Finals Flashcards
1
Q
It is the inability to identify an object by active touch of hands without visual o sensory information
A
ASTEREOGNOSIS
2
Q
It is a reflex action of the eye in response to focusing on a near object then locking at a distant object
A
ACCOMMODATION REFLEX
3
Q
What is the result of Rinne’s test with conductive hearing loss?
A
- Bone conduction is heard longer than the air conduction sound
4
Q
Identify the cranial nerves being tested on direct/pupillary light reflex:
A
- OPTIC AND OCULOMOTOR NERVES
5
Q
To test the ability to discern two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points and not one:
A
TWO POINT DISCRIMINATION TEST
6
Q
What is the result of Rinne’s test in a person with sensorineural loss?
A
- Air conduction is heard longer than bone conduction, but may not be twice as long
7
Q
Most common type of color blindness
A
red-green color blindness
8
Q
Most common cause of myopia
A
axial myopia
9
Q
ALL ARE PART OF THE COCHLEA EXCEPT
-COCHLEAR DUCT
-UTRICLE
-SCALA VESTIBULI
-SCALA TYMPANI
A
Utricle
10
Q
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BELONGS TO THE MIDDLE EAR
-AMPULLAE
-VESTIBULE
-OSSICLE
-COCHLEA
A
Ossicle
11
Q
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT FOUND IN THE VASCULAR LAYER OF THE EYE?
-CHOROID -CENTRAL FOVEA -CILIARY BODY -PUPIL
A
Pupil
12
Q
THEA XONS OF THE OLFACTORY NEURONS PASS THROUGH THE FORAMINA OF THE ___ TO SYNAPSE WITH MITRAL OR TUFTED CELLS IN THE _____
-NASAL BONE, OLFACTORY BULB
-CRIBRIFORM PLATE,OLFACTORY BULB
-CRIBRIFORM PALE, OLFACTORY TRACT
-NASAL BONE,OLFACTORY TRACT
A
CRIBRIFORM PLATE,OLFACTORY BULB
13
Q
AT WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS DO BLOOD VESSLES AND NERVES ENTER OR EXIT THE EYE?
-ORA SERRATA -FOVEA CENTRALIS -OPTIC CHIASMA -OPTIC DISC
A
OPTIC DISC
14
Q
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT TRUE OF OLFACTORY NEURONS
-THE OLFACTORY NEURONS SYPNAPSE WITH CELLS IN THE OLFACTORY BULB.
- THE AXONS OF THE OLFACTORY NEURONS COMBINE TO FORM THE OLFACTORY NERVES
-OLFACTORY NEURONS ARE UNI- POLAR NEURONS
-OLFACTORY NEURONS HAVE RECEPTORS THAT REACT WITH ODORANTS DISSOLVED IN FLUID
A
OLFACTORY NEURONS ARE UNI- POLAR NEURONS
15
Q
IDENTIFY THE LOCATION OF THE TASTE AREA OF THE CORTEX
-PRECENTRAL GYRUS
-TEMPORAL LOBE
-POST CENTRAL GYRUS
-THALAMUS
A
POST CENTRAL GYRUS
16
Q
A NOCICEPTOR DETECTS
-LIGHT TOUCH
-BALANCE
-PROPRIOCEPTION
-PAIN
A
Pain
17
Q
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT IN BRINGING AN IMAGE TO FOCUS ON THE RETINA WHEN VIEWING AN OBJECT CLOSE TO THE EYE EXCEPT
-FLATTERING OF THE LENSES
-ACCOMODATION OF THE LENSES
-CONSTRICTION OF THE PUPILS
-CONVERGENS OF THE EYES
A
FLATTERING OF THE LENSES
18
Q
WHICH TYPE OF PAPILLAE HAVE NO TASTE BUDS WITH THEM?
-VALLATE
-FUNGIFORM
-FOLATE
-FILIFORM
A
Filiform
19
Q
IF THE CILIARY MUSCLES CONTRACT, THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS___ AND THE LENS_____
-RELAX, FLATTENS
-PULL, FLATTENS
-PULL, THICKEN
-RELAX,THICKENS
A
RELAX,THICKENS
20
Q
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ONE OF THE SPECIAL SENSES?
-TOUCH
-PAIN
-PROPRIOCEPTION
-BALANCE
A
Balance
21
Q
WHEN THE LIGHT STRIKES THE VISUAL PIGMENT RHODOPSIN IS ACTIVATED WHICH IT ACTIVATES___ RESULTING IN THE ____ OF THE ROD CELLS.
-OPSIN, HYPERPOLARIZATION
-TRANSDUCIN,HYPERPOLARIZATION
-OPSIN, DEPOLARIZATION
-TRANSDUCIN, DEPOLARIZATION
A
TRANSDUCIN,HYPERPOLARIZATION
22
Q
WHEN LIGHT RAYS DIVERGE AS A RESULT OF REFRACTION, IT IS DUE TOO A SURFACE THAT IS
-CONVEX
-CONCAVE
-CYLINDRICAL
A
Concave
23
Q
FROM SUPERIOR TO DEEP, THE THREE MAIN CELL LAYERS OF THE SENSORY RETINA AREA
-PHOTORECEPTORS-BIPOLAR CELLS- GANGLIA CELLS
-GANGLION CELLS- BIPOLAR CELLS- PHOTORECEPTORS
-BIPOLAR CELLS-GANGLION CELLS- PHOTORECEPTORS -PHOTORECEPTORS-GANGLION CELLS- BIPOLAR CELLS
A
GANGLION CELLS- BIPOLAR CELLS- PHOTORECEPTORS
24
Q
COMPOSITION OF OTOLITHS
-CALCIUM OXALATE
-CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
-CALCIUM CARBONATE
-CALCIUM BICARBONATE
A
CALCIUM CARBONATE
25
FLUID IN THE SCALA VESTIBULI COMMUNICATE WITH FLUID IN THE SCALE TYMPANI BY WAY OF THE
-HELICOTREMA
-EUSTACHIAN TUBE
-ROUND WINDOW
-CANAL OF SCHLEGM
HELICOTREMA
26
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CRANIAL NERVE DOES NOT TRANSMIT TASTE SENSATION
-HYPOGLOSSSAL
-GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
-FACIAL
-TRIGEMINAL
HYPOGLOSSAL
27
WHICH TYPE OF PAPILLAE HAVE THE MOST SENSITIVE TASTE BUDS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM
-FILIFORM
-VALLATE
-FOLIATE
-FUNGIFORM
FOLIATE
28
THE___ IS INVOLVED IN THE CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION OF SMELL AND IS LOCATED IN THE __ LOBE.
-OLFACTORY CORTEX; FRONTAL LOBE -INTERMEDIATE OLFACTORY AREA; FRONTAL LOBE -OLFACTORY CORTEX; TEMPORAL LOBE -MEDIAL OLFACTORY AREA; TEMPORAL BONE
OLFACTORY CORTEX; TEMPORAL LOBE
29
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PRIMARY TASTES DO NOT CAUSE DEPOLARIZATION OF THE GUSTATORY THROUGH A G PROTEIN MECHANISM
-UMAMI -BITTER -SALTY -SWEET
SALTY
30
IS THE ABILITY OF THE EYE TO CHANGE ITS FOCUS FROM DISTANT TO NEAR OBJECTS OR FROM NEAR TO DISTANT OBJECTS
-CONTRACTION -REFACTION -ACCOMMODATION -REFLECTION
ACCOMMODATION
31
THE DEPTH OF FOCUS DETERMINED BY THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT
-DISTANCE FROM THE LENS -FOCAL LENGTH OF THE LENS -APERTURE SIZE -SIZE OF THE IMAGE
SIZE OF THE IMAGE
32
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE SPECIALIZED AREA OF A SENSORY NEURON THAT DETECTS A SPECIFIC STIMULUS
-TRACT -VENTRAL ROOT -DORSAL ROOT -RECEPTOR
RECEPTOR
33
THE LAYER OF THE EYE THAT CONTAINS PHOTORECEPTORS IS THE
-IRIS -SCLERAE -OPTIC DISC -RETINA
RETINA
34
WHICH REGION OF THE OLFACTORY CORTEX IS CONNECTED TO THE LIMBIC SYSTEM?
-MEDIAL OLFACTORY AREA -INTERMEDIATE OLFACTORY AREA -LATERAL OLFACTORY AREA -SUPERIOR OLFACTORY AREA
MEDIAL OLFACTORY AREA
35
THE HAIR CELLS FOR HEARING ARE LOCATED WITHIN THE
-UTRICLE -ORGAN OF CORTI -VESTIBULE -MACULA
ORGAN OF CORTI
36
THE RECEPTOR FOR HEARING ARE LOCATED IN THE
-COCHLEA -VESTIBULE -SACCULAE -SEMICIRCULAR CANAL
COCHLEA
37
MUSCLE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CHANGE OF THE SHAPE OF THE LENS IS THE
-SUPERIOR RECTUS MUSCLE -CILIARY MUSCLE -ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE -ORBICULARIS OCULI
CILIARY MUSCLE
38
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PRIMARY TASTES DO NOT REQUIRE A SUBSTANCE TO BIND TO A RECEPTOR ON THE GUSTATORY HAIRS OF TASTE CELLS?
-SOUR -SALTY -BITTER -SWEET
SALTY
39
THE RECEPTOR CELLS FOR HEARING ARE LOCATED ON THE UPPER SURFACE OF WHAT MEMBRANE?
-VESTIBULAR MEMBRANE -TYMPANIC MEMBRANE -TECTORIAL MEMBRANE -BASILAR MEMBRANE
BASILAR MEMBRANE
40
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OLFACTION AND GUSTATION
-OLFACTORY SENSATIONS PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT SUBSTANCE THAT MAY BE THOUGHT OF AS TASTE
-GUSTATORY HAIRS CAN ALSO DETECT ODORANTS
-OLFACTORY HAIRS CAN ALSO DETECT TASTANTS
-THERE IS NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OLFACTORY AND GUSTATORY SENSES
OLFACTORY SENSATIONS PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT SUBSTANCE THAT MAY BE THOUGHT OF AS TASTE
41
Which cells proliferate to replace lost olfactory cellS
-TUFT CELLS -BASAL CELLS -OLFACTORY CELLS -MITRAL CELLS
MITRAL CELLS
42
Largest salivary gland
PAROTID GLAND
43
Gastric secretion is stimulated by the
SECRETION
44
The greatest amount of stomach secretion takes place during the __
GASTRIC PHASE
45
All of the following are incorrect pertaining to saliva EXCEPT
CONTAINS LYSOZYME WHICH HAS A WEAK ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION
46
Which organ secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and nucleases?
PANCREAS
47
Which of the following would be a normal gastric pH?
2.0
48
The chyme entering the small intestine
BUFFERED BY PANCREATIC BICARBONATE SECRETION
49
The intramural plexus is associated with the__
PARASYMPATHETIC NS
50
Which of this hormones causes contraction to the gallbladder?
CHOLECYSTOKININ
51
all are incorrect about bile EXCEPT
Is synthesize by the gallbladder
52
adults normally have ___permanent teeth
32
53
Children have a ___ deciduous TEETH
20
54
the parietal cells in the lining of the stomach secrete
HCL AND INTRINSIC FACTOR
55
Which cell the is PROPERLY matched with its secretion
ENTEROCHROMAFFIN- LIKE CELL- HISTAMINE
56
The liver, gallbladder and pancreas are connected to ducts which enter the ___
duodenum
57
The “pyloric pump” describes
CHYME MOVING FROM THE STOMACH INTO THE INTESTINE
58
Describes the successive contraction of constrictor muscles occurs and the epiglottis covers the opening in the larynx
THE PHARYNGEAL PHASE OF SWALLOWING
59
What prevents food from entering the nasal passage during swallowing
ELEVATION OF UVULA
60
All of theses are retroperitoneal organs EXCEPT
STOMACH
61
The acinar cells of the pancreas produce the following EXCEPT
HCO3
62
Diarrhea may occur as a result of
DAMAGE TO INTESTINAL MUCOSA DUE TO BACTERIAL ENTEROTOXINS
63
All of theses are functions of the liver EXCEPT
BIOTRANSFORMATION OF MOLECULE
64
The frenulum is part of the __
TONGUE
65
The mucosal lining of the colon contains predominantly
GOBLET CELL
66
What is the common type of motility associate with the descending colon
HAUSTRATIONS
67
Which of the following organs secretes bile acids
LIVER
68
Which of the following structures controls the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile into the duodenum
SPHINCTER OF ODDI
69
Which cell type is PROPERLY matched with it’s secretion?
DELTA CELLS: SOMATOSTATIN
70
Give 2 signs and symptoms of Cushing's disease
Obesity, moon face, osteoporosis,
diseases from abnormalities in
metabolism of CHO, CHON and fats,
increases androgens will lead to
amenorrhea, acne and hirsutism
71
Give 2 functions of Growth hormone
Stimulates/ accelerates body growth
Stimulates the secretion somatomedin C
72
Identify the 2 hormones produced by thyroid follicle
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
73
Give 2 functions of oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contraction
Stimulate ejection of milk in lactating
women
74
Give 2 functions of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates the ovarian follicle growth
Stimulates spermatogenesis
75
Give sign and symptoms of diabetes mellitus
increased thirst and urination.
increased hunger.
fatigue.
blurred vision.
numbness or tingling in the feet or hands.
sores that do not heal.
unexplained weight loss.
76
Give 2 functions of melatonin
immunomodulation
regulation of circadian rhythms
measurement of day length
sleep initiation
vasomotor control
anti-excitatory actions
antioxidant actions
anti-inflammatory properties
regulation of mitochondrial function
77
Give 2 functions of hormone inhibin
Secrets GnRH
Synthesizes & Secretes FSH
78
Give 2 clinical signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Cold intolerance
Weight gain
Constipation
Muscle cramps
Fatigue
Dry skin
79
Give 2 functions of calcium
Building strong bones and teeth.
Clotting blood.
Sending and receiving nerve signals.
Squeezing and relaxing muscles.
Releasing hormones and other chemicals.
Keeping a normal heartbeat.
80
Give 2 causes of hyperthyroidism
Grave’s Disease
Post surgical thyroidectomy
81
2 Factor stimulates growth hormone secretion
fasting
hypoglycemia
high amino acids
exercise
stress/trauma
deep sleep
excitement
GHRH
82
2 Factor that inhibits growth hormone secretion
feeding
hyperglycemia
high free fatty acid
high cortisol
growth hormone
REM sleep
Aging
Somatostatin
83
Give 2 functions of Luteinizing hormone LH
In males, it stimulates testosterone synthesis in the Leydig cells.
In females, it stimulates follicle to ovulate and mature into a corpus luteum.
84
Identify the 2 hormones that are secreted by the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary
Somatotrope
Lactotrope
85
The receptor cells for hearing are located on the upper surface of what membrane?
Basilar Membrane
86
The bending of the light that happens at the cornea and lens is
Refraction
87
Which type of papillae have the most sensitive taste buds associated with them?
Foliate
88
The threshold for the detection of odors is ___ and adaptation to odors occurs ___
Low, Quickly
89
Which of the following is not found in the vascular layer of the eye?
Pupil
90
Which is the last structure to vibrate in this sequence?
Oval Window
91
It is the ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects or from near to distant objects
Accomodation
92
The senses for dynamic equilibrium are located in the
Semicircular Canals
93
Match the following type of receptors: Nocireptors, mechanoreceptor, electromagnetic, chemoreceptor
Rods and cones
Free nerve endings
Pacinian corpuscle
Taste buds
Rod and cones - electromagnetic
Free nerve endings - nociceptors
Pacinian corpuscle - mechanoreceptor
Taste buds - chemoreceptors
94
Match the following
Steven Power law
Temporal pattern coding
Mueller’s Law
Labelled-line Principle
Steven Power law: the frequency of AP discharge is directly related to the intensity of the stimulus
Temporal pattern coding: can differentiate 2 stimuli from each other base on the way a single receptor discharges AP
Mueller’s Law: when the body is affected by a certain stimulus, it will react to one type of receptor
Labeled-line Principle: ability of afferent neuron to transmit a single type of impulse
95
Match the following
Semicircular canals
Saccule and utricle
Organ of Corti
Eustachian tube
Saccule canals - determines the position of the head in state motion
Saccule and utricle- sense the sudden rotational movements
Organ of corti - end of organ hearing
Eustachian tube - equalizes air pressure
96
Enumerate the neurotransmitters for olfaction
Glutamate
Monoamines
Norepinephrine
Somatostatin
Opioids
Adenosine
triphosphate
97
Match the following receptor: Tonic or phasic
Merkel’s disc
Hair and organs
Bulbous corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Merkel’s disc- tonic receptor
Hair and organs- phasic receptor
Bulbous corpuscle- tonic receptor
Pacinian corpuscle- phasic receptor
98
Match the following.
Atopognosis
Analgesia
Amorphosynthesis
Astereognosis
Atopognosis- inability to localize body part affected by somatic stimulus
Analgesia- inability/ decrease ability to perceive pain stimulus
Amorphosynthesis- loss of sense of form of his/her own body on opposite side
Astereognosis- inability to identify objects by means of touch w/o the aid of vision
99
Match the following type of taste to its mechanism
Umami
Salty
Bitter
Sour
Umami- glutamate receptor
Salty- sodium channels
Bitter- G-protein activated
Sour- H+ ions blocking the…
100
Enumerate the refractive media
Cornea
Vitreous body
Lens
Aqueous humor
101
Match the following
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini
Free nerve endings
Merkel’s disc
Pacinian corpuscle: two-point discrimination
Ruffini: deep pressure and stretch of skin
Free nerve endings: crude touch, tickle, itch and pressure
Merkel’s disc: deep touch and vibration
102
Match the following stimuli to its higher center
Taste stimuli
Pain stimuli
Sound stimuli
Taste stimuli: olfactory center
Pain stimuli: somesthetic area
Sound stimuli: acoustic center
Touch: somesthetic area
103
From superior to deep, the three main cell layers of the sensory retina area
Photoreceptors-bipolar cells-ganglia cells
104
Fluid in the scala vestibuli communicate with fluid in the scala tympani by way of the
helicotrema
105
The axons of the olfactory neurons pass through the foramina of the ___ to synapse with mitral or tufted cells in the _____
Cribriform plate, olfactory bulb
106
Why do odors sometimes alter our moods?
Because sensory input from olfaction is routed through the limbic system.
107
Which of the following belongs to the middle ear?
ossicles
108
The organs of static equilibrium are within the _____ and employ shifting ______ to set up nerve impulses.
Vestibule; otoliths
109
Which type of papillae have no taste buds with them?
Filiform
110
After the inner ear has perceived sound, the sound is dissipated because
Air inside the middle ear dissipates the sound waves
111
Gastrin secretion will stop when the stomach pH reaches ____
1.5
112
It is caused by the increase of the intra abdominal pressure by expiring against a closed glottis.
VALSALVA MANEUVER
113
This Gl neurocrine resembles secretin and is presumed to mediate pancreatic cholera.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)
114
A movement of the colon that gradually exposing fecal matter to LI mucosal surfaces.
Mixing movements
115
Identify the nerve supply of the masticatory muscles.
CN V - Trigeminal Nerve
116
Which area in the GI has the lowest frequency of slow waves for the
contraction?
stomach
117
Which gastric cells found in the fundus of the stomach that secretes Intrinsic factor?
Oxyntic (parietal cells)
118
Match the following neurotransmitter secreted by the ENS
Acetylcholine - stimulates H+ secretion
Bombesin - stimulates gastrin release
Enkephalins - stimulates GI smooth muscle contraction
Serotonin - stimulates gastric motility
Norepinephrine - inhibits GI activity
119
It is a duct that joins the common bile
duct wherein it secretes a substance that
aids in the digestion of fats.
Cystic duct
120
A GI hormone which is the most potent in
stimulating gastric H+ secretion.
Gastrin
121
It is also known as the intrinsic neural
control of the Gl function.
Enteric nervous system
122
It is a modification in electrical and motor activity of smooth muscles of stomach and SI during fasting.
Migrating motor complex
123
Which gastric cells found mostly in the antrum that secretes pepsinogen.
Zymogenic/parietal cells
124
Describe the consistency of the saliva during parasympathetic stimulation
Profuse, thin, or watery saliva
125
Describe the consistency of the saliva during sympathetic stimulation
Thick, mucus saliva
126
Identify the duct that drains the submandibular glands
Wharton’s duct
127
Other name of slow-wave potentials
Basic electrical rhythm
128
Match the following medical condition to its definition
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome - increase gastrin secretion due to pancreatic tumor
Achalasia - due to failure of the esophageal sphincter to relax
Hirschsprung disease - due to congenital absence of myenteric plexus in the colon
Pernicious anemia - due to a massive illeal resections that result to an impairment of absorption of vitamin B12
Gastric reflux - due to decrease tone of lower esophageal sphincter
129
Which of these inhibits secreting and motility of the stomach
Enterogastric reflex
130
Which of the following vitamins are not stored in the liver
Vitamin C
131
Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon are called
Taenia coli
132
The center of the tooth which is filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues is called the
pulp
