Midterms Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
They serve as carriers for drugs that are topically delivered by way of the skin, cornea, rectal tissue, nasal mucosa, vagina, buccal tissue, urethral membrane, and external ear lining
A
SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
2
Q
advantageous in terms of its easy application, rapid
formulation, and ability to topically deliver a wide variety of drug molecules
A
SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
3
Q
usually are intended for localized drug delivery
A
SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
4
Q
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
A
▪ Smooth texture ▪ Elegant in appearance ▪ Non dehydrating ▪ Non gritty ▪ Non greasy and non-staining ▪ Non hygroscopic
5
Q
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
A
▪ Non irritating
▪ Do not alter membrane / skin functioning
▪ Miscible with skin secretion
▪ Have low sensitization index
6
Q
APPLICATION PROPERTIES
A
▪ Easily applicable with efficient drug release.
▪ High aqueous wash ability
7
Q
homogenous, translucent, viscous, semi solid preparation intended for external application to skin or mucous membranes
A
Ointments
8
Q
Ointments also called
A
(Unguents)
9
Q
should be of such composition that they soften but not
necessarily melt when applied to the body
A
Ointments
10
Q
GENERAL USES OF OINTMENTS
A
- Acts as protective or protectant - serve as physical barrier to environment
- Acts as emollient - softens skin and makes it pliable
- Carrier of medicament – vehicle
11
Q
TYPES OF OINTMENTS
A
Medicated
non-medicated
12
Q
FACTORS OF SELECTING OINTMENT BASES Characteristics
A
- Physicochemical properties of the medicaments
- Patient’s conditions
- Intended site of application
- Characteristics of the various vehicles available
13
Q
are water-free, and aqueous preparations may only be incorporated into them in small amounts and then with difficulty
A
HYDROCARBON BASES
14
Q
HYDROCARBON BASES uses
A
- used mainly for their emollient effect and not intended for penetration into the skin.
- They are difficult to wash off.
- They do not “dry out” or change noticeably upon aging
15
Q
Characteristics of HYDROCARBON BASES
A
a) Retained on the skin for prolong period of time
b) Do not permit the escape of moisture to the skin to the atmosphere
c) Difficult to wash as such they act as occlusive dressing
d) They do not change noticeably upon aging
e) Insoluble in water
f) Not water-washable
g) Anhydrous
h) Will not absorb water
i) Emollient
j) Occlusive
k) Greasy
l) Nonirritating
m) Inexpensive, non-reactive
16
Q
Sources Of Hydrocarbon Bases
A
Vegetable Oil
Animal Fat
HC
17
Q
Liquid hydrocarbon
A
mineral oil
18
Q
Animal Fat
A
Oleic oil
19
Q
HC from
A
Petrolatum
20
Q
3 Forms of HC
A
Liquid hydrocarbon
Semi-solid HC petrolatum
Solid HC
21
Q
Semi-solid HC petrolatum
A
Vaseline
22
Q
Solid HC
A
Paraffin
23
Q
Examples Of Hydrocarbon Bases
A
- Petrolatum, NF
- White Petrolatum, USP
- Yellow Ointment
- White Ointment, USP
- Mineral Oil, USP
- Paraffin, NF
- Olive Oil, USP
24
Q
mixture of semisolid HC obtained from petroleum
A
Petrolatum, NF
25
Properties of Petrolatum, NF
An unctuous mass, color yellowish to light amber
26
Petrolatum, NF melts between
380C -600C
27
Petrolatum, NF synonyms
Yellow petrolatum, Petroleum jelly
28
Commercial product of Petrolatum, NF
Vaseline
29
is petrolatum that has been decolorized
White Petrolatum, USP
30
White Petrolatum, USP uses
diaper rash, dry skin
31
White Petrolatum, USP synonym
White Petroleum Jelly
32
White Petrolatum, USP commercial
White Vaseline
33
Yellow Ointment contains
Each 100 g contains 5 g yellow wax and 95 g of
| petroleum
34
```
purified wax obtained from honeycomb of
the bee (Apis mellifera)
```
Yellow wax
35
Yellow Ointment synonyms
Simple Ointment
36
White Ointment, USP contains
100 g contains 5% of white wax (bleached purified beeswax) and 95% white petrolatum
37
is a mixture of liquid HC obtained from petroleum
Mineral Oil, USP
38
Mineral Oil, USP is useful in
levigating of substances insoluble in it in the
| preparation of ointment base
39
Mineral Oil, USP
Salicylic acid, Zinc oxide
40
Mineral Oil, USP synonyms
Liquid Petrolatum
41
a purified mixture of solid HC obtained from petroleum
Paraffin, NF
42
Characteristics of Paraffin, NF
colorless or white, more or less translucent mass that may be used to harden or stiffen oleaginous semisolid ointment bases
43
from crushed olives- also called ___________
Olive Oil, USP - sweet oil
44
Those that permit the incorporation of
| aqueous solutions resulting in the formation of water-in-oil emulsion.
Anhydrous absorption bases
45
Anhydrous absorption bases characteristics
a) Insoluble in water
b) Not water washable
c) Anhydrous
d) Can absorb water
e) Emollient
f) Occlusive
g) Greasy
46
Greasy examples
Hydrophilic Petrolatum and Anhydrous Lanolin
47
Those that are already water-in-oil emulsion that permits the incorporation of small additional quantities of aqueous solution
Emulsion Base
48
Emulsion Base characteristics
a) Insoluble in water
b) Not water washable
c) Contains water (limited)
d) Emollient
e) Occlusive
f) Greasy
49
Are oil-in-water emulsion that are capable of being washed from skin or clothing with water
water removable base
50
water removable base frequently referred to as
“water washable” ointment base
51
By this method, all or some of the components of an ointment are combined by melting together and cooled with constant stirring until congeal.
Fusion method
52
In fusion method added last when temperature is low enough not to cause decomposition
heat labile substances and volatile constituents
53
Semisolid pharmaceuticals frequently either in
jars or in tubes
54
The jars may be made
glass, uncolored, colored green, amber or blue or
| opaque and porcelain white
55
The tubes are made of tin or plastic. These are called
“collapsible tube”
56
TESTS REQUIREMENTS FOR OINTMENTS
Microbial Content
Minimum Fill Test
Packaging, Storage, and Labeling
Additional Standards
57
Microbial Content
▪ Meet acceptable standard for microbial
| ▪ Must contain antimicrobial preservatives
58
Microbial Content: Preservatives
methylparaben, propyl paraben, phenols, benzoic acid,
| sorbic, quaternary ammonium salts
59
example of Microbial Content
Betamethasone Valerate Ointment
60
Betamethasone Valerate Ointment – must be absence of
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
61
net weight and volume
Minimum Fill Test
62
Packaging, Storage, and Labeling
▪ metal, plastic tubes, jar
▪ Well close containers, light sensitive, light resistant
▪ Labeling- type of base used (water soluble or insoluble)
63
Additional Standards
▪ Examine the viscosity
| ▪ Vitro drug release to ensure within lot and lot-to-lot uniformity
64
A semisolid dosage form containing one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed in either a water-in-oil emulsion or an oil-in-water or in another
type of water-washable base.
creams
65
These are viscous semisolid emulsions which are meant for external use
creams
66
Cream is divided in to two types namely as
1) Aqueous creams
| 2) Oily creams
67
the emulsions are o/w type & it is relatively non
| greasy
Aqueous creams
68
The emulsifying waxes are (examples)
anionic, cationic & non –ionic
69
used as emulsifying agent in creams
polysorbate, triethanolamine soap
70
In case of oily creams w/o type & it is relatively
greasy
71
emulsifying agent in oily creams
wool fat, wool alcohols, beeswax & calcium soap
72
The cream should be store in
collapsible tube & supplied in well closed
| container to prevent evaporation & contamination.
73
are semi-solid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by the addition of a gelling agent.
gels
74
gels are sometimes called
“Jellies”
75
gels may thicken on standing, forming a
“thixotropy”
76
True or false
| must be shaken before use to liquefy gel and enable pouring
True
77
Examples of gelling agents: synthetic macromolecules
Carbomer 934
78
Examples of gelling agents: Cellulose derivatives
carboxymethylcellulose
79
Examples of gelling agents: natural gums
tragacanth
80
high-molecular-weight water-soluble polymer
cabomers
81
They are used as gelling agents
carbomers
82
carbomers concentrations
0.5% to 2.0% in water
83
Classes of Gel: 2 phase systems
Single phase gel
| Continuous phase
84
separation between the insoluble matter and liquid vehicle is observed. This type contains inorganic materials
Single phase gel
85
Example of Single phase gel
Al(OH)3 Gel (aluminum hydroxide)
86
commonly aqueous where alcohol and gels may be use as continuous phase
Continuous phase
87
Example of Continuous phase which is Mineral oil + polyethylene resin =
oleaginous ointment base
88
for patch testing
Bases
89
for electrocardiography
NaCl
90
for anti- inflammatory corticosteroid
Fluocinonide Gel
91
dental care prophylactic
Na Fluoride & Phosphoric acid gel
92
treatment of acne
Tretinoin Gel
93
for intravaginal
Prostaglandin Gel
94
are semisolid preparations intended for application to the skin
paste
95
Contain a larger portion of solid material (25%)
paste
96
paste are prepared by
direct mixing or the use of heat
97
paste is suited for application of hairy parts of the body
False
98
Paste still used today:
Zinc Oxide paste: 25 % of Zinc oxide, starch and petrolatum
99
❑ are solid or semi-solid adhesive masses spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic.
❑ Applied to the skin to provide prolonged contact at site.
plasters
100
provide protection or mechanical support at the site of application
Unmedicated plasters
101
provide effects at the site of application.
Medical plasters
102
plasters few used today:
salicylic acid plaster
103
salicylic acid plaster used on
toes for removal of corns
104
Purpose of plasters
1. To afford protection and mechanical support
2. To furnish an occlusive macerating action
3. To bring medication into close contact with surface of skin
105
Examples of Plaster
Adhesive plaster
Modern Plasters
Medicated plasters
Back Plasters
106
consisting of vinyl resin, plasticizers, and chemical additives
Adhesive plaster
107
are practically all machine made and are
| available in colors such as flesh, striped, and others
Modern Plasters
108
Example of medicated plasters
Salicylic Acid Plaster, Salonpas
109
are made of heavy cotton or wool and cotton backing to
| provide warmth and support.
Black plasters
110
Black plasters are usually use from
for backache, sore shoulders, sore arms, and other muscular aches
111
The active constituents of back plaster is
Chilli Plaster; Hot Salonpas
112
are unctuous preparations of such consistency that may be easily spread at ordinary temperature upon muslin cloth or similar material with spatula yet not soft to liquefy and run when applied to the skin
cerates
113
contents of cerates
oil, hard petrolatum and beeswax
114
Cerate example
```
Cantharides cerates;
Rosin cerate;
Camphor cerate;
Cerate of lead acetate;
Compound Rosin Cerate
```
115
Are viscous preparation intended for warm, external application to a body for purpose of reducing inflammation
CATAPLASM
116
Are soft semisolid, external applications which either stimulate a body surface or alleviate an inflamed area by supplying medication substance in the presence of heat and mixture
CATAPLASM
117
Are dental preparation employed primarily as temporary protective coverings for exposed pulps; also for holding medicinal agents in tooth cavities and rebasing of dentures
Cements
118
are melted prior to application, cooled to only slightly above body temperature, and applied to the affected area with a fine brush. After application this hardens, usually covered with bandage.
Glycerogelatins
119
Example of Glycerogelatins
Zinc Gelatin Boot
120
a firm, plastic mass containing 10% zinc oxide in a glycerogelatin base
Zinc Gelatin
121
treatment of varicose ulcers because of its ability to form pressure bandage
Zinc Gelatin
122
Zinc Gelatin is also known as
“gelatin boot”
123
are external application resembling ointments in consistency, but remaining semisolid at body temperature
dressings
124
dressings liquefy at ___ and remain pliable in thin films below __
50 degree C
| 28 degree C
125
Classes of Dressings
1. Primary wound dressing or now as wet dressing
2. Absorbents - surgical cotton and gauze
3. Bandages
4. Adhesive tapes
126
formerly official in the NF VI, was employed
| as an air-excluding, soft, pliable, analgesic, splintlike covering for surface denuded by burns
Paraffin dressing
127
is absorbent gauze saturated with white petrolatum.
Petrolatum Gauze, USP
128
sterile antibacterial dressings containing nitrofurazone
Furazone gauze pads
129
any material used as covering, protective, or support for a diseased part
Surgical dressing
130
Surgical dressing examples
a. Adhesive bandage, USP
| b. Gauze bandage
131
The most relevant studies are performed in ___.
humans
132
Animal models may be used insofar as they may be effective as predictors of human response such as
1. Weanling pig
2. Rhesus monkey
3. Hairless mouse or rat
133
Skin penetration may be tested in vitro using:
Various skin tissues (human or animal) in a diffusion cell
Using human skin
Animal skin
134
Backing, adhesive, and protecting layers Examples of this technology:
TransdermNitro (Novartis)
| and Transderm-Scop (Novartis)
135
MEMBRANE-CONTROLLED TRANSDERMAL SYSTEM Advantage over monolithic systems
release rate of drug
| remains constant when the drug solution in the reservoir remains saturated
136
Prepared by preconstruction of the delivery unit filling the drug reservoir
sealing or lamination
137
Protects the system from environmental entry and from loss of drug from the system or moisture from
skin
Occlusive or blockade backing membrane
138
Stores and releases the drug at the skin site
Drug reservoir or matrix sytem
139
Removed before application and enables drug release
Release liner
140
Maintains contact with the skin after application
Adhesive layer
141
Adhesive layer example
Polybutyl acrylate
142
ADHESIVE LAYER
❑ Must be pressure sensitive
❑ Adheres to the skin with minimal pressure and remains in place for intended
period of wear
❑ Should be non-irritating, permit unimpeded drug flux to the skin, compatible
with all other systems, allow easy peel-off after use
143
Commonly used as adhesive
polybutyl acrylate
144
- Patch is worn (at least 4 hours before the anti-nausea effect is required) in a hairless area behind the ear
- Prevents motion sickness, nausea and
vomiting resulting from the use of certain anesthetics and analgesics used in surgery
Transdermal Scopolamine (transderm scop system)
145
For prophylactic treatment of angina
Transdermal Nitroglycerin
146
When taken sublingually use of Transdermal Nitroglycerin
relatively low dose, short plasma half-life, high peak plasma levels, and inherent side effects
147
First transdermal system for hypertension
Transdermal Clonidine (Catapres TTS)
148
- As adjunct in smoking cessation programs Effective aid in quitting smoking
- Provides sustain blood levels of nicotine replacement therapy
Transdermal Nicotine (Nicotrol)
149
Treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause, female hypogonadism, female castration, primary ovarian failure, and atrophic conditions caused by deficient endogenous estrogen production (atrophic vaginitis and kraurosis vulvae)
Transdermal Estradiol
150
Example of Transdermal Estradiol
Vivelle (Novartis)
151
For optimal absorption, applied to clean, dry scrotal skin that has been dry-shaved
Transdermal Testosterone
152
Placed on the scrotum (stretching the scrotal skin with one hand and pressing the adhesive side of the TDDS against the skin with the other hand, holding it in place for about 10 seconds)
Transdermal Testosterone
153
applied nightly to a clean, dry unabraded area of the skin of the back, abdomen, upper arms, or thighs
Androderm TDDS
154
intended for localized action are most frequently used to relieve constipation or pain, irritation, itching, and inflammation associated with hemorrhoids.
Rectal suppositories
155
Vaginal suppositories act as
antiseptic in feminine hygiene and as specific agents
| to combat an invading pathogen
156
as antibacterial and as a local anesthetic preparatory
| to urethral examination
Urethral Suppositories:
157
For system effects, the _____ of the rectum and vagina permits absorption of many soluble drugs
mucous membranes
158
used frequently as the site for the systemic absorption of drugs
Rectum
159
for the relief of nausea and vomiting and as a tranquilizer
Prochlorperazine & Chlorpromazine
160
for opioid analgesia
Morphine and oxymorphone
161
for the relief of migraine syndrome
Ergotamine tartrate
162
a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic
Indomethacin
163
for the relief of nausea and vomiting
Ondansetron
164
Shape of modern rectal suppository
conical or torpedo shaped
165
length of rectal suppository
2 -3 centimeters
166
Suppositories for adults weigh
2 grams each
167
children suppositories weigh
1 gram each
168
Urethral suppositories for males weigh
4 grams each
169
Urethral suppositories for females weigh
2 grams each
170
Vaginal suppositories, also called
pessaries
171
Vaginal suppositories are usually in shape of
globular (ball), oviform or cone-shaped
172
Vaginal suppositories weigh
about 5 grams
173
are pencil-shaped suppositories similar in shape to urethral suppositories but shorter in length about ___
Aural suppositories
| 32mm long
174
a lipophilic drug that is distributed in a fatty suppository base in low concentration has loss of a tendency to escape to the surrounding aqueous fluids than would a hydrophilic substance present in fatty base to an extent approaching the saturation
Lipid-water solubility
175
“The smaller the particle size, the more readily the dissolution of the particle and the greater the chance for rapid absorption"
TRUE
176
Ability to melt, soften or dissolve at body temperature
| Ability to release the drug substance
SUPPOSITORY BASE
177
SUPPOSITORY BASE is either __ character
hydrophilic or hydrophobic
178
When a base is not specified, ___is used
Cocoa Butter
179
Hydrogenated fatty acids of vegetable oils
palm, kernel oil, and cotton seed oil
180
Fat bases compounds
lycerin with the higher molecular weight fatty acids: palmitic and stearic acids
181
Water-soluble or water-miscible bases
* Glycerinated gelatin
| * polyethylene glycols
182
Miscellaneous bases are combination of
lipophilic and hydrophilic
183
• Mixture of oleaginous and water-soluble materials Example
Polyoxyl 40 stearate (mixture of monostearate & distearate esters of mixed polyethylene diols & the free glycols)
184
Mixtures of many fatty acids (including Cocoa Butter) with emulsifying agents capable of forming W/O emulsion. Also referred to as
hydrophilic suppository base
185
are widely used today as they are easy to manufacture, more stable and less messy
Vaginal inserts (tablets)
