finals Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
psychology
A
the scientific study of behaviour and the mental process
2
Q
science
A
uses systematic methods to observe human behaviour and draw conclusions
3
Q
behaviour
A
everything we do that can be observed directly
4
Q
mental process
A
thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experience but cannot be directly observed
5
Q
scientific psychologists
A
systematically study the mind, brain, and behaviour
6
Q
8 levels of analysis
A
macro
meso
micro
molecular
molar
social psychology
sociology
neuro
7
Q
ontology
A
the study of what is
the search for what is real
8
Q
materialism
A
Marx
only material things exist
9
Q
idealism
A
hegel
some of reality exists separately from the sensible world
10
Q
epistemology
A
the study of knowledge and how individuals gain knowledge
11
Q
aimed to identify the basic fundamental elements of psychological experience
A
structuralism
12
Q
aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics
A
functionalism
founded by William James
13
Q
psychoanalysis (sigmund frued)
A
psychodynamic theory
focuses on the internal psychological process of which we are unaware
14
Q
behaviourism
A
focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking outside of the organism to rewards, punishments, and behaviour present in our environment
BF skinner
15
Q
cognitivism
A
processes that our thinking effects our behaviour
16
Q
types of psychologists:
assess, diagnose, causes and treatment of mental disorders
A
clinical
17
Q
types of psychologists:
work with normal people experiencing temporary or self contained problems
A
counselor
18
Q
types of psychologists:
assess school children’s psychological problems and develop intervention problems
A
school
19
Q
types of psychologists:
study why and how people change over time
A
developmental
20
Q
types of psychologist:
use sophisticated research methods to study memory, language, and thinking of humans
A
experimental
21
Q
types of psychologists:
examine the pyhsiological basics of behaviour in animals and humans
A
biopsychologists
22
Q
types of psychologists:
assess, diagnose, and assist with rehabilitation and treatment of prison inmates
A
forensic
23
Q
Types of psychologists:
work in businesses to assist un employee selection and evaluation, examining the effects of working conditions on employee behaviour and designing equipment to maximize performance and minimize accidents
A
industrial/ organizational
24
Q
naive realism
A
belief that we see the world for exactly what it is
25
communalism
willingness to share our findings with others
26
disinterestedness
attempt to be objective when evaluating evidence
27
confirmation bias
tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypothesis
neglect/distort contradicting evidence
28
belief perseverance
the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
29
hypothesis
testable prediction
30
pseudoscience
set of claims that seem scientific but arent
lack safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perservenrance
31
emotional reasoning fallacy
error of using emotions to evaluate the validity of a claim
32
bandwagon fallacy
assuming a claim is correct because many people believe it
33
either or fallacy
framing a question as though we can answer it in one of two extreme ways
34
dangers of pseudoscience
opportunity costs, animal death, slippery slope, direct harm
35
empiricism
belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experiences
36
rationalism
belief that some knowledge can be known independent of the senses
37
heuristics
short cuts, rule of thumb that allows us to solve problems fast
38
problem solving
trial and error, algorithms, heuristics
39
tendency to overestimate how weak we could have successfully forecasts known outcomes
hindsight bias
40
tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions
over confidence
41
naturalistic observation
watching behaviour in real world settings
42
our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and mental persepctives
consciousness
43
consciousness is defined in 2 parts:
awareness and arousal
44
awareness
occurs in the global brain workplace, is thoughts , experiences, qusila
45
quaila
the way it feels to experience states of emotions
46
arousal
state determined by the reticular activating system
the state of being engaged with the environment
47
higher level consiousness
controlled processes
most alert states of consiousness
exectutive function
prefrontal cortex
48
lower level cosniousness
automatic processes
day dreaming
49
subconscious awareness
waking subconsciousness
incubation
50
unconscious
unconsious thought
51
sleep
natural state of rest
involves reversible loss of consiousness
3rd of our lives
52
biological rythm
periodic physiological fluctuations in the body
53
cyclonical changes that occur every 24 hours in many biological processes
circadian rhythm
54
the SCN of the hypothalamus, triggers sense of fatigue
biological clock
55
disruptions of sleep
jetlag
marijuana oil
melatonin
resting the clock
56
measuring sleep
EEG
EOG
EMG
57
stages of sleep:
non rem
no eye movement
less dreaming
58
stages of sleep:
N1
5-10 minutes
theta waves
light sleep
hypnagogic images
hyping myoclonia
59
stages of sleep:
N2
20-30 minutes
theta waves
sleep spindles
k complexes
60
stages of sleep:
N3
10-30 mins
delta waves
deeper sleep
crucial for rest
61
stages of sleep:
REM
paradoxical sleep
stage R
10-20+ minutes
eye movement \vivid dreaming
62
REM dreams
more dreams occur
emotional, illogical
plot shifts
biologically crucial
63
NON REM dreams
shorter dreams
thought like
repetative
concerned with daily tasks
64
lucid dreaming
experience of becoming aware one is dreaming
65
disorders of sleep
insomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
night terrors
sleepwalking
66
frueds wish fulfillment and dream protection theory
theory that dreams transform sexual and aggressive instincts into symbols that represent fulfilment and require interpretation
67
evolution theory
increasing survival or reproductive fitness
68
cognitive theory
information processing and memory
dreams are meaningful products of our cognitive capacities that shape what we dream about
69
alterations in consiousness:
hallucinations
realistic perpetual experiences in the absence of external stimuli
70
alterations in consiousness:
OBE
sense of consiousness leaving ones body
71
alterations in consciousness:
NDE
one reported by people who have nearly died or thought they were going to die
72
alterations in consciousness:
deja vu
feeling of reliving an experience that is new
73
alterations in consiousness:
mediation
variety of practices that train attention and awareness
74
alterations in consiousness:
hypnosis
set of techniques that provide people with suggestion for alteration in their perception, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
75
drugs and depressants:
depressents
decrease nervous system activity
76
drugs and depressants:
alcohol
most widely used and abused substance
effects vary from stimulation to sedation
77
drugs and depressants:
treduction in effects of a drug as a result or repeated use
requires greater quantities to achieve same effect
tolerance
78
drugs and depressants:
disorientation, confusion, visual hallucinations and memory problems as a result from alcohol
delirium tremens
79
drugs and depressants:
auditory hallucinations, sometimes with paranoid beliefs resulting from a alcohol withdrawl
alcohol hallucinosis
80
drugs and depressants:
prescribed for insomnia, and anxiety
name the three catagories
sedative hypnotics
barbiturates
nonbarburates
benzodiazpines
81
drugs and depressants:
stimulants
increase heart rate, respiration, blood pressure
cocaine tobacco, amphetamines
82
drugs and depressants:
relieve pain, induce sleep
derived from the opium poppy
opiate narcotic drugs
83
drugs and depressants:
produce alterations in perception, mood, and thought
psychedelics
84
habituation
process by which we respond less strongly over time to a repeated stimuli
85
sensitization
process by which we respond more strongly to s repeated stimuli overtime
86
imprinting
within hours or days after birth and creates an enduring behaviour that is directed towards a specific individual
87
british associationists
believe we acquire virtually all our knowledge by connecting one stimuli with another
88
classical conditioning:
UCS
unconditioned stimli
89
classical conditioning:
UCR
unconditioned response
90
classical conditioning:
NS
neutral stimulus
91
classical conditioning:
CS
conditioned stimuli
92
classical conditioning:
CR
conditioned response
93
steps of classical conditioning
1. neutral stimulus
2. pair NS with UCS which causes an UCR
3. eventually NS turns into a CS eliciting a CR
94
law of effects thorndike 1898
if a response in a presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between the stimulus and response will be strengthened
95
operant conditioning terminology:
outcomes or consequences that strengthens the probability of reinforcement
reinforcement
96
operant conditioning terminology:
pleasant stimulus is given to strengthen the probability of a resins
pos reinforcement
97
operant conditioning terminology:
unpleasant stimulus is removed to strengthen the probability of a response
neg reinforcement
98
operant conditioning terminology:
outcomes or consequences that weaken the prob of a response
pos pun
99
operant conditioning terminology:
unpleasant stim is taken away to weaken prob of response
neg pun
100
superstitious behaviour
behaviour linked to reinforcement by coincidence
101
latent learning (Tolman)
learning that isn't observable
102
observational learning
learning by watching others
103
neurons
brain cells specialized in communication with each other
104
neuron makeup
cell body
dendrites
synapse
axon
axon terminal
105
neurotransmitton
communication between neurone
bind with receptor sites of next neuron
106
glial cells
glue, support cells of nervous system
107
neurons respond to NT's by generating ______ ____
electrical activity
108
central nervous system
divided into systems based on loc and function
109
forebrain
most of brains conscious functions
110
corpus callosum
connects the 2 hemispheres
111
hypothalumus
controls the bodies hormone endocrine system
112
thalumus
relays nerve signals to cerebral cortex
113
cerebral correct
outermost covering
contains neo cortex, cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum
114
cerebrum
regulates balance and body control
115
brain stem
regulates involuntary functions (breathing, heart rate)
116
what does the forebrain contains?
frontal, pareital, occiptal, temporal lobe, cerebral cortex
117
populations or organisms change by selective breeding with other organisms that possess some advantage
natural selection, Charles Darwin
118
conversion if external energies into a nervous system signal
transduction
119
absolute threshold
smallest stimulus energy needed for nervous system to detect
120
just noticeable difference
smallest change in intesnt=ity of stimulus that we can detect 50% of the time
121
webers law
the stringer the stimulus, the grater the change needed to detect
122
relationship between a stimulus and its context
perpetual sets
123
size, colour, shape, are consistent across conditions
perpetual consistency
124
the visual system
light
human visible spectrum
brightness
hue
saturation
125
sclera
white portion of eye
126
opening that modifies the amount of light permitted through pupil
iris
127
refracts light to focus on back of eye
cornea
128
changes curvature to refract light onto back of eye
lens
129
membrane of back of eye
retina
130
forvea
centre of retina
131
axons leave retina forming the optic nerve
ganglion cells
132
orientation specific slits of light in particular location
simple cells
133
orientation specific but less dependant on location
complex cells
134
the perception of objects as wholes within a context, not isolated lines and curves
Gestalt principles
135
thrichromatic theory
colour vision is based on our sensitivity to 3 primary colours
B R G
136
opponent process theory
colour vision is a function of complimentary, opposing colours
R VS Y VS B
137
the auditory system
sound
loudness
timbre
pitch
138
FUNNRLS SOUND
OUTER EAR
139
TRANSMITS SOUND
MID EAR
140
CONVERTS VIBRATIONS TO NEURAL SIGNAL
INNER EAR
141
memory is...
malleable and reconstructive
142
sensory memory
v brief storage of perpetual info in original sensory form
143
working memory
limited duration < 30 seconds and capacity
144
aid working memory by
chunking and rehearsal
145
long term memory
permanent or relatively enduring storage of info
146
semantic memory
knowledge of world, facts, area of experitse
147
episodic memory
knowledge of events in our lives
148
implicit memory
not deliberate
doesn't require conscious effort
149
3 stages of getting info in and out of LMT
encoding
storage
retrieval
150
encoding
info into mem
151
storage
keeping info in mem
152
retrieval
reactivation or reconstruction of info in mem
153
measuring memory 3Rs
recall
recognition
relearning
154
theory of emotion
James lange
emotions result from out interpretations of bodily reactions to stimuli
155
samatric mark theory (damask)
we use our gut reaction to gauge how we should act
156
unconscious influences on emotion:
below threshold of awareness
subliminal
157
unconscious influences on emotion:
repeated exposure to stimuli
mere exposure
158
unconscious influences on emotion: face says it before u do
facial feedback
159
types of body language
non verbal leakgae
posture
gestures
proxemics
160
proxemics
study of personal space
161
drive reduction theory
(hull and Hebb)
constrain drives (ex. thirst or hunger) motivate us to minimize adverse states
