finals Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
in eukaryotic cells DNA is located in the …
A
nucleus
2
Q
in eukaryotic cells DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the …
A
nucleus
3
Q
type of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosome to be made into a protein
A
tRNA
4
Q
this scientist was noted for his/her work on viruses and world war 2 gas masks
A
rosalind franklin
5
Q
the bonds that hold two sides of DNA are bonds between …
A
nitrogenous bases
6
Q
RNA is translated and proteins are made in the …
A
ribosome
7
Q
in RNA, adenine pairs with …
A
uracil
8
Q
what isn’t a base in RNA
A
thymine
9
Q
these two scientists were credited with a Nobel prize for their work on DNA and are widely credited with determining structure of DNA
A
watson and crick
10
Q
cytosine and thymine are …
A
pyrimidine
11
Q
adenine and guanine are …
A
purine
12
Q
what are the complimentary base pairs in DNA
A
AT
CG
13
Q
group of three nucelotides on a mRNA strand is called …
A
codon
14
Q
the enzyme that reads a strand of DNA and transcribes it into a strand of mRNA
A
DNA polymerase
15
Q
what is not a base in DNA
A
uracil
16
Q
amino acids are held together in a chain by …
A
peptide bonds
17
Q
group of three nucelotides on a molecule of tRNA
A
anticodon
18
Q
DNA is located in the … for prokaryotic cells
A
cytoplasm
19
Q
DNA replication occurs in which stage of the cell cycle
A
S
20
Q
in DNA the enzyme that reads a strand of DNA and constructs the other side is …
A
DNA polymerase
21
Q
proteins are made up of long chains of …
A
amino acids
22
Q
type of sugar in RNA
A
ribose sugar
23
Q
in DNA replication DNA unzips at the …
A
replication fork
24
Q
in DNA replication, … unzips DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases
A
helicase
25
DNA wraps itself ...
histones
26
DNA is wound into supercoils and organized into ...
chromosomes
27
after DNA replication, there are now ... strands
2
28
the backbone of DNA is repeating bonds between ...
phosphate group
| deoxiribose sugar
29
... took photo 51
Rosalind Franklin
30
three types of RNA and function
mRNA: copy of DNA, fed through ribsome
tRNA: anticodon of mRNA, antidcodon codes for protein
rRNA: found in ribosome, "decoder ring"
31
3 components of nucleotide
phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
nitrogenous base
32
how many hyrdogen bonds in AT and CG
2
| 3
33
DNA is a double ...
helix
34
founder of genetics
Gregor Mendel
35
a flower that fertilizes itself and produces offspring is ...
asexual
36
mendel focused his work on ...
pea plants
37
cross pollination is ...
sexual
38
over centuries a certain family has produced only small handed children
true breeding
39
F1 means ...
first fillial
40
three laws of mendel
dominance
segregation
independent assortment
41
AA is ...zygous
homo
42
bb is ...zygous
homo
43
Cc is ...zygous
hetero
44
codominant vs incomplete dominance vs classical dominance
co is both traits scene
inco is mixing
classical is one or the other
45
what mutation is this:
Original: ATTCCGGTAT
Copy: ATCCGGTAT
deletion
46
what mutation is this:
Original: ATTCCGGTAT
Copy: ATTCCCGGTAT
insertion
47
what mutation is this:
Original: ATTCCGGTAT
Copy: ATTGCCGTAT
inversion
48
what is translocation
moving of whole sequences onto other chromosones
49
what is subsitution
replacing a base
50
gene mutation where chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
nondisjunction
51
type of gene mutation where codons are read in the same sequence before and after mutation
point
52
type of gene mutation where codons are altered
frameshift
53
development of new types of organisms from previously existing organisms over time
evolution
54
geologic catastrophes caused the extinction of large groups of organisms is known as ... which was invented by ...
catostrophism
| cuvier
55
sediments are youngest on top and oldest on bottom
superposition
56
argued same ideas as cuvier in 1800s and they were still at work today
lyell
57
a giraffe has 2m long neck at maturity. at end of life it has 2.25 m long neck.
acquired characterisitic
58
reconstructed organisms from fossil's appearance
cuvier
59
a giraffe has 2m long neck at maturity. at end of life it has 2.25 m long neck. what will the kid have.
2 meter long neck
60
sediments are deposited by nearly horizontal beds
original horizontality
61
most influential evolution book and written by who
on the origin of species
| darwin
62
argued acquired characteristics are passed down from parent to offspring
lamarck
63
layers of rock
strata
64
at the species level organisms reproduce and change over time
descent with modification
65
traits of individuals that survive and reproduce will become more common in that population
differential production
66
vessel that carried darwin
hms beagle
67
evolutionary history of an organism
phylogeny
68
comparing DNA, RNA, and proteins of different organisms to determine evolutionary relationships
biological molecules
69
occurs when two organisms evolve adaptations to each other's influence
coevolution
70
german scientist accredited with developing modern cladisitcs
willi heneg
71
species tend to produce more organism that can survive to maturity
overproduction
72
individuals in a population have characteristics that differ
genetic variation
73
layers of rock cannot be fractured or moved until the layer exists
crosscutting relationship
74
bird and bat wings are ... structures
analogous
75
sediments are deposited laterally in all directions
lateral continuity
76
branching tree indicating the relationship between ancestors and descendants between groups
cladogram
77
studying similar organisms across the world
biogeogrpahy
78
a certain scientist is analyzing a possible evolutionary relationship between bats and birds by looking at their wings
anatomy and embryology
79
bat wings and human arms are ... structures
homologous
80
some individuals survive longer and reproduce more than others
struggle for survival
81
he argued idea of descent with modification
darwin
82
primary scientist responsible for creation of domain level
carol woese
83
4 distinct phases of natural selection and describe
overproduction: more orgnaisms are born that reach maturity than they die
genetic variation: difference in traits
struggle for survival: competition for resources and mates
differential reproduction: individuals reproduce more or less or sooner or later
84
relative vs absolute age
relative: x is older than y
absolute: x is ... years old and y is ... years old
85
divergent vs convergent evolution
divergent: two similar organisms in similar environment that cause different pressures such as arms and bat wings
convergent: two different organisms with same environmental pressures but develop structures different in origin but similar in function like bird and bat wings
86
Linnaean classification system
```
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
```
87
what hierarchical level was added in recent years and where does it fit in the system
domain
highest
above kingdom
88
three domains
bacteria: prokaryotic
archaea: prokaryotic but membrane
eukarya: eukaryotic
89
sponges are phylum ...
porifera
90
jellies are phylum ...
cnidiaria
91
lancelets are phylum ...
chordata
92
flatworms are phylum
platyhelminthes
93
amoeba are kingdom
protista
94
earthworms are phylum
annelida
95
shrooms are kingdom
fungi
96
crabs are phylum
arthropoda
97
ferns are kingdom
plantae
98
snails are phylum
mollusca
99
prokaryotic organisms with some modification
archaea
100
these plants do not have sophisticated nutrient transport systems
nonvascular
101
plant transport system carrying organic nutrients
phloem
102
ancestors were the first life forms on earth
bacteria
103
bacteria with rounded rectangle shape
bacilli
104
often move by cilia or flagella
protista
105
mycology is study of
plantae
106
these organisms have segmented bodies and many parapodia for movement
annelida
107
these orgnaisms have segmented jointed limbs
arthopoda
108
multi cellular organisms including yeast and mold
fungi
109
fungi are not ...trophic
auto
110
autotrophic vs hetertrophic
auto make own food
| hetero depend on othes
111
single celled prokaryote no mebranes
bacteria
112
root like structures used by fungi to absorb nutrients and water
rhizomorphs
113
plant transport vessels carrying water and inorganic
xylem
114
some are psychotropic and used to get high in religion
shrooms
115
animals are not ...trophic
auto
116
strictly sedentary organisms that filter feed water for food
porifera
117
type of symmetry found in flatworms
bilateral
118
arthropod that breathes through openings in exoskelton
tracheata
119
organisms with cell walls of cellulose
plantae
120
plants are not moving or ...
not motile
121
cells containing membrane bound organelles
eukarya
122
eukarya organisms that often don't fit anywhere such as amoeba
protista
123
arthropod found with claws as adult
crustacea
124
cnidarians move via ...
neuromuscular cells
125
most undergo periodic molting in order to grow
arthropoda
126
fungae grow enlongated tubular filamentous structures called ...
hyphae
127
symmetry where its similar through central axis
radial
128
bacteria with round shape
cocci
129
specialized stinging cell found in jellies and corals
cnidocytes
130
chelicerata are ... not ...
arthropoda
| chordata
131
tapeworms are phylum
platyhelminthes
132
often undergo two stage life cycle separated by metamorphosis
arthropoda
133
arthropoda with fangs
chelicerata
134
subgroups of mollusca
gastropoda
bivalva
cephlapoda
135
felxible rod found in embryo of chordates that has evolved into modern day vertebrae
notochord
136
often used as fish bait
annelida
137
5 chordata characterisitcs
```
notochord
endostyle
dorsal nerve
pharyngeal slits
post anal tail
```
138
plants vs fungi
plant cell walls are made of cellulose
| fungi cell walls made of chitin
139
classification of plants
plants are vascular and nonvascular. vascular have seed and seedless. seeds have gymno and angiosperms.
140
study of interaction between living and nonliving organisms of enviroment
ecology
141
predators are abiotic or biotic
biotic
142
range of conditions in which an organism can exist
range of tolerance
143
organization levels of life
```
molecule
cell
groups of cells
organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
```
144
process by which organism adjust tolerance
acclimation
145
as conditions in an ecosystem change, organisms have two potential options, control or escape. if organisms control he can
regulate
| conform
146
as conditions in an ecosystem change, organisms have two potential options, control or escape. if organisms escape he can
migrate
| domancy
147
koala is genralist or specialist
specialist
148
how much percent of energy is passed onto next trophic level
10
149
autotrophs are on the ... level
first
150
carnivores are on the ... level
third
151
4 major geochemical cycles
carbon
phosphorous
nitrogen
water
152
group of organisms of one type that live in same area
population
153
group of organisms of same species occupying the same area at the same time
population
154
crowdeness of population
density
155
4 zones of ocean
neritic
euphotic
bathyal
abyssal
156
zone of ocean in total dark
abyssal
157
rivers and streams get nutrients from ...
neighboring terestial systems
158
spatial distribution of given population
dispersion
159
number of organisms an environment can support
carrying capacity
160
airborne communicable disease kills more of population A with 100/2 or B with 60/1
B
161
pollutant with 100% fatality released into streams kills more of population A with 100/2 or B with 60/1
both
162
4 zones of lake
littoral
limnetic
profundal
benthic
163
lake zone closest to shore
littoral
164
ocean zone in semidarkness and large variety of fish
bathyal
165
5 species interaction
```
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
predation
competition
```
166
community and nonliving surroundings
ecosystem
167
an ecosystem has 13 distinct species
species richness
168
areas of world with greatest species richness is ...
politically less stable
169
events that change communities, alter or destroy orgnaisms, and affect resource availability
disturbance
170
stability is tendency of a system to maintain a relatively ... condition
constant
171
gradual sequential regrowth of a community of species
ecological sucession
172
living individual
organism
173
zone of ocean with sunlight, active photosynthesis and closest to shore
neritic
174
zone of lake above benthic zone
profundal
175
range of tolerance zones
intolerance
physiological stress
optimum range
176
exponential vs logistical models
expo: no limiting factors
logistical: limiting factors
177
population growth rate
births/1000 - deaths/1000
178
primary vs secondary sucession
primary: life grows in area not previously supporting life like bare rock or volcano
secondary: sequential regrowth of species such as grassland to forest
