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Nutrition > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

0
Q

What does insulin do

A

It allows the cells to use glucose. Even though the blood glucose is high the cells cannot use the glucose so they break down fat and use protein from the lean body mass

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1
Q

Why is insulin secreted by the pancreas

A

In response to increasing glucose levels

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2
Q

What is special about insulin

A

It is the only hormone to lower blood glucose. Causes blood glucose uptake by cells

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3
Q

Which hormones cause blood glucose to rise

A

Glucagon, Adrenaline, cortisol, growth hormone

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4
Q

What is type one diabetes

A

Insulin-dependent diabetes more common in dogs. Pancreas is not producing enough insulin usually because of immune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas

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5
Q

What is type two diabetes

A

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Insulin resistance. The receptors on the cells do not respond to insulin

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6
Q

Are cats or dogs more likely to get type 2 diabetes

A

Cats

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7
Q

Which diabetes is associated with obesity

A

Type two. Fat cells hide receptors for insulin

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8
Q

What are the predisposing factors for diabetes

A

Obesity, middle age, genetics, other hormones. Elevated levels of Cortizone, progesterone can cause insulin resistance

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9
Q

Describe carbohydrate metabolism in cats

A

They only have one enzyme so it takes longer to clear the glucose from the blood

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of diabetes

A

Polyphagia, polyuria polydipsia, weight loss, cataracts in dogs, polyneuropathy, Plantigrade posture in cats, prone to bacterial infections, hyperglycemia, glucosuria, hepatic lipidosis, renal disease

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11
Q

What is the goal in treatment for diabetes

A

Stabilize glucose levels without causing hypoglycemia. Minimize hyperglycemia, provide optimal amount of nutrients, minimize clinical signs, avoid hypoglycemia

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12
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration normally for dogs

A

5-10 to 12 mmol/l

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13
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration normally for cats

A

5-14-16 mmol/l

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14
Q

What is the renal threshold

A

14 mmol per liter

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15
Q

What is the normal blood glucose range in non-diabetic cats

A

2.6 to 8.4 mmol per liter

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16
Q

What is the goal of an ideal blood glucose curve

A

To produce a blood glucose curve that approaches the reference range but avoids potentially fatal hypoglycemia for example 5 to 14mmol for most of each 24 hour period.

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17
Q

What is the three important dietary treatments for diabetes

A

Be consistent with amounts, consistent time in consistent ingredients consistent proportion of carbohydrates fat and protein. Slow absorption of glucose from the intestine by having a food low in simple sugars high in complex carbohydrates such as barley to slow glucose absorption. Add fiber to slow gastrointestinal transit time.

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18
Q

What should a diabetic diet have

A

Good quality and quantity of protein to protect lean body mass will also provide amino acids for gluconeogenesis. Antioxidants such as vitamin E, fat content will depend on body score: obese versus skinny diabetics

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19
Q

What nutraceutical should a diabetic diet contain

A

Chromium to use insulin better, Carnithine to help with fat metabolism, antioxidants

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20
Q

How do you reduce glucose elevations in cats

A

Reduce carbohydrate and increase protein to result in slower glucose elevations

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21
Q

What are some common causes of critical illness

A

Trauma, neoplasia, anemia, organ failure, sepsis, central nervous system disease, toxins, immune mediated diseases

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22
Q

How is starvation different in the sick animal

A

A sick animal up regulates its metabolism in spite of starvation

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23
Q

What happens when a healthy animal is in starvation

A

It down regulates its metabolism in the face of starvation because he wants to conserve energy

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24
Q

What happens to the G.I. tract during starvation

A

The intestinal villi get nutrition directly from intestinal contents. If there’s no food in the G.I. tract you get Villas atrophy where you cannot digest and absorb food, greater chance of bacterial translocation. Also due to starvation the stomach shrinks.

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25
Q

What happens in starvation

A

The body uses that stores for energy. Sacketts metabolized into key tones which may be used as an energy source in some tissues. As there’s no storage form of protein in the body muscle proteins are cannibalized into energy. This results in the loss of lean body mass. There’s a rapid loss of lean body mass in the anorexic sick animal.

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26
Q

What does a sick Animal need

A

Increased protein

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27
Q

What diet does an anorexic sick Animal need

A

High-quality protein and high energy (fat)

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28
Q

How do you administer nutritional support to an animal

A

Force-feeding, tube feeding such as the nasogastric tube, esophageal tube, pharyngostomy tube, gastric tube, jejunal tube

29
Q

What are the advantages of tube feeding

A

Less stressful for the animal. Can meet the daily caloric needs. Can easily give small of those often which will be easier for the animals digestive system to handle

30
Q

What are the benefits of nutritional support

A

Decreased morbidity. improved tolerance to invasive procedures, shorter hospitalizations. decreased incidence of infection, rapid wound healing, fewer complications.

31
Q

What food can you put in a feeding tube

A

A/d, recovery. Mix one to one with water

32
Q

How many calories are liquid diets

A

1 cal per milliliter approx.

0.6 for a/d

33
Q

What are the diet characteristics for a critical care diet

A

High-fat, high biological value protein, low carbohydrate. Increased branched-chain amino acid’s, glutamine to feed small intestine, arginine to metabolize ammonia, B vitamins, Add zinc.

34
Q

What is the function of the liver

A

Metabolism of fats carbs and protein, glucose that is stored there, produces albumin, detoxification for the ammonia cycle, bile metabolism, makes coagulation factors

35
Q

What is idiopathic hepatic lipidosis

A

Occurs when cat stops eating or is that the negative calorie state for period of time. Approximately two weeks of eating 1/2-3/4 of the normal portion. Obese cats are more predisposed. Protein malnutrition develops very fast when cats do not eat

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of fatty liver disease

A

History of anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, vomited, jaundice, diarrhea

37
Q

How long do do you Normally place a feeding tube

A

6-8weeks or until eating on his own

38
Q

How do you avoid refeeding syndrome

A

Feed small amounts for the first few days even though caloric requirements aren’t being met

39
Q

What is the minimum daily recommended calories for a cat

A

60kcal/kg/day

40
Q

What are the dietary goals for liver disease

A

Reduce livers workload by provided adequate daily energy intake. Moderate level of fat and highly digestible carbohydrates
Avoid hyperammonemia. Feed high-quality protein. Feed small amounts often to avoid getting undigested protein in the large bowel.

41
Q

Why do you want branched chain amino acids

A

They get used up faster for gluconeogenesis

42
Q

Why do you include arginine in the liver disease diet

A

Because it is involved in the urea cycle

43
Q

Why do you include Taurine in cats

A

Because it is an essential amino acid

44
Q

What are common heart problems

A

Congestive heart failure, mitral valve insufficiency, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia

45
Q

How does the body compensate in heart failure

A

The heart pumps less so the body thinks it needs more blood volume. Increased blood pressure plus more work for the heart

46
Q

What is a drug that can treat heart failure

A

Lasix, diuretics, fortekor, vetmedin

47
Q

What are the dietary considerations for heart disease

A

L-Carnithine, restricting sodium, add Taurine, omega-3 fatty acid EPA’s DHA.

48
Q

Why is cancer a form of accelerated starvation

A

Due to the change in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fat, due to the tumor and the stress factor.

49
Q

What does the tumor require

A

Glucose for energy. Cannot use fat or protein. Tumor also requires amino acids.

50
Q

What is the initial phase of cancer

A

No clinical signs but there are biochemical changes

51
Q

What is the second stage of cancer

A

Anorexia, weight loss, loss of body fat and protein

52
Q

What are the changes in carbohydrate metabolism in cancer

A

Tumor cells use anaerobic glycolysis. They use a large amount of the hosts glucose and produce a lot of lactate acid. Other changes result in insulin resistance

53
Q

What is the change in protein metabolism and cancer

A

Tumor uses amino acids. Use up gluconeogenesis amino acids. Result in rapid loss of lean body mass

54
Q

Describe the change in fat metabolism in cancer

A

Growing tumor incorporates fat into it. Add omega-3 fatty acid’s because it makes it more susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents

55
Q

What are the diet goals of cancer

A

Maintaining body weight is known to improve the prognosis and to withstand chemotherapy. A diet high in fat and protein but low in simple carbohydrates will help.

56
Q

What is the most common form of the malnutrition in dogs cats and humans in the Western world

A

Obesity

57
Q

What are the effects of obesity

A

Increased inflammation, joint problems, glucose intolerance, great anesthetic risk

58
Q

What happens to caloric needs in older pets

A

It decreases

59
Q

What are the causes of obesity

A

Food taste too good, owner overfeeding, neutered pets sometimes, couch potato

60
Q

What are you pets need before going on a weight-loss plan

A

A gpe

61
Q

What are we due to rule out in the GPE before Pet goes on a weight-loss plan

A

Endocrine disorder such as hypothyroidism, genetic predisposition.

62
Q

What is the dynamic phase of obesity

A

Where weight gain is happening. Eating more calories than what you were using

63
Q

What is the static phase of obesity

A

Maintenance of overweight condition by not eating that many calories

64
Q

What happens to your genes when you’re obese

A

Different genes get activated

65
Q

What is the amount of weight loss to lose per week

A

0.5-2%

66
Q

If they are body score3.5 how much weight do you expect themto lose

A

10%

67
Q

If they are body score 4 how much weight do you expected to lose

A

15%

68
Q

If their body score 4.5 how much weight do you expect them to lose

A

20%

69
Q

If their body score 5 how much weight do you expect them to lose

A

25

70
Q

Even during moderate weight loss programs how much is the percent weight loss from body tissue

A

Ur mom

Nutrition (3 decks)

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