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PSY434 - THEORIES OF LEARNING > FINALS > Flashcards

FINALS Flashcards

1
Q

In Pavlov’s experiments, he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The meat in this experiment would be considered the:

A. unconditioned stimulus
B. unconditioned response
C. conditioned stimulus
D. conditioned response

A

A. unconditioned stimulus

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2
Q

Dr. Smith is using punishment to eliminate bad behaviors in his dog. To get the best results, when administering the punishments, Dr. Smith should:

A. use very weak shocks
B. wait until some time has passed since the bad behavior occurred before giving the punishment
C. try to elicit behaviors that are incompatible with his desired response
D. none of the above

A

D. none of the above

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3
Q

Three of the following statements reflect contemporary perspectives of instrumental conditioning and reinforcement. Which one does not?

A. Punishment has a more pronounced effect on behavior than reinforcement does.
B. Behavior can sometimes be better understood if we look at complex environmental conditions rather than at simple, specific stimuli.
C. Instrumental conditioning can more adequately be explained when we talk about mental processes as well as observable events.
D. Any single consequence may be more or less reinforcing depending on a learner’s particular motives at the time.

A

A. Punishment has a more pronounced effect on behavior than reinforcement does.

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4
Q

George has learned that if he pesters his father about using the family Cadillac enough times, his father will eventually break down and give George the keys to the Cadillac. George’s “pestering” behavior is apparently being reinforced on a ___________ schedule.

A. variable ratio
B. variable interval
C. fixed interval
D. differential rate of low responding

A

A. variable ratio

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5
Q

Joe is playing a slot machine in a casino, and in the 5 hours that he has been playing, he has only won once. However, Joe persists in putting his money in the machine, and, more often than not, losing it! From the information here, on what type of reinforcement schedule can you be certain that Joe has been placed?

A. continuous reinforcement
B. partial reinforcement
C. fixed ratio
D. variable interval

A

B. partial reinforcement

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6
Q

Which one of the following is the best example of a social reinforcer?

A. Getting a new outfit you think is “cool”
B. Being allowed to play basketball at a friend’s house after you finish your homework
C. Being told that you did a good job
D. Feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate classmate

A

C. Being told that you did a good job

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7
Q

The reappearance of the salivation response after it had previously been extinguished is known as:

A. Stimulus discrimination
B. Higher-order conditioning
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Sensory preconditioning

A

C. Spontaneous recovery

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8
Q

Punishment is not considered to be a non-reward event because:

A. It involves more than just withholding reward, as it also includes avoidance
B. to be a nonreward event, a situation must have a negative reinforcement component to it
C. nonreward events do not involve the application of an aversive stimulus
D. omissions only occur during punishment, and not nonreward events

A

C. nonreward events do not involve the application of an aversive stimulus

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9
Q

David’s mother insists that he vacuum the living room carpet. But when she sees how haphazardly he vacuums (he misses two-thirds of the carpet), she tells him, “Never mind, I’ll do it!” David’s escape of household chores:

A. positively reinforced
B. negatively reinforced
C. punished
D. an example of passive avoidance learning

A

B. negatively reinforced

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10
Q

Yami got a 1,500-peso fine and suspension of his driving license for driving under the influence.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

B. Operant Conditioning

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11
Q

Leopold exhibited bad behavior at work and the boss criticizes him.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

B. Operant Conditioning

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12
Q

Which of the following strategies are often used to treat phobias?

A. sensory preconditioning
B. extinction
C. systematic desensitization
D. exhaustion method

A

C. systematic desensitization

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13
Q

At a store, Gauche throws a tantrum because he did not get a candy bar. His dad finally gets him one.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

B. Operant Conditioning

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14
Q

Which of the following is not a criticism concerning the use of reinforcement?

A. reinforcement allows organisms to have free will in controlling their lives

B. reinforcement depends on bribery

C. reinforcement undermines one’s intrinsic motivation

D. reinforcement is a form of manipulation

A

A. reinforcement allows organisms to have free will in controlling their lives

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15
Q

Which one of the following is the best example of intrinsic reinforcement?

A. Getting a new outfit you think is “cool”
B. Being allowed to play basketball at a friend’s house after you finish your homework
C. Being told that you did a good job
D. Feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate classmate

A

D. Feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate classmate

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16
Q

Which one of the following is the best example of punishment as behaviorists define it?

A. Kelly has been acting up in the classroom all year. Her teacher’s frequent reprimands haven’t made much of a difference in Kelly’s behavior.
B. Leo is a real distraction to his classmates, often burping in a way that makes other students laugh. His teacher places him in a corner where others can’t hear him burping.
C. Whenever Marvin has trouble sitting still, his teacher has him run up and down the hall three times to release pent-up energy.
D. After Nora spends a few minutes in the time-out room for hurting a classmate’s feelings, she is more careful not to hurt her peers’ feelings in the future.

A

D. After Nora spends a few minutes in the time-out room for hurting a classmate’s feelings, she is more careful not to hurt her peers’ feelings in the future.

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17
Q

Yuno heard a notification chime and instinctively reached out for his smartphone, only to realize it’s coming someone else’s phone.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

A. Classical Conditioning

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18
Q

Sara gets a sticker for handing in every 3rd homework assignment her teacher assigns. The type of reinforcement schedule being used is a:

A. fixed interval
B. variable ratio
C. fixed ratio
D. variable interval

A

C. fixed ratio

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19
Q

Charmy have already associated having a good report card with the praise of her parents so when she got one, she is happy already even before she brings it home to show her parents.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

A. Classical Conditioning

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20
Q

Rill thinks of Charmy each time he sees a sheep because it is her spirit animal.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

A. Classical Conditioning

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21
Q

In Pavlov’s experiments he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the:

A. unconditioned stimulus
B. unconditioned response
C. conditioned stimulus
D. conditioned response

A

B. unconditioned response

22
Q

Nozel is in an examination room and suddenly felt nervousness at the mere sight of the test paper.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

A. Classical Conditioning

23
Q

Giving a child a new pencil as a reward for a good test score would be an example of:

A. secondary and primary reinforcement
B. self-control and token reinforcement
C. primary and token reinforcement
D. secondary and token reinforcement

A

D. secondary and token reinforcement

24
Q

Langris trashes his brother’s room and his Mom told him he could not go camping with his friends.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

B. Operant Conditioning

25
Q

In Pavlov’s experiments he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the sound in this experiment was the:

A. unconditioned stimulus
B. unconditioned response
C. conditioned stimulus
D. conditioned response

A

D. conditioned response

26
Q

After Susie runs away from her mother and into the street, she is almost hit by a passing car. Following this event, Susie’s mother punishes her for her behavior. Research shows that:

A. Susie might continue to misbehave, in an even worse manner
B. the punishment might have no effect on Susie
C. both a and b
D. neither a nor b

A

C. both a and b

27
Q

When a conditioned response appears in spontaneous recovery, it is ______ the original conditioned response.

A. stronger than
B. weaker than
C. the same intensity as
D. closer to

A

C. the same intensity as

28
Q

Which one of the following is a primary reinforcer?

A. A cookie
B. A good grade
C. A thousand dollars
D. A feeling of pride about a job well done

A

A. A cookie

29
Q

Gordon’s teacher scolded him because his voice is too weak, he decided not to recite anymore after that incident.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

B. Operant Conditioning

30
Q

Secre is having heartaches each time she goes to work because she’s being reminded of the pending tasks she has.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

A. Classical Conditioning

31
Q

Six-year-old Jack has recently learned to appreciate the value of money, so his father assigns him some simple housekeeping chores to be performed throughout the week. He tells Jack that completion of these chores will earn him an allowance of one dollar every Saturday. Jack rarely completes his chores. From an operant conditioning perspective, which one of the following is most likely to be the reason why Jack is not doing his chores?

A. There is a delay in reinforcement.
B. Reinforcement is not contingent on the desired response.
C. Money is rarely an effective reinforcer for people.
D. The “reinforcer” is presented before the response.

A

A. There is a delay in reinforcement.

32
Q

At the beginning of the school year, Mr. Webber is concerned that Frances rarely does her independent seatwork. He begins praising Frances for each seatwork assignment she completes, and by January she is completing her assignments regularly. To make sure that the behavior continues in the years to come, what would behaviorists tell Mr. Webber to do now?

A. Praise her more often than before.
B. Praise her for only some of her completed assignments.
C. Punish Frances when she doesn’t complete an assignment.
D. Switch from a social reinforcer to an activity reinforcer

A

B. Praise her for only some of her completed assignments.

33
Q

The neutral stimulus should be presented:

A. before the UCS
B. after the UCS
C. at the same time as the UCS
D. when the UCS is no longer eliciting a response

A

B. after the UCS

34
Q

Which of the following could occur within a participant during punishment training?

A. aggression
B. conditioned fear
C. masochistic behavior
D. all of the above

A

D. all of the above

35
Q

Repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus could lead to:

A. Generalization
B. Extinction
C. Associative bias
D. Stimulus discrimination

A

B. Extinction

36
Q

Jimmy misbehaved in class and his teacher punished him by forcing him to skip recess. Withholding recess is generally an ineffective form of punishment because:

A. teachers do not consider recess a pleasant stimulus.
B. many arguments arise during recess making it a negative situation for most children.
C. recess provides a break from academic activities, which improves children’s concentration.
D. recess is too short of a time interval.

A

C. recess provides a break from academic activities, which improves children’s concentration.

37
Q

Tiffany is a hyperactive child who rarely sits still for more than 30 seconds at a time. Ms. Garcia decides to use positive reinforcement to help Tiffany learn to sit quietly in her seat during class time. Which one of the following approaches will bring about the fastest change in Tiffany’s behavior?

A. a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
B. a variable interval schedule of reinforcement
C. continuous reinforcement
D. a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

A

C. continuous reinforcement

38
Q

In Pavlov’s experiments he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The sound in this experiment would be considered the:

A. unconditioned stimulus
B. unconditioned response
C. conditioned stimulus
D. conditioned response

A

C. conditioned stimulus

39
Q

Dr. Smith is trying to teach Billy to WANT to do his homework, because of the personal satisfaction that homework completion will bring to Billy. Dr. Smith is essentially trying to enhance Billy’s:

A. extrinsic motivation
B. intrinsic motivation
C. latent learning
D. biofeedback ability

A

B. intrinsic motivation

40
Q

Luck committed a heinous crime and received a 20-year sentence for it.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

B. Operant Conditioning

41
Q

Responding to other stimuli in the same way as the response to the conditioned stimulus refers to:

A. Generalization
B. Stimulus discrimination
C. Higher order conditioning
D. Sensory preconditioning

A

A. Generalization

42
Q

Noelle heard a sound of bell and it gives her positive emotions because she remembers her recess time with your friends.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

A. Classical Conditioning

43
Q

Mr. Smart tells his students that they can do whatever they want for the first ten minutes of class but must then turn their attention to the day’s assignment. The students are delighted with their ten minutes of free time but they don’t attend to the assignment when it’s time to do so. From an operant conditioning perspective, what mistake has Mr. Smart made?

A. There is a delay in reinforcement.
B. He has used negative reinforcement instead of positive reinforcement.
C. Free time is not an effective reinforcer for the students.
D. The “reinforcer” is presented before the response.

A

D. The “reinforcer” is presented before the response.

44
Q

In a Skinner Box, a rat presses a bar and receives a food pellet. In this case, the food serves as:

A. negative reinforcement
B. positive reinforcement
C. an operant response
D. a conditioned response

A

B. positive reinforcement

45
Q

Grey believed on her abilities and skills because her friends keep on praising her.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

B. Operant Conditioning

46
Q

Finral heard the song “All My Life” and remembered the time when he proposed to his ex-fiancée.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

A. Classical Conditioning

47
Q

Asta was greeted with the familiar smell of pizza fresh out of the oven, he started salivating, even before he takes his first bite.

This situation could be best explained by:

A. Classical Conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning

A

A. Classical Conditioning

48
Q

Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

A. Negative reinforcement is essentially the same as punishment, but without the negative connotations that punishment has.
B. Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment decreases it.
C. Negative reinforcement always decreases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment often increases it.
D. Both consequences decrease behavior, but punishment is more likely to make students angry and defiant.

A

B. Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment decreases it.

49
Q

Which one of the following alternatives best describes instrumental conditioning?

A. Learning to use man-made tools in order to accomplish difficult tasks more easily
B. Learning to behave in ways that either bring pleasure or reduce the likelihood of aversive events
C. Learning that certain stimuli in one’s environment often bring either physical or psychological pain
D. Learning complex sequences of psychomotor behaviors (e.g., dribbling and then shooting a basketball)

A

B. Learning to behave in ways that either bring pleasure or reduce the likelihood of aversive events

50
Q

A teacher claps his hands together loudly three times as a way of reminding his students that they need to talk more quietly during their free time at the end of the day. In behaviorist terminology, his strategy can be best described as:

A. Cueing
B. An intermittent schedule
C. Negative reinforcement
D. A setting event

A

A. Cueing

PSY434 - THEORIES OF LEARNING (4 decks)

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