Midterm Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
Which of the following blood vessels has the largest effect on total peripheral resistance?
A
Arterioles
2
Q
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is increased by
A
increased in venous resistance
3
Q
In response to severe
hemorrhage
A
haematocrit remains normal
4
Q
The pressoreceptors located in the ___ respond to stretching by slower the rate of the heart.
A
Aortic sinus
5
Q
Which of the following is the
property of a cardiac cell to initiate and fire an action potential on its own without external stimulation?
A
automacity
6
Q
According to poiseulle’s law for
flow along a cylindrical tube
A
resistance to flow is
proportional to vessel length
7
Q
The first heart sound is caused by the
A
closure of the av valves
8
Q
T/F systemic circulation carries blood towards the lungs
A
False
9
Q
The purpose of the medullary cardiac centers is to
A
maintain blood pressure
10
Q
The cardiac reflex control centers are located within the
A
medulla oblongata
11
Q
Which of the following blood vessels has the greatest
compliance?
A
Veins
12
Q
The events associated with blood flow through the heart
during one complete heartbeat.
A
cardiac cycle
13
Q
Which of the following is not affected by the preload in the heart muscle
A
end diastolic
volume
14
Q
The second heart sound is caused by the
A
closure of the semilunar valves
15
Q
When does blood flow into the coronary arteries
A
during ventricular relaxation
16
Q
The highest pressure exerted by
the heart is called the
A
systolic
pressure
17
Q
The average blood pressure in an artery is the
A
mean arterial pressure
18
Q
The ___ layer of an artery
contains the greatest amount of smooth muscle
A
tunica media
19
Q
The amount of blood pumped by
each ventricle in one minute
A
cardiac output
20
Q
Three factors that contribute to arterial blood pressure are cardiac output, blood volume
and ___.
A
resistance
21
Q
Lining of the heart chambers is called
A
endocardium
22
Q
The superior vena cava enters the ___ of the heart
A
right
atrium
23
Q
The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each heartbeat
A
cardiac output
24
Q
Edema results from a decrease in
A
plasma oncotic pressure
25
The __ valve lies between the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid
26
Blood from the cardiac muscle
itself drains into the
coronary sinus
27
The membrane closest to the
heart muscle is the
visceral pericardium
28
Which of the following contains blood with a relatively low oxygen content?
pulmonary
artery
29
An abnormally high heart rate is termed
tachycardia
30
Exercise affects cardiac output
by
increasing muscle
metabolism and vasoconstriction
31
located in the atrial septum,
close to the top of the interventricular septum. T/F
False
32
Bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions result from the reaction of ___ with water
Carbon Dioxide
33
States that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
Boyle's law
34
According to Henry’s law, the
amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is determined by all of the following factors EXCEPT
pH of the liquid
35
The amount of air left in the lungs after a forceful expiration is called
RESIDUAL VOLUME
36
During inspiration, the following mechanism occurs except
movement of air from higher pressure to lower pressure
37
Oxygen binds to the __ Of deoxyhemoglobin
heme groups
38
The increase pulmonary
ventilation that occurs during exercise is called
Hyperpnea
39
the bohr effect is that
hemoglobins
Unloads more carbon dioxide at low pH than at high pH
40
The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the
concentration of Co2 in the blood
41
External respiration refers to
Everything except cellular respiration
42
The air pressure with the alveoli is called
Intrapulmonary pressure
43
States that gif it were not for the pulmonary surfactants, we should expect the surface
tension in a small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a larger one, and air would flow from the smaller alveolus into the larger one
Laplace’s law
44
any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume(FEV) but does nit
significantly affect the vital cavity is referred to
Obstructive lung disorder
45
a chest wound can introduce air
into the intrapleural space a condition known as
Pneumothorax
46
the total minute of volume of the lungs is obtained by multiplying the at the rest by the number of breaths per minute -
tidal volume
47
One atmospheric pressure is defined as
-760 torr
48
The tendency of the lungs to get
smaller when the stitching force ceases is called
ELASTICITY
49
It is very difficult, if not impossible to voluntarily overinflate the lungs due to the
strong inhibitory effect of the
Herring- Breuer reflex
50
A restrictive lung disease is most likely to reduce the
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
51
Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume
(EFV) but does not significantly
affect the vital cavity is referred to as
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
52
Gas exchange in the lungs happends by the process of ____
DIFFUSION
53
The ability of the lungs to stretch is called
COMPLIANCE
54
Which of the following does NOT belong to the conducting portion of the respiratory system
Bronchi, trachea, alveoli, nose
ALVEOLI
55
During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500cc of air
enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle, This is called _____
TIDAL VOLUME
56
When there is less oxyhemoglobin in the blood, RBCs produce 2,3 DPG, This metabolic product
ENHANCES OXYGEN UNLOADING AT THE
SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES
57
Alveolar structure acts to increase pulmonary blood flow and ____
COMPLIANCE
58
The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells is called
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
59
Hyperventilation tends to cause
ALKALOSIS
60
A deficiency of lung surfactant
will result in
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
61
A patient with respiratory
distress, the following muscles were involved during respiration EXCEPT
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDS
62
Surfactant is produced by which type of cells
TYPE II
pneumocytes
63
The volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation is the _____
Expiratory reserve volume
64
The permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct is controlled by
ADH
65
increased ammonia in the urine and a continuously elevated RR indicate
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
66
Glomerulonephritis may result in the appearance of albumin in the urine because
MORE ALBUMIN ENTERS THE PCT IN THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATE
67
Angiotensin 2 causes the following EXCEPT
DECREASED PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
68
The functional unit of kidney is the
Nephron
69
the movement of substances from the filtrate back into the
blood of perItibular capillaries is called
Tubular reabsorption
70
if blood pressure decreases,
blood levels of __ will increase
All of the above
71
drinking a large amount of beer
results in
decrease urine osmolality
72
the micturition reflex can do the following is except
can be stimulated by higher centers in the brain
73
which of these conditions produces a large volume of dilluted urine
decrease ADH
secretion
74
Renal nerve symphathetic stimulation
CAUSES INCREASED SODIUM REABSORPTION FROM THE PCT
75
A decrease in plasma proteins results
decreases colloid oncotic pressure
76
Juxtaglomular cell secretes
renin
77
Aldosterone secretion from the
adrenal cortex the adrenal cortex is stimulated by
angiotensin ll and
ELEVATED BP
78
Collectively, the capillary
endothelium, basement
membrane and podocytes from
FILTRATION MEMBRANE
79
Nephrons directly regulate acidbase balance by
SECRETING H+ IONS INTO THE FILTRATE
80
The part of the total cardiac output that passes through the kidneys is called the
RENAL FRACTION
81
The part of a nephron between bowman’s capsule and the loop of henle is the
PCT
82
The __ are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the renal medulla
vasa recta
83
_____ can be caused by hyperventilation
Alkalosis
84
The percentage of filtrate volume reabsorbed in the
proximal tubule is
65%
85
IS
DETERMINED BY THE SAME FORCES GOVERNING FILTRATION ACROSS ALL OTHER CAPILLARIES
Glomerular filtration rate
86
maximum amount of air exhaled after maximal inspiration
vital capacity
87
amount of air that we breathe in and out per breath
tidal volume
88
maximal amount of air forcibly expired in addition
to a tidal volume
ERV
89
amount of
air left in lungs
residual volume
90
The amount of blood ejected at the end of diastole
stroke volume
91
Amount ejected per minute
cardiac output
92
Amount of blood in the heart at the end of diastole
end diastolic volume
93
factors that affect heart rate
Vagal activity, catecholamines, temperature (Cold - bradycardia; Warm - Tachycardia) , ions (Potassium and Calcium)
94
Maximum pressure attained during ventricular relaxation
Systolic pressure
95
Minimum pressure attained during ventricular relaxation
Diastolic pressure
96
Alternate expansion and elastic recoil in each ventricular systole
pulse
97
Amount of blood entering the heart
Venous return
98
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of atrial systole just prior to ventricular contraction
Preload
99
Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle:
Atrial systole
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
Atrial systole - pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
100
Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle
isovolumetric contraction
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
Isovolumetric Contraction - tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
101
Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle:
isovolumetric relaxantion
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
Isovolumetric Relaxation -AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
102
Match the ff phases of cardiac cycle:
Ventricular systole
Choices:
-rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
-tension and pressure in the ventricle increase but no blood is ejected from the heart
-pumps only about 20% of blood into ventricles
-blood is pumped from the heart pushing open the semilunar valves
-AV valves and semilunar valves are closed
Ventricular systole - rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV valves
103
Enumerate the 4 physiologic properties of the cardiac muscles.
Excitability
Conductivity
contractility
Autorhythmicity
104
Name 3 types of cardiac muscles
Atrial muscle
Ventricular muscle
Highly specialized excitatory and conductive fibers
105
2 importance of valves
prevents the blood from going back to the previous chamber
Ensures forward movement of the blood
106
Location of apex beat
near the left midclavicular line (MCL) in the fifth intercostal space.
107
Give the components of Waldeyer’s ring
pharyngeal tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
108
Match the following types of Lung disorders
Bronchiolitis
Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder
Obstructive
109
Match the following types of Lung disorders
Kyphosis
Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder
restrictive lung disorder
110
Match the following types of Lung disorders
Obesity
Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder
111
Match the following types of Lung disorders
Pneumoconiosis
Choices:
Obstructive lung disorder
Restrictive lung disorder
obstructive
112
4 components of blood gas
pH
PaO2
PaCO2
HCO3
113
Conscious voluntary effort of breathing
Hyperventilation
114
Difficulty of breathing while lying down
Orthopnea
115
Temporary cessation of breathing at the end of expiration
Apnea
116
Increased breathing due to hypoxia
Hyperpnea
117
Give the factor that influence breathing
CHANGES IN THE PCO2, PO2 AND PH OF
BLOOD
Arterial blood pressure
HERRING-BREWER REFLEX
CEREBRAL CORTEX
OTHERS: PAINFUL STIMULATION- REFLEX APNEA
118
States that volume is directly proportional to temperature
Charles law
119
States that total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure of each individual gas
Daltons law
120
States that gas volume is inversely proportional to its pressure
Boyles law
121
States that the amount of any gas in that mixture that dissolves in the solution is in direct proportion to the partial pressure of that gas.
Henrys law
122
Give the components of Paranasal sinuses
2 frontal sinuses
2 Maxillary sinuses
2 Sphenoid sinuses
2 Ethmoid sinuses
123
Which anatomical structure is NOT a conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?
Primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi and bronchioles
124
The primary chemical stimulus for breathing is the concentration of …
CO2 in the blood
125
Gas exchange in the lungs happens in the process of ___
Diffusion
126
A person with severe trauma to the cervical region has damage to the spinal cord if the spinal cord is severed between C3 and C4, what is the likely outcome?
The person will be unable to breathe and will have paralysis of the upper
and lower limbs.
127
If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate______.
Increases
128
Active transport of substances from the blood into the nephron is called___
Tubular secretion
129
The part a nephron between Bowman’s capsule and the loop and the loop of Henle is the
PCT Proximal convoluted tubule
130
Hypersecretion of aldosterone causes
Increases water retentions, high blood sodium levels and alkalosis
131
Glomerulonephritis may result in the appearance of albumin in the urine because
More albumin enters the PCT in the glomerular filtrate
132
Which of these substances normally cannot pass through the filtration membrane
Hemoglobin, Insulin, Sodium, Calcium
hemoglobin
133
Alkalosis can be caused by
hyperventilation
134
Which of these conditions produces a large volume of diluted urine?
-increased angiotensin II
- decreased ADH secretion
- increased aldosterone secretion
- increased renin secretion
Decreased ADH secretion
135
Resistance to renal blood flow is chiefly determined by
Afferent and efferent arterioles
136
Which of the following substances is the standard substance used to measure the GFR?
Insulin
137
Matching type: Macula densa
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II
sense change of volume and NaCL concentration of tubular fluid
138
Matching type: JG cells
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II
secretes renin
139
Matching type: Lacis cells
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II
site of activation of vitamin d
140
Matching type: kidneys
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II
secretes Erythropoietin
141
Matching type: lungs
Choices:
-secrete Renin
-sense change of volume and NaCl concentration of tubular fluid
-site of activation of Vitamin D
-secretes Erythropoietin
-site of maturation of Angiotensin II
site of maturation of Angiotensin II
142
Match the following acid-base disorders
1. Persistent vomiting
Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
persistent vomiting - metabolic alkalosis
143
Match the following acid-base disorders
2. Cholera with severe dehydration
Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
Cholera with severe dehydration - metabolic acidosis
144
Match the following acid-base disorders
3. Hyperventilation syndrome
Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
Hyperventilation syndrome - respiratory alkalosis
145
Match the following acid-base disorders
4. Starvation
Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
Starvation - Metabolic acidosis
146
Match the following acid-base disorders
5. Asthmaticus
Choices
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
Asthmaticus - respiratory acidosis
147
Give the factors affecting glomerular filtration rate (5)
- Changes in renal blood flow
- Changes in gCHP
- Changes in THP (pressure in bowman’s capsule)
- Changes in plasma colloid osmotic pressure
- Changes in filtration coefficient
