Finals Flashcards
1
Q
Every form of matter has two kinds of properties: _______ _________ and _______ _________
A
Chemical properties and physical properties
2
Q
A mixture can be ___________ or ________
A
heterogeneous or homogeneous
3
Q
What is the SI unit of mass
A
the kilogram (kg)
4
Q
What is the SI unit of volume
A
the cubic metre (m^3)
5
Q
How do you calculate volume
A
LengthWidthHeight
6
Q
How do you calculate density
A
Mass/Volume
7
Q
A substance that undergoes a physical change is still ____ _____ _______ after the change
A
the same substance
8
Q
Every chemical and physical change in matter includes a change in _______
A
engery
9
Q
What causes a solid to have a definite shape and volume
A
The solids fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles that can’t move past a vibration
10
Q
What are the effects of a liquid’s closely packed, free moving particles
A
It has an indefinite shape but a definite volume
11
Q
Why doesn’t gas have a definite shape and volume
A
because it has free moving particles that take up available space
12
Q
How do you calculate pressure
A
force/area
13
Q
What happens to a solid’s particles when they reach melting point
A
they vibrate fast enough to break free from their fixed positions
14
Q
What happens to a liquid’s particles when they reach freezing point
A
they slow down until they take on fixed positions
15
Q
When does vaporization occur
A
when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to move independently
16
Q
When does condensation occur
A
when particles in a gas lose enough thermal energy to form a liquid
17
Q
During sublimation what state is matter changed from and changed to
A
from solid to gas, skipping liquid state
18
Q
When the temperature of a gas at constant volume is increased, the pressure of the gas ________
A
increases
19
Q
When the temperature of a gas at constant volume is decreased the pressure of the gas ________
A
decreases
20
Q
Which French scientist examined the relation between the temperature and volume of a gas kept at constant pressure
A
Jacque Charles
21
Q
When the temperature of a gas at constant pressure is increased. it’s volume ______(Charles’ law)
A
increases
22
Q
When the temperature of a gas at constant pressure is decreased, it’s volume ______ (Charles’ law)
A
decreases
23
Q
When the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is increased, the volume _______ (Boyle’s Law)
A
decreases
24
Q
When the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is decreased, the volume _______ (Boyle’s Law)
A
increases
25
What is at the center of an atom
a tiny, dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons and a cloudlike region of moving electrons surrounding the nucleus
26
What helps determine the chemical properties of an element
the number of valance electrons it has
27
When a neutral atom loses an electron it gains a _______charge (and vice versa)
positive
28
In an ionic compound's formula's order which charge comes first
positive comes first, then negative
29
What do ionic compounds form
hard, brittle crystals that have high melting points and conduct electric current when melted or dissolved in water
30
What holds atoms together in a covalent bond
The attractions between the shared electrons and the protons in the nucleus of each atom
31
Do molecular compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted
no
32
Which generally has higher melting and boiling points: molecular or ionic compounds
ionic compounds
33
What causes covalently bonded atoms to have slight electric charges
unequal sharing of electrons
34
What is a metal crystal composed of
closely packed, positively charged metal ions with valence electrons drifting among the ions
35
What are the properties of metal
a shiny luster and high levels of malleability, ductility, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity
36
How can changes in matter be described
in terms of physical and chemical changes
37
What do chemical reactions involve
changes in properties and changes in energy which can often be observed
38
What does a chemical equation tell you
the substances you start with in a reaction and the substances that are formed at the end
39
What does the arrow in a chemical equation mean
"yields" or "reacts to form"
40
What are the 3 types of chemical reactions
synthesis, decomposition, and replacement
41
What do all chemical reactions need to start
a certain amount of activation energy
42
What factors affect the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs
surface area, temperature, concentration, and the presence of catalysts and inhibitors
43
What can a mixture be classified as
a colloid, solution, or suspension
44
What is a mixtures classification based on
the size of it's largest particles
45
When does a solution form
when particles of the solute separate from each other and become surrounded by particles of the solvent
46
How can you change the concentration of a solution
by adding or removing solute or solvent
47
What factors can affect the solubility of a solution
pressure, type of solvent, and temperature
48
What are the properties of acids
react with metals and carbonates, tastes sour, and turns blue litmus paper red
49
What are the properties of a base
tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue
50
What ions does an acid produce in water
hydrogen ions (H^+)
51
What ions does a base produce in water
hydroxide ions (OH^-)
52
What happens in a neutralization reaction
an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water
53
What is acceleration in science
increasing speed, decreasing speed, or changing direction
54
What is the SI unit of acceleration
metres per second per second (m/s^2)
55
How do you calculate acceleration
Final Speed - Initial Speed/Time
56
Like velocity and acceleration a force is described by ...
it's strength and by the direction in which it acts
57
What is the SI unit of force
the newton
58
What causes a change in an object's motion
a nonzero netforce
59
What are the two factors that affect the force of friction
the type of surface and how hard they are being pushed together
60
What two thing affect the gravitational atraction between objects
mass and distance
61
What is newtons first law
the law of inertia
62
What is newton's second law
the relation between force, acceleration, and mass
63
What is newtons third law
the law of action and reaction
64
How do you calculate acceleration according to newton's second law
Net force/Mass
65
How do you calculate net force (according to newton's second law)
Mass * Acceleration
66
How do you calculate momentum
mass * velocity
67
What is the Si unit of momentum
kg*m/s
68
What does the law of conservation of momentum state
the total momentum of any group of objects remains the same, or is conserved, unless outside forces act on the objects
69
Why do satellites stay in orbit
because they constantly fall towards Earth, but because Earth is curved they miss it and travel around it
70
What is work
the transfer of energy
71
How do you calculate power
Energy Transferred/Time
72
What is power
the rate at which energy is transferred in a unit of time
73
What are the two basic types of energy
kinetic and potential energies
74
How do you calculate kinetic energy
0.5`Mass*Speed^2
75
What is the SI unit of work and energy
Joules
76
How do you calculate gravitational potential energy
Weight*Height
77
How do you calculate mechanical energy
kinetic energy+potential energy
78
What is the ability to do work
mechanical energy
79
What forms of energy are associated with the particles of an object
nuclear energy, thermal energy, electrical energy, electromagnetic energy, and chemical energy
80
All forms of energy can be transformed into ....
other forms of energy
81
Can energy be created or destroyed (the law of conservation of energy)
no
82
What is energy
The ability to do work or cause change
83
What is kinetic energy
energy that an object has due to it's motion
84
What is potential energy
The energy an object because of it's position; also the internal stored energy of an object, such as energy stored in chemical bonds
85
What is gravitational potential energy
Potential energy that depends on the height of an object
86
What is elastic potential energy
The energy of stretched or compressed objects
87
What is mechanical energy
Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object
88
What is nuclear energy
The potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
89
What is thermal energy
The total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles of an object
90
What is electrical energy
The energy of electrical charges
91
What is electromagnetic energy
The energy of light and other forms of radiation, which travels through space as waves
92
What is chemical energy
A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms
93
What is energy transformation
A change from one form of energy to another; also called an energy conversion
94
What is the law of conservation of energy
The rule that energy cannot be created or destroyed
95
What is acceleration
The rate at which velocity changes
96
What is a force
A push or pull exerted on an object
97
What is a newton
A unit of measurement that equals the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at 1 metre per second per second
98
What is a net force
The overall force on an object when all the individual forces acting on it are added together
99
What is friction
The force that two surfaces exert on each other when they rub against each other
100
What is sliding friction
Friction that occurs when one surface slides over another
101
What is static friction
Friction that acts between objects that are not moving
102
What is rolling friction
Friction that occurs when an object rolls over a surface
103
What is fluid friction
Friction that occurs as an object moves through a fluid
104
What is gravity
The attractive force between objects; the force that moves objects downhill
105
What is mass
A measure of how much matter is in an object
106
What is weight
A measure of the force of gravity acting on an object
107
What is inertia
The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion
108
What is momentum
The product of an objects mass and velocity
109
What is the law of conservation of momentum
The rule that in the absence of outside forces the total momentum of objects that interact doesn't change
110
What is free fall
The motion of a falling object when the only force acting on it is gravity
111
What is a satellite
1. AN object that orbits a planet 2. Any object that orbits around another object in space
112
What is a centripetal force
A force that causes an object to move in a cirlce
113
What is a solution
A mixture containing a solvent and at least one solute that has the same properties throughout; a mixture in which one substance is dissolved in another
114
What is a solvent
The part of a solution that is usually present in the largest amount and dissolves a solute
115
What is a solute
The part of a solution that is dissolved by a solvent
116
What is a colloid
A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out
117
What is a suspension
A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration
118
What is a dilute solution
A mixture that has only a little solute dissolved in it
119
What is a concentrated solution
The amount of one material in a certain volume of another material
120
What is solubility
A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent at a given temperature
121
What is a saturated solution
A mixture that contains as much dissolved solute as is possible at a given temperature
122
What is corrosive
The way in which acids react with some metals so as to wear away the metal
123
What is an indicator
A compound that changes colour in the presence of an acid or a base
124
What is a hydrogen ion (H^+)
A positively charged ion (H^+) formed of a hydrogen atom that has lost it's electron
125
What is a hydroxide ion (OH^-)
A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen (OH^-)
126
What is the pH scale
A range of values used to indicate how acidic or basic a substance is
127
What is a salt
An ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base
128
What is a physical change
A change that alters the form or appearance of a material but does not make the material into another substance
129
What is a chemical change
A change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances
130
What is a reactant
A substance that enters into a chemical reaction
131
What is a product
A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction
132
What is a precipitate
A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction
133
What is an exothermic reaction
A reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat
134
What is an endothermic reaction
A reaction that absorbs energy
135
What is a chemical equation
A short, easy way to show the elements in a compound and the ratio of atoms
136
What is the law of conservation of mass
The principle that the total amount of matter is neither created nor destroyed during any chemical or physical change
137
What is an open system
A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings
138
What is a closed system
A system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave
139
What is a coefficient
A number in front of a chemical formula in an equation that indicates how many molecules or atoms of each reactant and product are involved in a reaction
140
What is synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a new, more complex substance
141
What is decomposition
A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products
142
What is replacement
A reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound or when two elements in different compounds trade places
143
What is activation energy
The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
144
What is concentration
The amount of one material in a certain volume of another material
145
What is a catalyst
A material that increases the rate if a reaction by lowering that activation energy
146
What is an enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reactions in a living thing
147
What is an inhibitor
A material that decreases the rate of a chemical reaction
148
What is a valence electron
The electrons that are in the highest energy level of an atom and that are involved in chemical bonding
149
What is an electron dot diagram
A representation of the valence electrons in an atom, using dots
150
What is a chemical bond
The force of attraction that holds two atoms together
151
What is a covalent bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
152
What is a molecule
A neutral group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
153
What is a double bond
A chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons
154
What is a triple bond
A chemical bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons
155
What us a molecular compound
A compound that is composed of molecules
156
What is a nonpolar bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally
157
What is a polar bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally
158
What is a metallic bond
An attraction between a positive metal ion and the electrons surrounding it
159
What is an alloy
A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which being a metal
160
What is a colloid
A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out
161
What is a crystalline solid
A solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
162
What is an amorphous solid
a solid made up of particles that are not arranged in a regular pattern
163
What is a liquid
A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume
164
What is a fluid
Any substance that can flow
165
What is surface tension
The result of an inward pull among that molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together; causes the surface to act as if it has a thin skin
166
What is viscosity
A liquid's resistance to flowing
167
What is a gas
A state of matter with no definite shape or volume
168
What is pressure
The force pushing on a surface divided by that area of that surface (Force/Area)
169
What is melting
The change in state from solid to liquid
170
What is a melting point
The temperature at which a solid melts
171
What is freezing
The change in state from a liquid to a solid
172
What is vaporization
The change in state from a liquid to gas
173
What is evaporization
The process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to a gas
174
What is boiling
Vaporization that occurs at and below the surface of a liquid
175
What is a boiling point
The temperature at which a liquid boils
176
What is condensation
The change in state from a gas to a liquid
177
What is sublimation
The change in state from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state
178
What is something directly proportional
A term used to describe the relationship between two variables
179
What is something inversely proportional
A term used to describe the relationship between two variables whose product is constant
180
What is matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
181
What is chemistry
The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes
182
What is a substance
A single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties
183
What is a physical property
A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
184
What is a chemical property
A characteristic of a substance that describes it's ability to change into different substances
185
What is an element
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means
186
What is an atom
The basic particle from which all elements are made, the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element
187
What is a chemical bond
The force of attraction that holds two atoms together
188
What is a molecule
A neutral group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
189
What is a compound
A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a specific ratio, or proprtion
190
What is a chemical formula
Symbols that show the elements in a compound and the ratio of atoms
191
What is a mixture
Two or more substances that are together in the same place but their atoms are not chemically bonded
192
What is the International System of Units
A system of units used by scientists to measure the properties of matter
193
What is volume
The amount of space that matter occupies
194
What is density
The measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in a given volume
195
What is a physical change
A change that alters the form or appearance of a material but doesn't make the material into another substance
196
What is a chemical change
A change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances
197
What is chemical energy
A form of proportional energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms
