finals Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
purpose of wood conservation
A
enable the wood to continue to function as a load bearing structural member in the building
3
Q
what are the wood defects
A
- knots warps and cracks
- termites, fungal, and pest infestation
- Decay of wooden elements
- Misalignment and sagging of wood support
4
Q
purpose of conservation
A
to simply enable the wooden object to carry its own weight, possibly with some support
5
Q
CAUSES OF KNOTS, warps, and cracks
A
- abnormal growth of tree
- shrinking due to loss of moisture
- wood imperfection
6
Q
- abnormal growth of tree
- shrinking due to loss of moisture
- wood imperfection
A
is the causes of knots, warps, and cracks
7
Q
consequences of knots, warps, and cracks
A
- unsightly appearance
- weakening of wood
- visual flaws
8
Q
- unsightly appearance
- weakening of wood
- visual flaws
A
consequences of knots warps and cracks
9
Q
what is knots
A
the branches churva
10
Q
what is warp
A
the bending of wood may be bow, crook, kink, cup, twist,
11
Q
whT is cracks
A
the crack in wood, it is okay if the crack is as thin as a hair line but when the crack has a big gap, an intervention must be applied.
12
Q
CAUSES OF FUNGAL, TERMITE, AND PEST INFESTATION
A
softening of wood due to water leaks which enables termites and insects to penetrate and bore holes through it
13
Q
softening of wood due to water leaks which enables termites and insects to penetrate and bore holes through it
A
causes of termite, fungal, pest infestation
14
Q
consequences of termite, Fungal and pest infestation
A
- unsteady structure
- softening and weakening of wooden members which could lead to possible collapse of wood support system.
15
Q
- unsteady structure
- softening and weakening of wooden members which could lead to possible collapse of wood support system.
A
consequences of termite, fungal, and pest infestation
16
Q
CAUSES OF DECAY OF WOODEN ELEMENTS
A
- collection of water in mortise joints
- water leaks
- rots
- insect infestation
17
Q
- collection of water in mortise joints
- water leaks
- rots
- insect infestation
A
causes of decaying of wood elements
18
Q
consequences of decay of wooden elements
A
- falling out of the bottom of the post
- collapse of members
- shaky support due to weakening of wood members
19
Q
- falling out of the bottom of the post
- collapse of members
- shaky support due to weakening of wood members
A
consequences of decay of wooden elements
20
Q
3 PRIMARY REASONS TO CONDUCT WOOD ASSESSMENT
A
- Concerns about moisture and its effect
- deterioration (physical and biological)
- a need to know material properties (strength)
21
Q
DETERIORATION OF WOOD CAN BE A RESULT OF
A
physical processes (weathering, failure due to overload, mechanical damage or shrinkage)
Biological Process (decay and insert attack)
22
Q
3 TOOLS FOR BASIC WOOD INSPECTION
A
- Visual inspection
- Sharp Probe
- Moisture meter
23
Q
WHAT IS VISUAL INSPECTION
A
highly subjective - based experiences and opinions
24
Q
what is visual presentation
A
- may miss hidden decay
25
Q
what is visual presentation
A
some defects or the extent of building damage cannot be effectively assessed
26
definition of visual inspection
-highly subjective
-may miss hidden decay
-some defect of the building damage cannot be effectively assessed
27
what is sharp probe
where you poke if nadeteriorate na ang wood or if gahi
28
what is moisture meter
where you poke to know if the wood js cold or not
29
AREAS WHERE PROBLEMS ARE KNOWN TO BE COMMON
- wood in ground contact
- that exhibits moisture stains
- visible decay
- floor joist and girders
- sill beam and plates
- top plates
- roof timbers
- opening ( door and window)
- material interfaces
- porches
- crawl spaces
- areas that have been modified
30
7 GOLDEN RULE AND ESSENTIAL PRINCIPLES FOR WOOD CONSERVATION (triple R, PDAM)
- REMOVE the source of the trouble
- RETAIN as much original work as possible
- REPAIR in such manner that the original aesthetic effect is not impaired
- PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION to effect of your work on ceiling beneath
- DO NOT ALTER the balance of stresses
- APPROACH the straightening of deformed structures with great care
- timbers when meant to be exposed MUST be exposed
31
PARTIAL OR COMPLETE REPLACEMENT
- RETAIN as much original material as possible
- REPLACEMENT IN KIND:
- the same species
- quality
- cut
- color
- grain direction, tool marks and finish
32
MECHANICAL REINFORCEMENT
- REINFORCED WITH DOWELS OR PEGS OF WOOD, METAL, glass fiber reinforced plastic
33
PESTICIDE AND PRESERVATIVE APPLICATION
- cheap
- safe to the user
- kill insects
- fast work
- retain filing power
- specific to the target pest
- won’t leave or form harmful residues
- won’t breakdown their effectiveness in storage
- won’t absorb animal or plants
- wont damage build mat, artifacts, and stuff
34
WHAT IS NHI
NATIONAL HISTORICAL INSTITUTE
35
WHERE DOES THE NHI PUB BASED ON
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED CONSERVATION STANDARDS AND METHODS AND THE NHI EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION
36
5 GENERAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES OF NHI PUB
- REVERSIBLE (intention should be reversible)
- THE LEAST INTERVENTION is best restoration
- THE STRUCTURE MUST BE SAFE AND SOUND
- RESTORE THE ORIGINAL STRUCTURAL LOGIC AND FABRIC
- MATS OR PROCESS MUST MATCH THE STRENGTH OF OR SLIGHTLY WEAKER THAN THE OLD
37
REVERSIBLE (intention should be reversible)
GENERAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES OF NHI PUB
38
- THE LEAST INTERVENTION is best restoration
GENERAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES OF NHI PUB
39
- MATS OR PROCESS MUST MATCH THE STRENGTH OF OR SLIGHTLY WEAKER THAN THE OLD
GENERAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES OF NHI PUB
40
- THE STRUCTURE MUST BE SAFE AND SOUND
GENERAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES OF NHI PUB
41
- RESTORE THE ORIGINAL STRUCTURAL LOGIC AND FABRIC
GENERAL CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES OF NHI PUB
42
WHO INTRODUCED STONE BUILDING AND COMMON PHILIPPINES STONE AND MASONRY MATS
JESUIT FR. ANTONIO SEDEÑO in 1950’s
43
who brought a chinese laborers to build his house
BISHOP DOMINGO DE SALAZAR
44
whose house became the first stone structure in manila
BISHOP DOMINGO DE SALAZAR
45
4 TYPES OF STONES COMMONLY USED IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS:
- VOLCANIC TUFF
- adobe
- limestone
- riverstones
46
what is volcanic tuff
made of volcanic ash ejected from vent during a volcanic eruption
47
made of volcanic ash ejected from vent during a volcanic eruption
volcanic tuff
48
is a building mat made from earth and often organic mat
adobe
49
adobe
is a building mat made from earth and often organic mat
50
is composed of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs
limestone
51
limestone
is composed of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs
52
stones from river
riverstone
53
5 binding medium in stone (webhg)
- wood sap
- egg whites
- blood
- honey
- gum arabic
54
where brick ate fired
kilns or hornos
55
other word of kilns
hornos
56
3 cause of stone deterioration
- mechanical weathering
- chemical weathering
- biogenic weathering
57
what is mechanical weathering
- caused by vibration, material expansions, temperature changes, ground movements
58
what is chemical weathering
reaction to process (oxidation, chemical dissolution, etc)
59
WHAT ARE THE MACROSCOPIC DETERIORATION OF STONE OBJECTS
- surface deposit (accumulation of foreign mat of nature)
- stone surface condition
- structural condition
60
types of surface deposits
- dark deposits
- calcareous concretions
- efflorescence
- animal droppings
- vegetation growth
- staining
61
staining
discoloration in the surface
62
discoloration on the surface
staining
63
growth of moss, fungi, algae
vegetation growth
64
vegetation growth
growth of moss, fungi, algae
65
animal droppings
waste dropping from animals (birds and bats)
66
waste dropping from animals (birds and bats)
animal droppings
67
crystalline
efflorescenes
68
limited size and isometric form
calcareous concretions
69
calcareous concretions
limited size and isometric form
70
soiling, compact, black deposits, dendrite black crust
dark deposit
71
dark deposits
soiling, compact, black deposits, dendrite black crust
72
stone surface condition
- alveolar decay
- pitting
- pulverization
- desegregations
- blistering
- deformation
- detachment
73
alveolar decay
DISCOLORATION IN HIGHLY POROUS MATS IN THE FORM OF CAVITIES
74
DISCOLORATION IN HIGHLY POROUS MATS IN THE FORM OF CAVITIES
alveolar decay
75
pitting
the formation of numerous punctiform of small holes
76
the formation of numerous punctiform of small holes
pitting
77
pulverization
material is reduced in powder form
78
material is reduced in powder form
pulverization
79
rough stone surface
desegregation
80
desegregations
rough stone surface
81
blistering
localized bursting of raised areas in the stone
82
localized bursting of raised areas in the stone
blistering
83
partial loss of the surface
erosion
84
erosion
partial loss of the surface
85
deformation
change or variation in the profile of the stone mats
86
change or variation in the profile of the stone mats
deformation
87
detachment
loss of continuity between the superficial layers of the stone materials with respect to the substance
88
loss of continuity between the superficial layers of the stone materials with respect to the substance
detachment
89
structural condition of stone
- fissuring or crack
- fractures
- losses
- loose or disconnected parts
90
fissuring/ crack
discontinuities in the material with or without displacement or the two sides
91
discontinuities in the material with or without displacement or the two sides
fissuring / crack
92
fractures
breaking or splitting of stone or masonry
93
breaking or splitting of stone or masonry
fractures
94
loss or missing parts
losses
95
losses
loss or missing parts
96
open joints
include gaps created by loss of binding material between masonry units
97
include gaps created by loss of binding material between masonry units
open joints
98
loose/ disconnected parts
masonry units nor firmly fastening
99
masonry units nor firmly fastening
disconnected parts
100
what is mamposteria ordinaria
is rough stone / coral, mortar, rubble
101
mamposteria canteria
brick, mortar, rubbble
102
different levels of cleaning:
- dirty
- clean
- cleaner
- cleanest
- too clean
103
dry cleaning
- cut woody and higher plants measuring less 25.4 mm or 1 inch in diameter at stem
104
2 nd step dry cleaning
remove large volumes of humus, soil and dirt. remove dead lower plants by mechanical cleaning by use of soft nylon
105
3rd step dry cleaninf
- remove remains of dead plants and their compacted roots in masonry joints by prying them off with the use of pointing iron or a similar tool. An organic material may be used as a cushion to avoid damage on surfaces
106
4th step of wet cleaning
- remove with water and accumulated soul at cracks and joint through adequate water pressure known as jet cleaning
107
remove with water and accumulated soul at cracks and joint through adequate water pressure known as
jet cleaning
108
5th wet cleaning
- apply disinfectant at cleared and surfaces through sprayer composed of water and appropriate chemical solution
109
6th wet cleaning
- apply herbicides through hand spray with the mixture of glyphosate and ammonium sulfamate for small plant roots which penetrate through the joints of the stone.
110
repointing
- a remedial treatment with the arm of sealing gaps, filling small cavities, replacing, decayed mortar joints.
111
a remedial treatment with the arm of sealing gaps, filling small cavities, replacing, decayed mortar joints.
repointing
112
repointing
masonry joints are cleaned and cut to the required depth and never to a depth less than their worth.
113
masonry joints are cleaned and cut to the required depth and never to a depth less than their worth.
repointing
114
mortar mixture
1 part binder: 3 parts filler
115
very low strength of mortar mixture
1 cement
3 lime
12 fine sand
116
good strength of mortar mixture
1 cement
1 lime
6 sand
117
for brick of mortar mizture
1 cement
1 lime
4 fine sand
118
moderate strength of mortar mixture
1 cement
2 lime
9 fine sand
119
types or reinforced concrete dowels
dumbell type
butterfly type
120
LIMEWASHING
- prepare a 1:7 ratio or lime an water
- stir from timetotim about 7 hours
- remove film over line water mixture
- clear lime water should be carefully drawn out from the tank to avoid mixing with the lime deposit
- use only the clear water solution for washing masonry surface
- lime water is applied as a mist using pressure sprayer and repeated approximately 30- 40 times over a period of days and can be vertical and horizontal
121
122
enable the wood to continue to function as a load bearing structural member in the building
purpose of wood conservasion
