Finals Flashcards
(113 cards)
0
Q
Bard-
A
Someone who writes or performs epics about heroes and their deeds
1
Q
Peninsula-
A
A piece of land surrounded on three sides by water.
2
Q
Colony-
A
A group of people living in a new territory who have ties to their homeland OR the land itself
3
Q
Polis-
A
A Greek city-state
4
Q
Agora-
A
An ancient Greek marketplace
5
Q
Tyrant-
A
An absolute ruler unrestrained by law
6
Q
Oligarchy-
A
A government where a group of people are in power
7
Q
Democracy-
A
A government by the people
8
Q
Helots-
A
Spartan slaves
9
Q
Ephor-
A
A high ranking government official in Sparta who was elected by the council of elders
10
Q
What was the first civilization to develop in Europe?
A
Greece
11
Q
How was Greece split up?
A
Greece was split into many city-states called polises. They were small and thought of themselves as their own separate countries.
12
Q
Who were the Minoans and what did they do ?
A
The minoans were an early Greek civilization that lived on the island of Crete. They built the palace at Knossos for their king Minos. They were a trading civilization, sailing as far as Syria. Sometime around 1450 B.C., their civilization collapsed.
13
Q
Who were the Mycenaeans ?
A
They were another early Greek civilization that lived on mainland Greece. They adopted features of Minoan culture, like building ships, working with bronze, navigation with stars, and religion.
14
Q
How did the Dark Age start?
A
The collapse of the Mycenaen civilization. A people named the Dorians moved in. Over the next 300 years, trade slowed, people made fewer things, and most people were very poor. However, during this time, the Greek alphabet was written.
15
Q
How did the Greeks solve the food problem after the Dark Age ?
A
Because of Greece’s fast population growth, farmers could not grow enough grain to feed the people. So Greek city-states set up colonies on the Aegean islands.
16
Q
What were Greek city-states like ?
A
At the center of each polis was a fort built on a hilltop called an acropolis. It was a refuge for attacks and had a temple. Outside the acropolis was an open marketplace called an agora. People bought and sold goods, chose officials, and passed laws at the agora. Urban neighborhoods surrounded the agora. Beyond that was the farmlands and countryside.
17
Q
Who was a Greek citizen and what were their rights ?
A
In most polises, citizens were land owning men born in th polis. Women and children might have been citizens but without the rights. Male citizens had the right to vote, hold public office, own property, and defend themselves in court. Citizens had the responsibility to serve in the govt and fight for their polis as citizen soldiers.
18
Q
How were wars fought ?
A
Wealthy nobles rode horses and drove chariots. Citizen soldiers called hoplites fought on foot. Soldiers carried a shield, sword, and spear. They fought in rows called phalanxes.
19
Q
What led to the rise of tyrants ?
A
Small farmers, merchants, and artisans wanted to a say in the govt, evem though they were not citizens and did not own land. Growing unrest helped the tyrants gain power. Even though tyrant is a negative term today, most tyrants ruled fairly.
20
Q
What kind of govt developed after tyrants?
A
After about 500 B.C., most polises developed into either democracies or oligarchies.
21
Q
What were the major polises ?
A
Sparta and Athens. They were very different and rivals.
22
Q
How did the Spartans solve their food problem ?
A
Instead of setting up colonies like other polises, Sparta invaded neighboring polises and enslaved the people. These people were called helots.
23
Q
Why did the Spartans become a military society ?
A
About 650 B.C., the helots rebelled. Even though the Spartans crushed the rebels, Sparta’s oligarchy decided to make Sparta a military society that stressed discipline, obedience, and self denial.
24
What was life like for Spartan boys and men ?
All Spartan boys left their homes at age 7 to join military camps . In military camps, they learned to read, write, and fight. They were treated harshly because the leqders thought that this prepared them for war. Spartan men joined the full army and were able to marry at age 20. They lived in military camps until age 30. They retired at age 60.
25
What was life like for Spartan girls and women ?
Spartan women had more rights because men were in the army. They could own land and be citizens. Girls were trained in sports by their mothers. Women expected their men to either win battles or die in them. One mother told her son to "come home carrying your shield or being carried on it".
26
How was Sparta governed?
Two kings ruled, leading religious ceremonies and leading the army. An assembly made decisions about war and peace. The council of elders were judges. They elected five ephors every year to enforce laws and collect taxes. The govt discouraged free thinking and the arts and outlawed leaving Sparta (besides military reasons) and foreigners moving in.
27
How were Athenian children educated ?
Boys studied aritmetic, drawing, music, public speaking, and sports. When boys finished school at age 18, they were expected to take a role in public affairs. Girls were taught spinning, weaving, and household duties by their mothers.
28
How did the Athenian govt form ?
By 600 B.C., most Athenian farmers owed a lot of debts to nobles. Athenian farmers rebelled and asked for the end of all debts. The nobles turned to a respected noble named Solon. Solon ended all debts and freed slaves. He also expanded the council to all citizens.
29
How did the people react to Solon’s reforms?
The common people praised him. However, the poor thought that he had not gone far enough and the rich thought that he had gone too far. By the time he left office, he had lost most of his popularity.
30
Who was the next leader?
Peisistratus. He gave land to farmers, gave loans to farmers, gave citizenship to men who did not own land, and hired the poor to public building projects like temples.
31
Who ruled after Peisistratus?
Cleisthenes. He made the assembly the polis' main governing body, created a new council to manage the govt, laws, foreign relations, and the treasury.
32
Satrap-
The governor of a province in ancient Persia
33
Satrapy-
The territory governed by a satrap
34
Zoroastrianism-
A Persian religion based on the belief of one god
35
How did the Persians build their empire?
Early Persians were cattle herders from central Asia. In the 540s B.C., a king named Cyrus led the Persians to conquer all of Mesopotamia, Syria, Canaan, and the Greek city-state of Anatolia.
36
Why was Cyrus such a great king?
He built a strong army, building the buggest empire in the ancient world. He gained the support of conquered people by allowing them to keep their languages, religions, and customs.
37
What was the Royal Road?
Because the empire was growing, the Persians expanded the Assyrian roads. The Royal Road was the longest and most important of these roads. It stretched from Anatolia to central Persia, and shortened a journey that had been 3 months to 7 days.
38
How did Darius l reorganize the Persian empire ?
He split the Persian empire into provinces called satraps and appointed satraps to be the governor of their satrap.
39
What did the satrap do?
The satrap collected taxes, judged legal cases, managed the police, and recruited soldiers for the army. E
40
What was the Persian army like?
They had a full time, professional, paid army. In Greece, the army was made up of citizens that served during times of war. The Immortals were the 10,000 soldiers trained to guard the king. They were the best soldiers. They were called Immortals because when one died, another immediatley took his place.
41
How did Zoroastrianism start and what did it teach?
A preacher named Zoroaster taught that there was one god named Ahura Mazda. He was the creator. He allowed people to choose between good and evil, but goodness would eventually be victorious. Zoroastrian teachings, prayers, and hymns were written down in s holy book. Kings believed that they answered to Ahura Mazda alone. Zoroastrianism is practiced by people in southern Asia today.
42
How did the Persian wars begin?
The people in the Greek city-state of Anatolia rebelled against the Persians, and Athens sent warships to help Anatolia. The Persians stopped the uprising, but Darius was angry that the Greeks meddled in his empire and wanted to punish them.
43
What did Darius do and who won the following battle?
Darius sent 600 ships and an army to invade Greece. They landed at Marathon, but the Greeks did not go there to fight them. This drew the cavalry away from Marathon. The Greek soldiers caught the soldiers out of formation without the cavalry. The Persians lost the battle of Marathon badly.
44
How did the Persian wars end?
The combined armies of the Greek city-states helped the Greeks defeat the Persians in Plataea and free Anatolia. Peace came soon after.
45
What happened to the Persian empire after the Persian wars?
The empire declined. The army could not defent the people. The kings lost the support of the people by taxing them heavily to pay for new palaces. There was infighting, so they were conquered by Alexander the Great.
46
Who were the greatest Greek dramatists?
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes
47
What are Aeschylus' works (like) ?
Oresteia tells about a king's regurn from a war and the troubles that hit his family. There is revenge, evil, and murder, thougt good eventually wins in the end.
48
What are Sophocles' works (like) ?
In Antigone, he accepts suffering as part of life and questions whether it is better to do what is right or follow orders.
49
What are Euripides' works like ?
He wrote about ordinary humans and suffering during war.
50
What are Aristophanes' works like?
He was the first Greek comedy writer. He poked fun at leaders and encouraged people to laugh.
51
Where had the Etruscans lived before Rome?
Etruria, north of Rome
52
How were the Romans influenced by the Etruscans?
They taught the Romans how to to build with brick and tiles, drain water from marshes, and lay out city streets. They influenced Roman religion, clothing style, and army.
53
Who was in the early Roman army?
All landowning men (citizens)
54
How did the Romans organize their soldiers?
They fought in groups in 6,000 men called legions instead of fighting in one row like the Greeks and Etruscans had.
55
What was the difference between a patrician and a plebeian?
Patricians were wealthy landowners and the ruling class. In the beginning, they had all the wealth, power, and rights. When the council of Plebs was created, more rights and opportunities were given to plebeians.
56
Who was Rome's main rival?
Carthage. They challenged Rome in the Punic Wars. By the end of the 3rd Punic War, Rome had taken over Carthage.
57
Who were the good emperors of the Pax Romana?
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius.
58
What did Nerva do as a good emperor of the Pax Romana?
Nerva revised the tax system and made land reforms to help the poor.
59
What did Trajan do as a good emperor of the Pax Romana?
Trajan made it easier for poor children to get an education, and expanded the empire so it was at its largest.
60
What did Hadrian do as a good emperor of the Pax Romana?
Hadrian made Roman laws easier for ordinary people to understand, and strengthened defenses at the Rhine and Danube rivers.
61
What did Antoninus Pius do as a good emperor of the Pax Romana?
Antoninus Pius enacted laws that assisted orphans.
62
What did Marcus Aurelius do as a good emperor of the Pax Romana?
Marcus Aurelius reformed Roman law and united the Roman economy.
63
Why did Rome decline?
The government grew weak, there were many economic problems, and Germanic groups were able to attack the Roman army.
64
What were some of these economic problems?
Wealthy Romans stopped paying taxes altogether. The price of wheat rose from 8 drachmae to 120,000.
65
What was the largest city in the ancient world?
Rome
66
How many people lived in Rome?
Over a million people by A.D. 1
67
What was the layout of Rome around A.D. 1?
The emperor had a large palace on the top of a hill in the middle of the city. At the foot of the hill was the Forum, or marketplace. Romans shopped and met with their friends in the Forum. Surrounding the Forum were temples and public buildings. Wealthy Romans lived in large houses on hills surrounding the city.
68
What were wealthy Romans' homes like?
Wealthy Romans' homes were large and built on hills. They had marble walls, tiled floors, and running water. They were built around a courtyard called an atrium, which was like a backyard in the middle of the house.
69
What were poor Romans' homes like?
Poor Romans lived in crowded, dirty neighborhoods in crowded, dirty apartment buildings about seven stories high. The neighborhoods were dangerous and not a good place to live. The apartment buildings collapsed or caught fire often, people threw waste in the streets, and there were many thieves.
70
What did poor Romans do for entertainment?
The poor would go to the political leaders' "bread and circuses", where they would get free food and entertainment. They would watch chariot races or gladiators fight to the death with animals and other gladiators.
71
How were Roman children educated?
Fathers taught their young boys and sometimes their girls. When they got older, boys from wealthy families learned reading, writing, arithmetic, and public speaking at a school. Girls were taught household duties by their mothers.
72
What happened after the Pax Romana?
Rome declined. There were many economical and political problems. Inflation soared and so did the price of wheat. Rome had 22 different emperors in 50 years. Germanic tribes attacked, and the army was not able to defend Rome. Wealthy Romans stopped paying taxes.
73
Who was Odoacer?
Odoacer was a Germanic general who had a high post in Rome's government in the 470s A.D. In A.D. 476, he overthrew the Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus. He ended the line of Roman emperors and Rome fell. This was the end of the Roman empire.
74
Missionary-
A person who is sent by a religious organization to spread their faith
75
Concordat-
An agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country
76
Feudalism-
A political order; under feudalism, nobles governed and protected people in exchange for services
77
Vassal-
A low ranking noble under the protection of a feudal lord
78
Fief-
A feudal estate belonging to a vassal
79
Knight-
A low ranking vassal who fought on horseback
80
Chivalry-
The system, spirit, or customs of medieval knighthood
81
Serf-
A member of the peasant class tied to the land and subject to the will of the landowner
82
Grand jury-
A group of citizens that meets to decide whether a person should be accused of a crime
83
Trial jury-
A group of citizens that meets to decide whether an accused person is innocent or guilty
84
Theology-
The study of religious faith, practice, and experience
85
Scholasticism-
A way of thinking that combined faith and reason
86
Heresy-
Ideas that go against Church teachings
87
Plague-
A disease that spreads quickly and kills many people
88
Reconquista-
The Christian "reconquest" of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslims
89
What was the Middle Ages?
The period of time between the fall of the Roman empire and the Renaisance, about 1,000 years
90
Why were there so many small, separate kingdoms?
Europe's geography, like rivers and mountain ranges, prevented people from traveling too far and kept people mostly isolated. This led to the formation of many small kingdoms and cultures
91
Who were the Franks?
The Franks were the strongest Germanic group.
92
Who was Clovis?
A Frankish king. He became the first Germanic ruler to accept Catholicism.
93
Who was Charles Martel?
Charles Martel was another Frankish king. The pope gave Martel support. He wanted to stop Islam from spreading into Europe with the pope. In 732, Martel defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours. This stopped the advance of Islam into Europe and kept Christianity as Europe's main religion
94
Who was Charlemagne?
He was another Frankish king. He expanded the Frankish kingdom to include present day France, Germany, northern Spain, and most of Italy. He defended the pope against attacking nobles, so the pope made him emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He established a school for the children of nobles and tried to encourage learning.
95
Who were the Vikings and Magyars and how did they affect the people of medieval Europe?
They were people from Scandinavia who invaded Europe and brought suffering on the people.
96
Who was elected king of the eastern Frankish tribes?
Duke Otto of Saxony. As king, he freed the pope from Magyar nobles. The pope made him emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
97
Who were Frederick l and ll?
They were other emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. Even thought they tried to unite Italy and Germany, conflicts kept them from becoming united countries until the 1800s
98
What did medieval monks and monasteries do?
They acted as teachers, schools, nurses, and hospitals. Monks invented new farming techniques, and they were often the only people in a village who knew how to read and write.
99
What were nobles? (Feudal)
Feudal nobles were both a vassal and a lord. They were the rulers and had the highest power.
100
What were serfs' rights?
Serfs and their descendants were tied to the manor. They could not own property, move to another area, or marry without the noble's permission. They worked the noble's land part of the week. They had to give part of their crops to the noble, and pay him for the use of the village's mill, oven and winepress. Nobles were expected to protect their serfs.
101
What were some new farming innovations during this time?
An heavier plow with an iron blade, the horse plow, water and wind power, and rotating fields. This enabled peasants to grow more food, the population to grow too, and the growth of towns and cities.
102
What was life in a medieval city like?
Dangerous. Open fires were used for light and heat, the air was filled with ash and smoke, sewers were left open, and there was no hygiene.
103
Who was William the Conqueror?
He fought a war with Harold Godwinson to become the next king of the Anglo-Saxons. He won in the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He took the first census since Roman times, and recorded it in the Domesday Book.
104
What did Henry ll do as king of England?
He set up a royal court with lawyers and judges. He created common law and set up juries.
105
Who signed the Magna Carta and why was this significant?
John signed the Magna Carta. He did not want to, but his nobles forced him to. The Magna Carta limited the power of the king and gave certain rights to all people.
106
Who was Philip ll of France (what did he do as king)?
He fought wars against the English and won lands from them
107
Who was Philip lV of France (what did he do as king)?
He wanted to raise taxes to pay for his wars. He began the Estates-General of France, their version of England's parliament.
108
What were the Crusades? Who won them?
The Crusades were a series of wars between Christians and Muslims. Christians won the first Crusade, but Muslims won all the others. It created tensions between Christians and Muslims that still exist today.
109
What were the two styles of churches built during that time?
Romanesque and Gothic. Romanesque churches were large, had thick walls and little to no windows or light. Gothic churches were tall and thin, and had large stained glass windows, filling the church with light.
110
Who was Thomas Aquinas?
He was a scholastic thinker, and also a monk. He had many ideas about faith and science that influence people today.
111
How many people did the Black Death plague kill?
Between 19 and 38 million people from 1347 to 1351.
112
Who did people blame for the plague?
Mostly Jews
