Finals Flashcards by JOHN PHILIP ESCANDA

Biological oxidation-reduction reaction always involve:
I. direct participation of oxygen
II. formation of water
III. mitochondria
IV. electron transfer
V. hydrogen transfer

I and IV only

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The ΔG0’ values for the two reactions shown below are given.

Phosphocreatine –> creatine + Pi ΔG0’ = -43.0 kJ/mol
ATP –> ADP + Pi ΔG0’ = -30.5 kJ/mol
What is the overall ΔG0’ for the following reaction in J/mol?
Phosphocreatine + ADP –> creatine + ATP

-12,500 (with margin: 0)

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The ΔG0’ values for the two reactions shown below are given

Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA + H2O –> citrate + CoASH ΔG0’ = -32.2 kJ/mol

Oxaloacetate + acetate –> citrate
ΔG0’ = -1.9 kJ/mol

What is the ΔG0’for the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA in kJ/mol?
Acetyl-CoA + H2O —–> acetate + CoASH + H+

-30.3 (with margin: 0)

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Select the INCORRECT statement

a. Catabolism is an oxidative process that releases energy
b. Both catabolism and anabolism proceeds in stages
c. The energy of hydrolysis of ATP is a stored energy
d. A reducing agent is a substance that gives up electrons to other substances
e. None of the choices

c. The energy of hydrolysis of ATP is a stored energy

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The first law thermodynamics states that ______

a. Energy is synthesized and transferred to another form
b. Energy has an affect to the randomness of the system
c. Gibbs free energy is equal to the total changes of energy in the system
d. Any changes in energy is manifested as transformation into another form of energy
e. None of the choices

d. Any changes in energy is manifested as transformation into another form of energy

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True about a reaction that has negative Gibbs free energy

a. Coupled to an endergonic reaction
b. Shows an uphill course if graphically illustrated
c. Usually an anabolic reaction
d. Non-spontaneous reaction
e. Requires energy input

a. Coupled to an endergonic reaction

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The conversion of ATP to ADP requires the hydrolysis of which of the following bonds?

a. Phosphodiester
b. Phosphohydride
c. Phosphoanhydride
d. Both Phosphodiester and Phosphoanhydride
e. Both Phosphoanhydride and Phosphoanhydride bond

c. Phosphoanhydride

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Which of the following is a reduction reaction?

a. ATP to ADP
b. NADH to NAD+
c. FAD to FADH2
d. all of the choices

c. FAD to FADH2

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The conversion of pyruvate to lactate is an example of?

a. oxidation
b. reduction
c. dehydration

b. reduction

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Feature common to both NAD and FAD

a. contains ribitol
b. Derived from a lipid-soluble vitamin
c. contains Vitamin B2
d. contains a nitrogenous base

d. contains a nitrogenous base

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Vitamin associated with NAD

a. vitamin B1
b. vitamin B2
c. vitamin B3
d. vitamin B5

c. vitamin B3

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What is the standard free energy change of the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP?

a. -30.5 kcal/mol
b. -4.6 kcal/mol
c. -2.2 kcal/mol
d. -7.3 kcal/mol
e. -3.3 kcal/mol

d. -7.3 kcal/mol

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What is the direction of each the reaction below when the reactants are initially present in equimolar amounts?
ATP + creatine ⇌ creatine phosphate + ADP

creatine phosphate hydrolysis ΔG’0 = -43.1 kJ/mol

a. To the left
b. To the right
c. Both

a. To the left

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Which of the following statements concerning the free energy change (ΔG) is false?

a. the energy change for a reaction depends only on the initial and final states, and is independent of the path taken
b. the overall energy change for a reaction could be calculated by summing the energy changes for a series of separate reactions that could convert the reactants to the products
c. the rate of a reaction can be determined from the energy change

c. the rate of a reaction can be determined from the energy change

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A biological reaction with a significantly positive ΔG under cellular conditions may proceed in the forward direction because?

a. the cell will change the concentrations of the substrates and products so that the reaction can occur
b. the cell will raise the temperature, thereby affecting the overall thermodynamics of the reaction
c. the reaction can be couple to a reaction with a more significant negative ΔG
d. the cell will raise the temperature, thereby affecting the overall thermodynamics of the reaction

c. the reaction can be couple to a reaction with a more significant negative ΔG

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In general, catabolism

a. is an oxidative process that releases energy
b. is a reductive process that releases energy
c. is an oxidative process that requires energy
d. is a reductive process that requires energy

a. is an oxidative process that releases energy

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An isolated system can exchange ___ with its surroundings

a. energy but not matter
b. matter but not energy
c. both matter and energy
d. neither matter nor energy

d. neither matter nor energy

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Which of the following coenzymes is NOT a carrier of electrons in biological redox reactions?

a. Niacin
b. Coenzyme A
c. Riboflavin
d. Transition metal ions, such as those of iron or copper

b. Coenzyme A

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TRUE about the oxidation half reaction:

a. irreversible reaction
b. occurrence of oxidation or reduction depends on the other reagents present
c. both
d. neither

b. occurrence of oxidation or reduction depends on the other reagents present

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NADP differs from NADH by having an additional phosphate group in which of the specific site?

a. 2’-carbon of ribose
b. 2’-hydroxyl group of ribose
c. 3’-carbon of ribose
d. 3’-hydroxyl of ribose

b. 2’-hydroxyl group of ribose

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Select the INCORRECT statement

a. heat flow is a source of energy for cells
b. cells are isothermal systems
c. cells function at essentially constant temperature
d. cells function at constant pressure

a. heat flow is a source of energy for cells

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FALSE about Gibbs free energy:

a. the energy that cells can and must use
b. allows prediction of the direction of chemical reactions
c. allows prediction of their exact equilibrium position
d. allows prediction of the speed of chemical reaction

d. allows prediction of the speed of chemical reaction

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Both heterotrophic and photosynthetic cells:

a. acquire free energy from nutrient molecules
b. acquire free energy from absorbed solar radiation
c. produce their own energy
d. transforms free energy to ATP

d. transforms free energy to ATP

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This thermodynamic quantity reflects the number and kinds of chemical bonds in the reactants and products.

a. Gibbs free energy
b. Entropy
c. Enthalpy
d. none of the choices

c. Enthalpy

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What is the ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic oxidation? a. NADPH b. Hydrogen c. Oxygen d. Nitrogen e. ATP

c. Oxygen

FALSE about ATP: a. its receptor is the P2x receptor b. it helps in production of energy c. involved in cell signaling d. stores energy in its bonds

b. it helps in production of energy

Coenzyme A is notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. This substance is derived from? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B2 c. Vitamin B3 d. Vitamin B1 e. Vitamin B5

e. Vitamin B5

which of the following term BEST describes how energy-requiring reactions to take place? a. coupling b. equilibrium c. conservation d. stability

a. coupling

Select the CORRECT statement a. when the products of a reaction are less complex and more disordered than the reactants, the more reaction is said to proceed with a gain in entropy b. Reacting systems that take up heat from their surroundings are endothermic and have positive values of ΔH c. Both statements

c. Both statements

Unit for this/these thermodynamic parameter is joules/mole I. ΔG II. ΔH III. ΔS a. I only b. II only c. II and III only d. I and II only

d. I and II only

Thermodynamically speaking, living organisms preserve their internal order by which of the following? a. taking from the surroundings free energy b. returning more energy to their surroundings an equal amount of energy c. isolating matter from within d. in thermodynamically equilibrium state with the surrounding e. all of the choices

a. taking from the surroundings free energy

How many negative charges are there in ATP? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

d. 4

How many electrons are lost when NADH is converted to NAD+? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

b. 2

The hexose monophosphate shunt pathway is utilized for all of the following EXCEPT which one? a. formation of ATP b. ribose-5-phosphate synthesis c. synthesis of pentoses d. generation of NADPH

a. formation of ATP

which of the following metabolic process in the cell proceed by different pathways in the forward and reverse directions, under physiological conditions? 1. Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. 2. Fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate. 3. Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate 4. 1.3-Biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate Choices: a. 2 and 4 are correct b. all four are correct c. 1 and 3 are correct d. 1, 2, and 3 are correct

d. 1, 2, and 3 are correct

The hexose monophosphate shunt: 1. can convert glucose to carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen. 2. can provide five carbon sugars when the cell's needs for nucleotides is high. 3. would have a diminished role in the metabolism of glucose in individuals with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. 4. can provide the cell with NADH needed in the synthesis of fatty acids. Choices: a. only 4 is correct b. 1, 2, and 3 are correct c. all four are correct d. 1 and 3 are correct e. 2 and 4 are correct

e. 2 and 4 are correct

What is the pathway for glucose synthesis by non-carbohydrate precursors? a. Glycogenesis b. Glycolysis c. Gluconeogenesis d. Glycogenolysis

c. Gluconeogenesis

What is the major site for gluconeogenesis? a. Liver b. Muscles c. Blood d. Brain

a. Liver

Which of the following hormone decreases blood glucose and increases uptake of glucose in various tissues like skeletal muscle, adipose tissues? a. Glucagon b. Insulin c. Epinephrine d. Cortisol

b. Insulin

Which of the following statements is true? a. Glycolysis occurs in mitochondria b. Glycolysis occurs when ATP concentration is high c. Glycolysis occurs in the presence and absence of oxygen d. Glycolysis occurs only in mammalian cells

c. Glycolysis occurs in the presence and absence of oxygen

The net gain of ATP during the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is: a. 1 ATP b. 1 ATP + 1 UDP c. 4 ATP d. 2 ATP

d. 2 ATP

During the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, two NADH molecules are generated. Which of the following steps generates NADH? a. Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1-6-biphosphate b. Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate c. Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate d. Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

d. Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

What is the overall goal of glycolysis? a. Convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate b. Convert glucose to pyruvate c. Convert glucose to acetyl CoA d. Convert glucose to ATP

b. Convert glucose to pyruvate

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate? a. Pyruvate carboxykinase b. Phosphofructokinase c. Pyruvate carboxylase d. Glucose 6-phosphatase

c. Pyruvate carboxylase

Which of the following are major sites for glycogen storage? a. Bones b. Kidney and liver c. Adipose tissues d. Muscle and liver

d. Muscle and liver

Which of the following statements about glycogenesis is true? a. At the start of the process, attachment of glucose residues is autocatalyzed by glycogen synthase. b. At the start of the process, attachment of glucose residues is autocatalyzed by glycogenin. c. Branching enzymes catalyze the attachment of a single glucose residue at an a(1-->6) glycosidic linkage d. The branching of glycogen is catalyzed by glycogenin.

b. At the start of the process, attachment of glucose residues is autocatalyzed by glycogenin.

What do you call the metabolic pathway that is utilized by galactose? a. Leloir pathway b. Fructolysis c. Pentose Phosphate Pathway d. Tricarboxylic Cycle

a. Leloir pathway

Which of the following statements about galactose metabolism is correct? a. Fructose cannot be used for gluconeogenesis in the liver. b. Red blood cells can catalyze aerobic glycolysis because they contain oxygen bound to hemoglobin. c. All of the reactions of glycolysis are freely reversible for gluconeogenesis. d. Glycolysis can proceed in the absence of oxygen only if pyruvate is formed from lactate in muscle.

d. Glycolysis can proceed in the absence of oxygen only if pyruvate is formed from lactate in muscle.

Which of the following statements about glycogen metabolism is correct? a. Glycogen is stored mainly in the liver and brain. b. A key step in the synthesis of glycogen is the formation of UDP-glucose. c. Insulin inhibits glycogenesis. d. In muscle in the fasting state, glycogen is broken down to glucose-6-phosphate, then free glucose.

b. A key step in the synthesis of glycogen is the formation of UDP-glucose.

Twenty one (21) glucose molecules are utilized in the glycolytic pathway. How many ATP are produced? a. 168 b. 42 c. 84 d. 21

c. 84

What carbohydrate metabolism disease affects the body's ability release glucose from glycogen stores? a. Pompe Disease b. Von Gierke's Disease c. Galactosemia d. Diabetes Mellitus

b. Von Gierke's Disease

It is a key hormone that is central in the understanding of diabetes mellitus. a. Glucagon b. Somatostatin c. Insulin d. Cortisol

c. Insulin

The most important allosteric regulator of glycolysis is fructose 1,6-biphosphate. True or False

False

What enzyme is present in the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth? a. Pancreatic amylase b. Lactase c. Sucrase d. Salivary amylase

d. Salivary amylase

What enzyme is needed to produce phosphoenolpyruvate during glycolysis? a. Triose phosphate isomerase b. Aldolase c. Enolase d. Pyruvate kinase

c. Enolase

Upon the production of pyruvate, it can be utilized by the muscles to produce acetaldehyde and ultimately yield alcohol through fermentation. True or False

True

The pentose phosphate pathway is critical in the formation of nucleic acids and lipids True or False

True

Which of the following involves the production of glycogen from the existing glucose in the cells? a. glycolysis b. gluconeogenesis c. glycogenolysis d. glycogenesis

d. glycogenesis

Which of the following amino acids can be converted into pyruvate and thus can be used in the generation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources? a. Lysine b. Leucine c. Phenylalanine d. Tyrosine

a. Lysine

Metabolic conversion of non-glucose carbohydrates happen in what organ? a. stomach b. kidneys c. pancreas d. liver

d. liver

Von Gierke's disease affects the ability of what organ to release glucose from glycogen stores? a. brain b. liver c. lungs d. muscles

b. liver

In a eukaryotic cell, most of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the a. Outer mitochondrial membrane b. Intermembrane space c. Mitochondrial matrix d. Inner mitochondrial membrane

c. Mitochondrial matrix

Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, enters the citric acid after it has been converted to a. Acetaldehyde b. Acetyl-CoA c. Lactic acid d. Acetic acid

b. Acetyl-CoA

Most of the ATP made during cellular respiration is generated by: a. Substrate-level phosphorylation b. Oxidative phosphorylation c. Photophosphorylation d. glycolysis

b. Oxidative phosphorylation

Energy that is released from glucose during respiration but not transferred to ATP bonds can be detected as a. heat b. Co2 c. H2O d. ADP

a. heat

Which metabolic pathway or process is common to both aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of sugar? a. Chemiosmosis in mitochondrion b. Kreb's cycle c. Oxidation of pyruvic acid to CO2 d. Glycolysis

d. Glycolysis

Oxidative decarboxylations a. involves loss of CO2 and the production of FADH2 b. involve loss of CO2 and the production of NADH c. do not occur in the TCA cycle d. involve loss of CO2 and the production of NAD

b. involve loss of CO2 and the production of NADH

The Citric Acid cycle is involved in a. synthesis of amino acids b. synthesis of fatty acids c. generation of energy from pyruvate d. all of the choices

d. all of the choices

You may have learned the term "amphoteric" used in general chemistry to describe a substance that could function as either an acid or a base. When we describe the Citric acid cycle as amphibolic, we mean that it: a. Amplifies substrates so that large, rolling molecules are produced b. Is capable of both synthetic and degrative reactions c. Is capable of every kind of reaction imaginable d. Can carry out anabolic reactions

b. Is capable of both synthetic and degrative reactions

Early life forms lived in an atmosphere largely devoid of free oxygen molecules. Most present-day life forms use molecular oxygen as: a. Starting materials for synthesis of lipids b. The final acceptor for electrons removed from hydrogen during digestion c. The final acceptor for electrons removed from carbons during oxidation d. Raw material for synthesis of DNA

c. The final acceptor for electrons removed from carbons during oxidation

The citric acid cycle is occasionally called Kreb's Cycle in honor of its discoverer, Hans Krebs. It is also occasionally called the tricarboxylic acid. Why? a. The starting material for the citric acid cycle is a tricarboxylic acid b. The final product of the citric acid cycle is a tricarboxylic acid c. The citric acid cycle is amphibolic d. The first several reactions of the citric acid cycle produce tricarboxylic acids

d. The first several reactions of the citric acid cycle produce tricarboxylic acids

Ordinarily, entrance of the carbons of pyruvic acid into the TCA cycle requires loss of one of the carbons. There is, however, an enzyme that can insert all three of the carbons of pyruvate into the TCA cycle. This enzyme is known as a. Pyruvate carboxylase b. Pyruvate dehydrogenase c. a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase d. Citrate synthase

a. Pyruvate carboxylase

These are the products of the citric acid cycle a. Methane b. Water c. Carbon dioxide d. Ethanol

c. Carbon dioxide

How many energy-rich molecules (excluding NADH and FADH2) are produced when one molecule of acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle? a. 1 b. 4 c. 2 d. 3

a. 1

How many FADH are produced in the citric acid cycle when two acetyl-CoA molecules enter? a. 4 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3

c. 2

What is the approximate total yield of ATP that is produced via the Krebs cycle and subsequent oxidative phosphorylation of a single molecule of acetyl CoA? a. 20 b. 10 c. 16 d. 32

b. 10

How are electrons extracted from the citric acid cycle for use in the electron transport chain? a. Oxidation of ATP to GTP b. Reduction of NAD and FAD c. Oxidation of NAD and FAD d. Reduction of ATP and GTP

b. Reduction of NAD and FAD

What powers the ATP synthase rotary motor? a. cAMP b. Coenzyme flow c. Hydrolysis of ATP d. H+ gradient

d. H+ gradient

How many molecules of oxygen O2 are required to complete the reactions of aerobic respiration beginning with four molecules of glucose? a. 24 b. 4 c. 6 d. 16

a. 24

High cellular concentrations of what molecule would inhibit the entry of pyruvate into the citric acid cycle? a. Pyruvate b. NADH c. Coenzyme A d. AMP

b. NADH

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate? a. Aldolase b. Phosphatase c. Aconitase d. Citrate synthase

c. Aconitase

bile duct obstruction can cause an increase in serum bilirubin due to the B1 fraction True or False

False

All of the following proteins are synthesized in the liver EXCEPT: a. hemoglobin b. haptoglobin c. albumin d. transferrin e. ceruloplasmin

a & b

if exposed to light, bilirubin is reduced to form biliverdin. True or False

False

oxidative phosphorylation redox reaction catalyst

G3PD

Pyruvate oxidation reactants

2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+

Pyruvate oxidation products

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

Relative to FADH2, at what energy state does NADH enter the electron transport chain?

NADH enters the electron transport chain at a higher energy state than FADH2

High cellular concentrations of what molecule would inhibit the entry of pyruvate into the citric acid cycle?

NADH

CAC Inputs

2 Acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP

CAC Products

2 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

During oxidative phosphorylation, protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix into what?

Intermembrane space

The entropy of living organsims is low and this suggests that:

The laws of thermodynamics allow high complexity and organisation in living organisms Living organisms have low entropy due, in part, to the release of heat energy to the surroundings

If the ΔG'o of the reaction A → B is -40 kJ/mol, under standard conditions the reaction:

will proceed spontaneously from left to right.

The equation that best describes the relationship between Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) and the equilibrium constant (Keq) of a reaction A--->B, under non-standard conditions (where standard conditions are: 25°C, 1 atmosphere, 1M for all reactants) is:

ΔG = ΔGo = -RT ln([B]/[A])

The oxidation of glucose is exothemic and can be represented by the following equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Entropy seems to increase because there are more molecules of products compared with reactants The reaction is likely to be spontaneous because there is -ΔH and +ΔS

Hydrolysis of 1 M glucose-6-phosphate catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase is 99% complete at equilibrium (i.e., only 1% of the substrate remains). Which of the following statements is most nearly correct? Some of the following information may be useful: ΔG'° = -RTlnKeq'; R = 8.315 J/mol·K; T = 298 K; ln0.01=-4.6; ln99=4.6; ln90=4.49, ΔG'° = ΔH - TΔS, ΔH = -220kJ/mol

ΔG'° = -11.4 kJ/mol

In thermodynamics matter or energy existing in the surroundings is necessarily all matter and energy in the universe except that contained in the system (T/F)

True

In order for a reaction to proceed spontaneously from left to right as written

the overall free-energy change must be negative.

Which of the following conditions (select each appropriate condition) would most likely predict a spontaneous reaction at low temperatures and ΔS < 0. (no partial credit for this question you must have all appropriate conditions).

TΔS < ΔH ΔH < 0

The standard free-energy changes for the reactions below are given: Phosphocreatine ---> creatine + Pi ΔG'° = -43.0 kJ/mol ATP ---> ADP + Pi ΔG'° = -30.5 kJ/mol

ΔG'° = -12.5 kJ/mol

Thousands of chemical reactions occur in organisms. Consequently, it is important for us to use kinetics to determine if a reaction can occur spontaneously. (T/F)

False

Biochemical reactions are more likely to proceed if the reaction has an increase in enthalpy (△H) and a decrease in entropy (△S). (T/F)

False

Which of the following best describes Gibbs Free Energy (more than one option may apply)

Negative Free Energy (-ΔG) means the reaction is spontaneous Exergonic reactions are reactions where the Free Energy is negative

When Keq of a reaction = 1, then

the forward and reverse reaction rate constants are equal.

Which of the following statements best describe entropy

(where > means 'greater than') Entropy of solution (a mixture) is greater than the entropy of pure solvent or solute

Which of the following statements about enthalpy are correct? A. Endothermic reaction absorbs energy from the system into the surroundings (+ΔH) B. Exothermic reactions releases enthalpy from the system to the surroundings (-ΔH) C. Endothermic reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings into the system (+ΔH) D. Endergonic reactions releases enthalpy from the system to the surroundings (-ΔH) E. Exergonic reactions absorbs enthalpy from the system to the surroundings (+ΔH) F. Exothermic reactions releases enthalpy from the surroundings to the system (-ΔH)

CorrectB. Exothermic reactions releases enthalpy from the system to the surroundings (-ΔH) CorrectC. Endothermic reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings into the system (+ΔH)

Which of the following statements best describe entropy (more than one option may apply)

Tendency for matter to disperse or spread out Tendency for energy to disperse or spread out

Which of the following best describes the activation energy of a reaction A. Depends upon the path taken from initial to final states of the reaction B. Delays the progress of a spontaneous chemical reaction C. Decreased by enzymes and other catalysts D. The same as the enthalpy or entropy for a reaction

Depends upon the path taken from initial to final states of the reaction CorrectB. Delays the progress of a spontaneous chemical reaction CorrectC. Decreased by enzymes and other catalysts

In thermodynamics matter or energy existing in the surroundings is necessarily all matter and energy in the universe except that contained in the system (T/F)

True