FINALS Flashcards by Jeon Jeon

PERCEPTUAL/SENSORY DISTURBANCES

HALLUCINATIONS
ILLUSION

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COGNITIVE/THOUGHT DISTURBANCES

IDEAS OF REFERENCE (REFERENTIAL DELUSIONS)
DELUSIONS
FLIGHT OF IDEAS
WORD SALAD
RHYMING
CLANG ASSOCIATIONS
PUNNING
LOOSENESS OF ASSOCIATION
NEOLOGISM
BLOCKING
POVERTY OF THOUGHT
AUTISM
PERSEVERATION
ALOGIA

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BEHAVIORAL DISTURBANCES

NEGATIVISM
AUTOMATIC OBEDIENCE
STEREOTYPING
WAXY FLEXIBILITY (CEREA FLEXIBILITY)
STUPOR

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AFFECTIVE DISTURBANCES

APATHY
AFFECT
EUPHORIA
ELATION
DEPERSONALIZATION

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MEMORY DISTURBANCES

AMNESIA
PARAMNESIA
DÉJÀ VU (French for “already seen”)
JAMAIS VU (French for “Never seen”)

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OTHER ASSOCIATED FEATURES

TICS AND SPASMS
CIRCUMSTANTIALITY
TANGENTIALITY
AMBIVALENCE
PSEUDOLOGICA FANTASTICA
VOLITION
PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION

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PERCEPTUAL/SENSORY DISTURBANCES
1. HALLUCINATIONS

a. Auditory hallucination
b. Visual hallucination
c. Olfactory hallucination
d. Tactile hallucinations
e. Gustatory hallucinations
f. Cenesthetic hallucination
g. Kinesthetic hallucination

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– false sensory perceptions, or perceptual
experiences that do not exist in reality

HALLUCINATIONS

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– involve hearing sounds, most often
voices, talking to or about the
client
– are the most common type of
hallucination.
Command hallucinations are voices
demanding that the client take
action, often to harm himself or herself or
others, and are considered dangerous.
accidents

Auditory hallucination

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– involve seeing images that do not exist at all, such
as lights or a dead person, or may be a distortion,
such as seeing a frightening monster instead of the
nurse.

Visual hallucination

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– involve smells or odors where none exist. It may
be a specific scent, such as urine or feces, or more
general in nature, such as a rotten or rancid odor.
– this type of hallucination is often found in clients
with dementia, seizures, or cerebrovascular

Olfactory hallucination

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– refer to sensations such as electricity
running through the body or bugs
crawling on the skin.
– Are found most often in clients
undergoing alcohol withdrawal

Tactile hallucinations

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– involve a taste lingering in the mouth, or
the sense that food tastes like something
else.
– the taste may be metallic or bitter or may
be represented as a specific taste.

Gustatory hallucinations

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What type of disturbance does HALLUCINATIONS belong to?

PERCEPTUAL/SENSORY DISTURBANCES

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–involve the client’s report that he or she
feels bodily functions that are usually
undetectable.
–Examples would be the sensation of urine
forming or impulses being transmitted
through the brain.

Cenesthetic hallucination

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–occur when the client is motionless but
reports the sensation of bodily movement.
Occasionally the bodily movement is
something unusual, such as floating above
the ground.

Kinesthetic hallucination

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What type of disturbance does ILLUSION belong to?

PERCEPTUAL/SENSORY DISTURBANCES

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– a misinterpretation of
an external stimulus by
any of the special
senses.
– e.g. hearing a thunder
and identifying it as a
bomb, seeing a
shadow on the wall
and identifying it as an
animal.

ILLUSION

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What type of disturbance does IDEAS OF REFERENCE (REFERENTIAL DELUSIONS) belong to?

COGNITIVE/THOUGHT DISTURBANCES

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– involve the client’s belief that television
broadcasts, music, or newspaper articles have
special meaning for him or her.
– e.g The client may report that the president was
speaking directly to him on a news broadcast, or
that special messages are sent through
newspaper articles.

IDEAS OF REFERENCE (REFERENTIAL DELUSIONS)

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DELUSIONS belong to

COGNITIVE/THOUGHT DISTURBANCES

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– fixed, false beliefs that have no basis in
reality

DELUSIONS

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Types of DELUSIONS

a. Persecutory/Paranoid delusions
b. Grandiose (grandeur) delusions
c. Religious delusions
d. Somatic delusions
e. Nihilistic delusions
f. Delusions of self-depreciation
g. Delusions of Alien Control

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– involve the client’s belief that
“others” are planning to harm
the client or are spying,
following, ridiculing, or
belittling the client in some
way. Sometimes the client
cannot define who these
“others” are.
– e.g. the client may think that
food has been poisoned or that
rooms are bugged with
listening devices. Sometimes
the “persecutor” is the
government, FBI, or other
powerful organization.
Occasionally, specific
individuals, even family
members, may be named as the
“persecutor.”

Persecutory/Paranoid delusions

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– are characterized by the client’s claim to association with famous people or celebrities, or the client’s belief that he or she is famous or capable of great feats. – e.g. The client may claim to be engaged to a famous movie star or related to some public figure, such as claiming to be the daughter of the President of the United States; may claim he or she has found a cure for cancer.

Grandiose (grandeur) delusions

– often center around the second coming of Christ or another significant religious figure or prophet. – these religious delusions appear suddenly as part of the client’s psychosis and are not part of his or her religious faith or that of others. – e.g. Client claims to be the Messiah or some prophet sent from God; believes that God communicates directly to him or her, or that he or she has a “special” religious mission in life or special religious powers.

Religious delusions

– are generally vague and unrealistic beliefs about the client’s health or bodily functions. Factual information or diagnostic testing does not change these beliefs. – e.g. A male client may say that he is pregnant, or a client may report decaying intestines or worms in the brain.

Somatic delusions

– * A patient states, “I am dead.” In response to “If you are dead, how can you talk?” the patient says, “I don’t know, but I’m dead.”

Nihilistic delusions

– the individual feels unworthy, ugly, or sinful. – e.g. “I don’t deserve to live, I’m so unworthy of your love.”

Delusions of self-depreciation

– the person believes his feelings, thoughts, impulses, or actions are controlled by an external source. – e.g. “A spaceman sends me messages by TV and tells me what to do.”

Delusions of Alien Control

FLIGHT OF IDEAS belong to

COGNITIVE/THOUGHT DISTURBANCES

– a continuous (jumping) stream of conversation with rapid shifts in topics owing to pressure of thoughts, sometimes characterized as topic jumping. – e.g. “I like the color blue. Do you ever feel blue? Feelings can change from day to day. The days are getting longer.” – it is most commonly observed in clients with manic disorders.

FLIGHT OF IDEAS

WORD SALAD belong to

COGNITIVE/THOUGHT DISTURBANCES

– is a combination of jumbled words and phrases that are disconnected or incoherent and make no sense to the listener. – e.g. “corn, potatoes, jump up, play games, grass, cupboard.

WORD SALAD

RHYMING belongs to

COGNITIVE/THOUGHT DISTURBANCES

* rhyming of phrases or whole sentences in a lyrical poetic manner during conversation or writing which may symbolize the conflictual elements and need associated with a mental conflict. * e.g. “I am knitting a halter for Walter to lead me to the altar.”

RHYMING

* choice of words is governed by sounds. * e.g. “It is very cold. I am cold and bold. The gold has been sold

CLANG ASSOCIATIONS

* the injection of witty or clever remarks into a conversation, or the humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest a different meaning, or the use of words having the same sound but different meanings, which attract the listener’s attention and gain for the patient the control of the immediate environment.

PUNNING

* is the stringing together of unrelated topics with a vague connection (as opposed to flight of ideas, in which there is no connection). * e.g. The children’s rhyme “Mary had a little lamb” may lead to “Mary was the mother of Christ who was born in a manger. I hate to lie on straw. It makes my skin itch. Have you ever had poison ivy? I have.” The patient may even leave out some of the phrases; for example, “Mary had a little lamb. I hate to lie on straw. Have you ever had poison ivy?” but may be able to clarify the connections if asked.

LOOSENESS OF ASSOCIATION

* the coining of new words that have symbolic meaning, or the conferring of new meanings upon words that are used commonly. * e.g. newspulp (newspaper), Eisenhead (Eisenhower)

NEOLOGISM

* sudden stopping of speech which occurs when the trend of thought has been lost owing to anxiety-producing thought associations. * may be caused by intrusion of hallucination, delusions or emotional factors.

BLOCKING

* is manifested by the inability to formulate and articulate thoughts that are relevant to the discussion at hand.

POVERTY OF THOUGHT

* describes the condition created by the person with schizophrenia who focuses inward on a fantasy world, while distorting or excluding the external environment.

AUTISM

* is the persistent adherence to a single idea or topic and verbal repetition of a sentence, phrase, or word, even when attempts are made by another to change the topic. e.g. Nurse: “How have you been sleeping lately?” Client: “I think people have been following me.” Nurse: “Where do you live?” Client: “At my place people have been following me.” Nurse: “What do you like to do in your free time?” Client: “Nothing because people are following me.”

PERSEVERATION

* describes the lack of any real meaning or substance in what the client says: Nurse: “How have you been sleeping lately?” Client: “Well, I guess, I don’t know, hard to tell.”

ALOGIA

AUTOMATIC OBEDIENCE

a. Echolalia b. Echopraxia

AUTOMATIC OBEDIENCE

* repeating the speech of another, like a resounding echo, as if experiencing a compulsion to respond. e.g. Nurse: “Can you tell me how you’re feeling?” Client: “Can you tell me how you’re feeling, how you’re feeling?”

Echolalia

* compulsive displacement of anxiety through automatic duplication of the immediately observed movements and gestures made by another individual in the patient’s presence.

Echopraxia

– Verbigeration * is the stereotyped repetition of words or phrases that may or may not have meaning to the listener. e.g. “I want to go home, go home, go home, go home.”

STEREOTYPING

* is the stereotyped repetition of words or phrases that may or may not have meaning to the listener. e.g. “I want to go home, go home, go home, go home.”

Verbigeration

* describes a condition in which the client with schizophrenia passively yields all moveable parts of the body to any efforts made at placing them in certain positions. * Patient who may be perceiving an overwhelming emotion or threatening stimulus, such as fear or hallucination. * e.g. Once placed in position, the arm, leg, or head remains in that position for long periods, regardless of how uncomfortable it is for the client.

WAXY FLEXIBILITY (CEREA FLEXIBILITY)

* a state in which the person does not react to or is unaware of the surroundings. He may be motionless and mute but conscious.

STUPOR

* The client with schizophrenia often demonstrates an indifference to or disinterest in the environment. The bland or flat affect is a manifestation of the emotional apathy.

APATHY

describes the behavior associated with an individual’s feeling state or emotional tone.

AFFECT

a. Flat b. Blunt c. Inappropriate d. Labile

– absence of facial expression

Flat

– exhibiting few observable facial expressions – the typical facial expression is often described as masklike.

Blunt

– the individual’s emotional tone is incongruent with the circumstances. – e.g. A young woman who laughs when told of the death of her mother.

Inappropriate

– is a condition in which emotional tone changes quickly. – e.g. A patient may be telling a happy story, suddenly begin to cry, and then quickly return to a happy disposition.

Labile

* an abnormal, exaggerated feeling of wellbeing which is out of proportion to environmental and interpersonal stimuli * e.g. “I feel great!” “Terrific!”

EUPHORIA

* an affective reaction extending beyond a state of euphoria. * Characterized by increased anxiety and psychomotor activity in which the person’s thinking, communications, and body movements escalate.

ELATION

* clients feel detached from their behavior. * e.g. Clients can state their name correctly, they feel as if their body belongs to someone else, or that their spirit is detached from their body.

DEPERSONALIZATION

MEMORY DISTURBANCES

1. AMNESIA 2. PARAMNESIA 3. DÉJÀ VU (French for “already seen”) 4. JAMAIS VU (French for “Never seen”)

– impaired in their ability to recall information or past events.

AMNESIA

a. anterograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia

– loss of memory for recent events

anterograde amnesia

– forgetting events in one’s past life

retrograde amnesia

PARAMNESIA

– Confabulation

– falsification of facts or distortion of memory which is not deliberate but the result of mental deterioration which produces gaps in memory that motivate defensive compensatory actions.

Confabulation

– the sensation that a new situation has occurred previously

DÉJÀ VU (French for “already seen”)

– the sensation of being a stranger when with a person one knows or when in a familiar place.

JAMAIS VU (French for “Never seen”)

– involuntary jerking and twitching of some part of the body; usually localized in the neck, face and head. – of organic etiology but may be of psychic origin – anxiety is displaced through such actions as intermittent eye blinking and spasmodic movements of the mouth or neck which are motivated by unconscious emotional conflict.

TICS AND SPASMS

– the individual is delayed in reaching the point of a communication because of unnecessary and tedious details. – Nurse: “How have you been sleeping lately?” – Client: “Oh, I go to bed early, so I can get plenty of rest. I like to listen to music or read before bed. Right now I’m reading a good mystery. Maybe I’ll write a mystery someday. But it isn’t helping, reading I mean. I have only been getting 2 or 3 hours of sleep at night.”

CIRCUMSTANTIALITY

– differs from circumstantiality in that the person never really gets to the point of the communication. e.g. Nurse: “How have you been sleeping lately?” Client: “Oh, I try to sleep at night. I like to listen to music to help me sleep. I really like country-western music best. What do you like? Can I have something to eat pretty soon? I’m hungry.” Nurse: “Can you tell me how you’ve been sleeping?

TANGENTIALITY

– the coexistence of two opposing drives, desires, feelings or emotions. E.g. An individual may have feelings of both love and hostility toward someone or of wanting and also fearing an anticipated happening.

AMBIVALENCE

– false logic of a fantastic nature that is motivated by a low self-esteem and weak superego. – Impersonation of celebrities, pathological lying, and the writing of false signature are abnormal uses of the mechanism of identification.

PSEUDOLOGICA FANTASTICA

– has to do with impairment in the ability to initiate goal-directed activity. – in the individual with schizophrenia, this may take the form of inadequate interest, drive, or ability to follow a course of action to its logical conclusion.

VOLITION

– a general slowing of all movements – sometimes the client may be almost immobile, curled into a ball (fetal position).

PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION

FINALS Flashcards

(79 cards)