finals Flashcards
(270 cards)
1
Q
What are the four ways that herbal constituents can be classified?
A
chemical structure, property, synthetic pathway, medicinal actions
2
Q
What are carbohydrates?
A
polar (water soluble) sugars = carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Cm (H20)n
3
Q
What arethe 6 subcategories of carbs?
A
glycosides, fiber, mucilage, gel, beta-glucans, Polysaccharide-K
4
Q
What are glycodies?
A
organic compounds with sugars attached (glycone - sugar, aglycone - oragnic compound)
5
Q
Why do plants add sugars in the case of glycosides?
A
make aglycone inactive, more water soluble for stroage, transport and detoxficiation
6
Q
What classes can glycosides be formed from?
A
hydroquinone glycoside, cardiac glycosides, saponins, anthraquinone
7
Q
What class did arubutin come from?
A
hydroquinone glycoside
8
Q
What type pf class did ginsenosides come from?
A
saponins
9
Q
What type of class did digoxin come from?
A
cardiac glycoside
10
Q
What are 5 examples of glycosides?
A
anthroquinone, coumarin, flavonoid, phenolic, cynaogenic
11
Q
What is a mucilage & gum?
A
rich in soluble carbs, water soluble, increases viscosirty to form “slime” and gels
12
Q
What are gels?
A
solid jelly-like substances (non-liquid), can be produced from both mucilage and gums
13
Q
What are the actions of mucilage & gums?
A
demulcent, bulk laxative, emulsifying agent, fiber
14
Q
What are sources of mucilage?
A
seeds (flax, chia, psyllium), roots (marshmallow), leaf (aloe, marshmallow), bark (slippery elm)
15
Q
What is the difference between a mucilage and gum?
A
mucilage not made in response to trauma and forms slimy liquid or masses, gums are excreted due to trauma
16
Q
What are 4 examples of gum?
A
mastic, guar, xanthan, arabic
17
Q
What are Beta-glucans?
A
polysaccharides consisting of D-glucose - the Beta linkages are indigestible (soluble & insoluble fiber)
18
Q
What are the linkages from barley & oats?
A
beta (1,3) (1,4)
19
Q
What are the linkages of mushrooms?
A
beta (1,3) (1,6)
20
Q
What are the linkages of sea weed?
A
alpha (1,3) and beta (1,4)
21
Q
What are alpha glucans?
A
they are starches - glycogen with no medicinal effects
22
Q
What are the actions of beta-glucans?
A
cholesterol lowering, immunostimulant, immunomodulating, antiviral, anticancer
23
Q
What is significant about Beta glucans (1,3) & (1,4) like barley, oats
A
lower cholesterol but no immune effects, ONLY mushrooms
24
Q
What are some medicinal mushrooms?
A
shiitake, reishi, turkey tail
25
What is a polysaccharide - K?
is a beta-glucan derivative, extract from turkey tail
26
What is a proteoglycan?
b-glucan with a protein
27
What are PSK good for treating?
adjunctive cancer treatment
28
What is a resin?
a mixture of hydrocarbons that are excreted by plants, non-polar, usually clear or yellow-brown
29
What are Oleoresins?
resings that also contain essential oils
30
What are gum-resins?
resings that also contain gums
31
What are oleo-gum-resin?
resings with gums and essential oils
32
What are the actions of resins, oleoresins, & gum resins?
antimicrobial, antiinflammatory
33
Balsam resin
abies balsamea
34
What are synthetic resins?
semi-solid/solid substances that consist of polymers or non-polar compounds but are chemically different than plant resins
35
What are examples of resins?
myrrh, amber, indian frankinsense, balsam resin
36
What is amber?
fossilized resin
37
What is a rosin?
after distilling oleoresin - it is a sticky substance used to increase grip on violin bows, dancers, rock climbers, gymnasts
38
What are types of rosins?
diterpenes, triterpenenes
39
What is an essential oil?
after distlling oleoresin, a short non-polar hydrocarbon molecule
40
What are types of essential oils?
monoterpene, sesquiterpenes, phenylpropenes
41
What is terpentine?
essential oil from conifers - used aas a non-polant solvent (paint thinners)
42
What actions do essential oils have?
carminative, rubefacient, antiseptic
43
What are the cautions of essential oils?
pure essential oils are potent and 5ml of certain oils may result in death
44
What is a fixed oil?
long non-polar hydrocarbon molecules, triglycerides = esters of glycerol & fatty acids (~15-24)
45
What are example of fixed oils?
flax oil, coconut oil, castor oil
46
What is wax?
a long non-polar lipid hydrocarbon molecules (`29-33 carbons) that tend to be malleable solids at room temperature. Wax ester = fatty acid & fatty alcohol
47
what is the action of wax?
protective barrier (water repellant)
48
Example of a wax?
babyberry "wax myrtle", lanolin (sheep), ear wax (humans), bees wax
49
Can you eat wax?
no, may cause steatorrhea
50
What are examples of fatty acids & wax?
acetic acid, butyric acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, cetyl pamitate
51
What is latex?
a milky liquid that consists of an emulsion of various polar (water, gums, proteins) & non-polar (resins, terpenoids) in an aqueous (water) base
52
What is the action of latex?
mixed, depends on the plants
53
What are examples of latexes?
opium poppy (papaver somniferum), greater celandine (chelidonium majus), bloodroot (sanguinaria canadensis)
54
What are terpenes?
classification are based on how its made, phytochemicals synthesised from "isoprene" unit, isoprene rule = 5n (# of carbons = 5 x # of isoprene units
55
What are terpenoids?
modified terpenes with the addition of an "oxygen"
56
What are the main classes of terpenes?
monoterpene, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpene
57
What are subtypes of monoterpenes?
iridoids, secoiridoids
58
What are subtypes of sesquiterpenes
sesquiterpend lactones
59
What are subtypes of triterpenes
saponins (steroidal saponins, cardiac glycosides)
60
What are subtypes of tetraterpenes?
carotenoids
61
How many carbons does a mono, di and triterpene have?
2, 4, 6
62
What are monoterpenes?
a hydrocarbon compounds synthesised from 2 isoprene units (10 carbons)- usually clear and colourless, non-polar
63
What are the actions of monoterpenes?
antimicrobial, counter-irritant, carminative, analgesic (methol, camphor), expectorant (ecalyptol, menthol)
64
What are examples of monterpenes?
menthol, carvacrol & thymol, camphor, eucalyptol, terpin-4-ol
65
carvacrol
oregano oil
66
terpin-4-ol
tea tree juniper oil
67
What is a monoterpene lactone?
iridoids, secoiridoids - hydrocarbon compounds synthesised from 2 isoprene units (10 carbons) and includes a "lactone group", often exist as glycosides
68
What are the actions of monoterpne lactones?
bitters, antiinflammatory, vulnerary
69
What are examples of monoterpene lactones?
oleuropein (bitter & acrid tasting compound in olive oil) & amarogentin (yellow gentian)
70
What are examples of iridoids?
harpogoside (devil's claw), Aucubin (plantain)
71
What are examples of secoiridoids?
amarogentin (yellow gentian), oleuropin (olive)
72
What is a sesquiterpene?
hydrocarbon compounds synthesisde from 3 isoprene units (15 carbons), volatile (but less than monoterpene), colourless, non-polar
73
What are the actions of sesquiterpenes?
antiinflammatory, carminative
74
What are sesquiterpene lactones?
hydrocarbon compounds synthesisde from 3 isoprene units (15 carbons) and lactone group
75
What are the actions of sesquiterpene lactones?
bitters, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticancer
76
What are examples of sesquiterpene lactones?
wormwood (antihelmintic) , sweet wormwood(antimalarial) , chamomile (antiinflammatory, vulnerary), arnica, feverfew, artichoke, yarrow, dandelion, lettuce
77
What are diterpenes?
hydrocarbon compounds synthesized from 4 isoprene units (20 carbons), some are volatile and non-polar
78
What are phytochemicals of diterpenes?
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in marijuana, steviol, (artificial sweetner) in stevia, salvinoran A, Viteosin A
79
What are the actions of diterpenes?
mixed, neurological effects
80
What are triterpenes?
6 isoprene units (30 carbons), typically form tetracyclic (4 rings) or pentacyclic (5 rings) structures with attached methyl groups & side-chains, can exist as glycosides (saponin) or aglycone, non-volatile, non-polar
81
What are phytochemicals of triterpene?
ursolic acid (in apples, rosemary, berries and various herbs)
82
What are the actions of triterpene?
antiinflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, cardioprotective
83
What are triterpenoid glycosides?
also called saponins, amphipathic compounds (water & fat soluble) that form "soap" in water, triterpenoid with sugar attached - non volatile, water soluble
84
What is the phytochemicals of saponins?
glycyrrhizin found in licorice
85
What are sub-classes or saponins?
steroil saponins (ginsenosides, astragalosides) cardiac glycosides (digoxin)
86
What are the actions of saponins?
antiinflammatory, anticancer, antinviral
87
What are steroidal saponins?
triterpenoid with basic steroid backbone with sugars, amphipathic compounds (form soap in water)
88
What are the phytochemicals of steroidal saponins
astragalosides, ginsenosides (korean ginseng), eleutheroside A (siberian ginseng)
89
What are the actions of steroidal saponins?
adaptogenic, immunomodulating, male tonic
90
What are Cardiac glycosides?
triterpenoids (steroidal saponin) that have strong cardiac activity
91
What are the phytochemicals of cardiac glycosides?
digoxin from foxglove
92
What are the actions of cardiac glycosides?
positive ionotropic, negative chronotropic
93
What is a tetraterpene?
aka carotenoids - hydrocarbon compounds synthesised from 8 isoprene units (40 carbons)
94
What are the actions of carotenoids/tetraterpenoids?
antioxidant, anticancer, provitamin A
95
What are carotenoids good for?
cancer, cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration & cataracts
96
What are phytochemicals of tetraterpenes?
xanthophylls (luetin, zeaxanthin & astaxanthin)- contain oxygen, Carotenes (alpha, beta, lycopene) strictly hydrocarbons
97
What is a source of b-carotene?
papaya
98
What is a source of capsanthin?
red pepper
99
what is a source of cryptoxanthin?
red pepper
100
What are sources of lutein?
kale, dandelion greens, spinach, marigold
101
What is a source of bixin?
achiote (carotenoid)
102
What is a phenol?
a compound that contains a phenolic group, many deirved from phenylpropanoids, they can readily accept and donate electrons
103
What are the actions of phenols?
antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial
104
What are indications for the need of phenols?
prevent degenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, infections
105
What is an arbutin?
glycoside of hydroquinone ( a type of phenolic)
106
What is the action of arbutin?
urinary astringent, antimicrobial
107
What herbs are arbutins?
bearberry
108
What caution should you take with arbutins?
hydroquinone generates free radicals and may increase the risk of cancer
109
What is a hydroquinone?
it is a hydrolyzed arbutin
110
What is a quinone?
a hydroquinone + 2Hydrogens
111
What is a simple "phenolic acid"?
phenolic group with carboxylix acid attached, distribution: widespread in many different plants
112
What are the examples of simple phenolic acids?
gallic acid, salicyclic acid, benzoic acid
113
What are the actions of gallic acid?
from quercus (oak) a part of hydrolysable tannins
114
What are the actions of salicylic acid?
antipyrectic & antiinflammatory
115
What are actions of benzoic acid?
common food preservatice & used as antiseptic/antifungal. Also produced by plants (eg. Apples, blueberrues, cranberries and animals)
116
What is an example of a dimer phenolic acid?
ellagic acid made by the fusion of two gallic acids, a part of hydrolysable tannins
117
Where is ellagic acid found?
pomegrantes and berries
118
What are the actions of ellagic acids?
antioxidant, anticancer, astringent
119
What are phenylpropanoids?
derived from amino acid phenylalanine & tyrosine, typically have an aromatic ring with 3 carbon chain side-chain, most form phenolic compounds but not all
120
What are phenylpropenes?
an aromatic ring with 3 carbon side-chain that has a double bond "ene", derived from the amino acid phenylalanine, common sonstituents of essential oils, many are phenolic, they lack the terminal carboxylic acid group (unlike hydoxy cinnamic acids)
121
What are the actions of phenylpropenes?
carminative, antimicrobial
122
What herbs are phenylpropenes?
anise, fennel, clove, nutmeg, sassafras, basil, cinnamon, holy basil, terragon, cumin
123
What are the cautions of phenylpropenes?
hepatotoxic (liver cancer when consumed long-term
124
What is cinnamaldehyde?
cinnamon oil
125
What are the actions of cinnamaldehyde?
carminative, antiseptics, fungicide
126
What is anethole?
anise
127
What are the actions of anethole?
carminative
128
What is estragole from?
terragon, basil
129
What is the action of estragole?
carminative
130
What is eugenol from?
clove
131
What are the actions of eugenol?
carminative, antiseptic, anesthetic
132
What is safrole from?
sassafras
133
What are the actions of safrole?
carminative, carcinogenic
134
What is myristicin from?
nutmeg
135
What are the actions of myristicin?
diuretic, carminative, hallucinogenic, carcinogenic
136
What is a hydroxy-cinnamic acid?
phenylpropanoid derivatives with carboxylic acid at the terminal end of the side-chain, also refers to coumaric acids
137
What are the actions of hydroxy-cinnamic acids?
antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic
138
What are examples of hydroxy-cinnamic acids?
caffeic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acids
139
What explains why coffee is protective against diabetes?
caffeic acid
140
What is an example of a dimer hydroxy cinnimanic acid?
rosmarinic acid
141
Where is rosmarinic acid found?
lamiaceae hearbs : mint, rosemary, peppermint, oregano, sage, thyme, lemon balm
142
What are the actions of rosmarinic acid?
anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, possible anticancer, anti-allergic
143
What is a curcuminoid?
it is a polyphenol made from two phenylpropanoids
144
What is an example of a curcuminoids?
tumeric
145
What are the actions of of curcuminoids?
anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, chologogue
146
What is the most potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer?
curcumin
147
What is a stillbenoid?
a polyphenolic, C6-C2-C6 skeleton (two substituted benzene rings connected by a 2 carbon chain)
148
What are the actions of stilbenoids?
antioxidants, anti-aging, phytoestrogenic
149
What are examples of stilbenoids?
resveratrol - in grapes, blueberries, peanuts
150
What the types of flavonoids?
flavones, iso-flavones, flavonols, flavanols, anthocyanidin - numbering for the flavonoids begins at the oxygen in the central ring
151
What are flavones?
a flavonoid with a ketone at 4-position
152
What are the actions of flavones?
antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, anxiolytic, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic
153
What are examples of flavones?
apigenin (celery, chamomile, parsley), naringenin (grapefruit) & herpertin (orange)
154
How does luteolin target cancer cells
death receptors, ROS, PKC, nucleus transcription
155
What are flavonols?
flavonoid with a ketone at 4-position & hydroxy at 3-position
156
What are the actions of flavonols?
antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antihistamine
157
What are examples of flavonols?
quercitin
158
What are common plants with flavonols?
onions, citrus, leafy vegetables, tea
159
What are isoflavones?
flavonoid with a ketone at 4-position but the third ring is attached at th eposition 3 on the central ring
160
What is the action of isoflavones?
phytoestrogenic, antioxidant, anticancer
161
What are foods with isoflavones?
fabaceae family - soy, red clover, licorice
162
What are examples of isoflavones?
genistein, daidzein
163
What are flavan-3-ols?
lack the ketone group and double bond in the central ring but retain the alcohol at the 3 position
164
What are the actions of flavan-3-ol?
antioxidant, anticancer, UV absorbent
165
What herbs are flavan-3-ols?
tea, chocolate
166
What phytochemicals are flavan-3-ol?
catechin, epicatechin
167
What are epigallocatechin gallate?
a hybrid molecule made from epigallocatechin & gallic acid
168
What are the actions of epigallocatechine gallate?
antioxidant, strong anticancer (can help Chronic fatigue syndrome, HIV, endometriosis
169
What herbs are EGCG?
white & green tea
170
What is an anthocyanidins?
not a true flavonoid, a subclass of flavanols, glycosides of anthocyanidins
171
What foods have anthocyanidins?
flowers, berries, red cabbage
172
What actions do anthocyanins have?
antioxidants, anticancer, anti-adherence(binds to adhesin receptors), antiinflammatory
173
What are oliogomeric proanthocyanidin?
are polymers of anthocyanadins (easily formed because of their unique chemistry)
174
What kind of charge are anthocyanidins?
positive (unlikeother flavonoids & flavanols)
175
What is the relevance of the litmus effect & anthocyanidins?
anthocyanidines are charged molecules so they change the colour depending on the pH (acid = red, neutral = blue, alkaline = green
176
What are plant tannins?
Phenolic compounds that bind and precipitate proteins an dother nitrogen containing compounds
177
What are the two types of plant tannins?
hyrdolyzable tannins, condensed tannins
178
What are the actions of plant tannins?
astringent, antimicrobial, hemostatic, antioxidant
179
What are the cautions of tannins?
can inhibit the absorption of nutrients, inhibits non-heme iron absorption, can irritate bowels, liver and kidneys
180
What are hydrolyzable tannins?
glycosides of phenolic compounds, hydrolyzable because when you heat with acid you liberate the gallic acid or ellagic acid
181
What are examples of hydrolyzable tannins?
witch hazel, oak, pomegranate, tea
182
What are condensed tannins?
non-hydrolyzable because they are not destroyed by heating with acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidin
183
What are the herbs of condensed tannins?
blueberries, cranberries, billberries, elderberries, grapes
184
What are lignans?
polyphenolic compounds, made from two phenylpropanoid groups
185
What are the actions of lignans?
phytoestrogenic, antioxidant, anticancer
186
What are examples of lignans?
flax, sesame seeds
187
Do not confuse lignans with
lignins -which are organic polymers found in wood
188
What happens when you eat flax?
the SDG (a lignan glycoside) is found in high amounts in flax. Gut convert it to enterodiol & enterolactone
189
What are flavonolignans?
polyphenolic compounds, a flavonol attached to a phenylpropanoid (i.e. half a lignan)
190
What are the actions of flavonolignans?
hepatoprotective, antioxidant, inhibits P-glycoproteins
191
What herbs are flavonolignans?
milk thistle, barberry
192
What does milk thistle do in lung carcinoma cells?
pro-apoptotic, reverses MDR and acts with chemo drugs
193
How are coumarins derived?
from phenolic compounds - but may not be classified as one depending on whether a hydroxy group is attached to the benzene ring
194
What is a coumarin?
bicyclic compounds that contain a lactone ring derived from phenylpropanoids, derived from phenolics (coumarin is technically not a phenolic), has fragrant compounds that smeel like freshly mown grass
195
What actions do coumarins have?
antispasmodic, smooth muscle relaxant, lymphatic, antiedema, antihypertensive
196
What herbs are coumarins?
red clover, cinnamon, crampbark, horsechestnut, yellow clover
197
What cautions should you take with coumarins?
anticoagulant (dicoumarins), hepatotoxic & nephrotoxic (in high amounts)
198
What kind of coumarins are less toxic?
hydroxy coumarins
199
umbelliferon & scopoletin are coumarins of what herb?
crampbark
200
aesculin is a coumarin glycoside of what herb?
horsechestnut
201
What are furanocoumarins?
heterocyclic compounds derived from coumarin with the addition of a furan ring
202
What herbs are furanocoumarins?
rutacea family: rue, grapefruit. Apiaceae family: wild parsnip, giant hogweed
203
What are the phytochemicals in furnocoumarins?
psoralen, bergamottin, aflatoxin
204
What are the cautions of furanocoumarins?
photosensitizer, grapefruit juice effect (inhibits phase 1 detox), hepatotoxic (aflatoxins)
205
How do alfatoxins lead to liver cancer?
produced by the fungus aspergillus spp. Then metabolized by the liver and becomes reactive - causing damage to the liver
206
Where is alfatoxin?
the fungus is in grain, spices, nuts, vegetable oils - found in all peanuts
207
What will help minimize the effects of aflatoxin?
regular consumption of vegetable from apiaceae (carrots, parsnips, celery, parsley) grapefruit juice because they contain coumarins that complete for metabolism in the liver thereby reducing the production of reactive intermediates of aflatoxins
208
What are pthalides?
derived from phenols, similar to coumarins but they lack the lactone group attached to a 5 member ring rather than six
209
what are the actions of phthalides?
relaxes smooth muscles: antihypertensive, antispasmodic, uterine toxic
210
What herbs are pthalides?
apiaceae family: celery, garden angelica, don quai
211
What phytochemical is a phthalide?
3-n-butylphthalide
212
What are napthoquinones?
quinone molecule fused to a benzene ring
213
What are the actions of napthoquinones?
antimicrobial, vermifuge (natural dye), dark red-brown pigment, antioxidant/prooxidant, laxative
214
What are the phytochemicals of napthoquinones?
Juglone, Vit K, CoQ10
215
What herbs are napthoquinones?
black walnut, henna
216
What are anthraquinone?
tricylic compounds (or polymers) consisting of a quinone molecule flanked by two benzene rings, often found as glycosides
217
What are the actions of anthraquinone?
stimulating laxatives, antimicrobial, possible antidepressant
218
What herbs are anthraquinones?
senns, rhubard, aloe resin, st. john's wort
219
What caution should you take with anthraquinones?
can affect electrolyte balance of blood and can interact with some heart and blood pressure medications
220
What are protoalkaloids?
not a true alkaloid, because nitrogen is not part of a heterocyclic ring, not restricted to a specific class of alkaloids, derived from phenylalanine
221
What are the actions of protoalkaloids?
mixed effects on nervous system, sympathomimetic, hallucinogenic
222
What herbs are protoalkaloids?
ephedra, peyote (san pedro cactus), bitter orange
223
What caution should you take with protoalkaloids?
during pregnancy, can elevate blood pressure
224
What are indole alkloids?
bicyclic aromatic compounds, consisting of an indole (6-membered benzene ring fused to a 5-membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole ring), derived from trytophan
225
What's the action of indole alkaloids?
some interact with serotonin receptors
226
What are examples of indole alkaloids?
serotonin (5-HT), DMT, Ergotamine, reserpine
227
What is a piperidine?
nitrogen as part of a 6-membered saturated ring
228
What are the actions of piperidine alkaloids?
mixed effects on nervous system
229
What herbs are piperidine alkaloids?
indian tobacco, black pepper, poison hemlock
230
What is piperine?
a piperidine alkaloid - responsible for the pungent taste of black pepper. It is a carminative, increase absorption of drugs, insecticide
231
What caution should you take with piperidine alkaloids?
preganancy
232
What is lobeline?
from indian tobacco, also called pukeweed induces vomiting. Historically it is used for smoking cessation
233
What is corine?
toxin from hemlock causes paralysis
234
poison hemlock
conium maculatum
235
What are imidazole alkaloids?
contains a heterocyclic aromatic ring containing 2 nitrogens (imidazole ring)
236
Where can you find imidazole alkaloids?
pilocarpine in Jaborandi
237
What action does an imidazole alkaloid have?
stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system
238
What is a pyrrolidine alkaloid?
nitrogen part of a 5-membered ring
239
What is a pyridine alkaloids?
nitrogen is part of a 6 membered aromatic ring. Typically derived from nicotnic acid
240
Nicotine contains both:
pyridine & pyrrolidine
241
What are tropane alkaloids?
bicyclic alkaloid with the tropane boat structure, signifiant effects on nervous system
242
What actions do tropane alkaloids have?
analgesic, anticholinergic, sympathemimetic
243
What herbs are tropane alkaloids?
solanaceae family: deadly nightshade, jimson weed. Coca
244
What caution should you take with tropane alkaloids?
narrow therapeutic index, can cause death
245
What are isoquinoline alkaloids?
2 si-membered rings (heterocyclic) aromatic organic compound with a nitrogen at the C2 position
246
What actions do isoquinoline alkaloids have?
antimicrobial, bitter, antimalarial
247
What herbs are isoquinoline alkaloids?
glodenseal, barberry, oregon grape, greater chelidine, bloodroot
248
What phytochemicals are in isoquinoline alkaloids?
berberine, hydrastine
249
What are quinoline alkaloids?
2 six-membered rings (heterocyclic) aromatic organic compound with a nitrogen at the C1 position
250
What actions do quinoline alkaloids have?
antimicrobial, antimalarial, bitter, antiarrhythmic
251
What herbs are quinoline alkaloids?
cinchona tree, tonic water
252
What phytocehmical is in quinoline alkaloids?
quinine
253
What are quinolizidine alkaloids?
heterocyclic oragnic compounds with a nitrogen at the C0 position (between two 6 membered rings)
254
What actions do quinolizidine alkaloids have?
emmenogogue, antiarrhythmic
255
What herb is a quinolizidine alkaloid?
blue cohosh
256
What phytochemicals are in quinolizidine alkaloids?
N-methylcytisine, sparteine
257
What are purine alkaloids?
heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing 4 nitrogens
258
What actions are purine alkaloids?
stimulant, diuretic, bronchodilator
259
What herbs are purine alkaloids?
coffee, tea, chocolate
260
What phytochemicals are purine alkaloids?
caffeine, theobromine
261
What cautions should you take purine alkaloids?
caution during pregnancy
262
What are pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
two fused 5-membered rings with the nitrogen occupying the central position
263
What actions do pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
unknown
264
What herbs are pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
boragginaceae: comfrey, borage Asteraceae: coltsfoot, butterbur, arnica, purple cone flower
265
What caution should you take with pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
hepatotoxic - some like comfrey are unsafe for interal use
266
What are organosulfur compounds?
organic compounds that contain sulfur, can stimulate detox pathways (induction of phase2 enzymes
267
What actions do organosulfur compounds have?
antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, detoxifier
268
What herbs are organosulfurs?
brassicaceae family: cruciferous vegetables; Amaryllidaceae family: garlic, onions, scallions
269
What phytochemicals are in organosulfurs?
sulforaphane, allicin, amino acids (cysteine, methionine)
270
What phytochemical that is an organosulfur compound is found in garlic?
allicin
