Injection
319
Just read
Insulin
With a pH of 2.8 to 3.5. Insulin Injection is prepared to contain 100 or 500 USP
Insulin Units in each mL
320
Expiration of . Insulin Injection (regular)
Not to be later than 24 months after the date of distribution
321
It is produced by utilizing a special non-disease forming laboratory strain of Escherichia coli and recombinant DNA technology
Human Insulin
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consists of Zinc-insulin
| crystals in solution. It has a rapid onset of action and relatively short duration of action (6 to 8 hours)
Neutral Regular Human Insulin (Humulin R)
323
is a turbid preparation that is intermediate acting, with a slower onset of action and longer duration of action (slightly less than 24 hours) than regular insulin
NPH Human Insulin (Humulin N) -
324
Is a sterile suspension, in an aqueous vehicle buffered with dibasic sodium phosphate to between pH ____ of insulin prepared from zinc-insulin crystals modified by the addition of protamine so that the solid phase of the
suspension consists of crystals composed of insulin, zinc, and protamine
Isophane Insulin Suspension (NPH Insulin)
| 7.1 and 7.4,
325
prepared from the sperm or the mature testes of fish belonging
to the genus Oncorhynchus
Protamine
326
Isophane Insulin Suspension (NPH Insulin)
Expiration date
24 months
327
Isophane Insulin Suspension (NPH Insulin)
dosage range
10 to 80 USP Units
328
Humulin 70/30, Humulin 50/50 contains ___and their preservatives are
0.01 to 0.04 mg/100 units
| m-cresol and phenol
329
modified by the addition of zinc chloride so that the suspended particles
consist of a mixture of crystalline and amorphous insulin in a ratio of approximately 7 parts of crystals to 3 parts of amorphous material
Insulin Zinc Suspension
330
These solutions are usually administered by IV infusion to replenish body fluids, electrolytes, or to provide nutrition
LARGE VOLUME PARENTERALS (LVP)
331
LARGE VOLUME PARENTERALS (LVP) are usually administered in volumes of
100 mL to liter
332
Normal water requirement for adult
25 to 40
| mL/kg of body weight or an average of about 2,000 mL per square meter of body surface area
333
Estimate guidelines in normal daily requirement for water
<10 kg
10-20kg
>20 kg to maximum of 80 kg
100 mL/kg/day
1000 mL plus 50 mL/kg/day
1500 mL Plus 20 mL/kg/day
334
important for cardiac and skeletal muscle function
The usual daily
intake is about __ mEq and the usual daily loss is about __ mEq
Potassium
100
40
335
Low potassium levels
Hypokalemia
336
Excess potassium
Hyperkalemia can cause kidney
| failure
337
is vital to maintain normal extracellular fluids
Sodium
338
SODIUM
Average daily intake of sodium
135 to 170 mEq (8 to 10 g of Sodium chloride)
339
Sodium loss/deficit
3 to 5 g sodium chloride (51 to 85 mEq of sodium)
| is administered daily
340
The principal anion of the extracellular fluid usually paired with sodium
Chloride
341
also important for muscle contraction, balancing the fluid levels inside and outside the cells & maintaining the acid-base balance of the extracellular fluid
Chloride
342
the fasting state, the average daily loss of body proteins is approximately__ man
80g/day for a 70 kg
343
Generally, patients requiring parenteral fluids are given _% dextrose to reduce caloric deficit
5%
344
This is the infusion of large amounts of basic nutrients sufficient to achieve active tissue synthesis and growth.
Parenteral hyperalimentation
345
Pellets or Implants about __mm in diameter and __ mm in length
3.2 mm, 8mm
346
implanted under the skin (thigh or abdomen) with special injector or by surgical incision - used for potent hormones
pellets
347
intended to bathe or wash wounds, surgical incisions, or body tissues
Irrigation Solutions
348
This solution is employed topically to the bladder as a 0.25% solution for irrigation. It is administered to wash blood and surgical debris away while maintaining suitable conditions for the tissue
Acetic acid Irrigation, USP
349
Employed as a topical antibacterial in the continuous irrigation of the bladder
Neomycin and Polymixin B Sulfate Solution for Irrigation, USP
350
- It is used topically as an irrigation and must be
| labeled “not for injection”. The solution is sterile and pyrogen free.
Ringer’s Irrigation, USP
351
This solution is employed topically to wash wounds and into body cavities where absorption into the blood is not likely. The solution also employed rectally as an enema for simple evacuation and also for colonic flush.
Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP
352
The label designations “for irrigation only”
and “not for injection” must appear prominently on the label. The water must not contain any antimicrobial or other added agent
Sterile Water for Irrigation, USP
353
Solutions allowed to flow into the peritoneal cavity, are used to remove toxic substances normally excreted by the kidney
Peritoneal Dialysis
354
▪ Is employed to remove toxins from the blood. In this method, the arterial blood is shunted through a polyethylene catheter through an artificial dialyzing membrane bathed in an electrolyte solution.
Hemodialysis
