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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Antioxidant?

A

Scavenges free radicals to decrease oxidative stress

-affects all systems

Prevents degenerative diseases:

  • cardiovascular disease
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Parkinson’s

In all plants to a certain degree

  • relatively reactive compounds that can both accept or donate a free radical (can be pro-oxidants)
  • dietary antioxidants appear safe while controversy over supplements
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2
Q

What are examples of antioxidants?

A

Blueberries, Tea, pumkins, squash, pomegranate

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3
Q

Blueberries

A

Vaccinium spp

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4
Q

Tea

A

Cameillia sinensis

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5
Q

pumpkins & squash

A

curcubita spp.

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6
Q

Pomegranate

A

Punica granatum

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7
Q

What is an anti-inflammatory?

A 
decreases inflammation
-all systems
aids:
-cardiovascular disease
-Alzheimer's
-Cancer
-"itis" conditions
most plants have anti-inflammatory properties
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8
Q

What are examples of Anti-inflammatories?

A

tumeric, ginger, willow, indian frankincense, devil’s claw

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9
Q

Tumeric

A

Curcuma longa

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10
Q

ginger

A

zingiber officinale

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11
Q

willow

A

salix

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12
Q

indian frankincense

A

boswellia serrata

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13
Q

devil’s claw

A

harpagophytum procumbens

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14
Q

What is an astringent?

A

contracts and thickens tissues to decrease permeability and increase resistance to physical stress
related to: antihemorrhagic & styptic

aids:
wounds, ulcers, eczema, dermatitis, varicose veins, diarrhea

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15
Q

What are examples of astringents?

A

witch hazel, oak

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16
Q

Witch Hazel

A

Hamamelis virginiana

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17
Q

Oak

A

Quercus

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18
Q

What is a styptic?

A

an astringent compound that stops bleeding when applied topically

related to” antihemorrhagic, astringent

aids: lacterations, ulcers

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19
Q

What is an example of a styptic?

A

witch hazel, oak

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20
Q

What is a vulnerary?

A

speeds up the healing of wounds when applied topically
related to anti-inflammatory
aids: soft & hard tissue injuries

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21
Q

What are external and internal vulnerary herbs?

A

Internal or external:
marigold, greater plantain, chamomile
external:
arnica, comfrey

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22
Q

Marigold

A

calendula officinalis

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23
Q

greater plantain

A

plantago major

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24
Q

arnica

A

arnica montana

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25
comfrey
symphytum officinali
26
chamomile
matricaria recutita
27
What is an antuulcerogenic?
prevents and of heals ulcers related to: astringents & vulnerary aids: ulcers, wound healing
28
What are examples of antiulcerogenic?
any vulnerary or astringent herbs | Dragon's blood
29
Dragon's blood
croton lecheri
30
What is an antipruritic?
itch relieves the itch sensation related to anodynes aids: insect bits, eczema, poison ivy, stinging nettle counter-irritant can also act as antipruritics
31
What are examples of antipruritics?
oatmeal, various essential oils
32
Oatmeal
Aveena sativa
33
What is an alterative?
a blood cleanser related to depuratives aids: chronic skin conditions -have non-specific actions and could help liver, bowels, antimicrobials
34
What are examples of alteratives?
burdock root, yellow dock
35
Burdock root
arctium lappa
36
Yellow dock
rumex crispus
37
What is a lymphatic?
promotes the proper function of lymphatic organs and the drainage of the lymph to help clean the blood related to depuratives aids: chronic skin conditions, viral infections, swollen lymphs -often a type of alterative, but not all alteratives are lymphatics
38
What is a lymphatic?
galium, pokeroot
39
Galium
Galium aparine
40
Pokeroot
Phytolacca americana
41
What is an emollient?
softens and soothes and skin | aids: eczema
42
Which emollients are good for mild dry skin?
aqueous based creams and lotions that absorb into the skin
43
Which emollients are good for severely dry skin?
salves that create a protective barrier
44
What are examples of emollients?
oatmeal, olive oil
45
What is an escharotic?
destroys tissues, producing an eschar that sloughs off related to antimitotic aids: warts, skin lesions and cancer
46
What are examples of escharotics?
bloodroot, may apple
47
Bloodroot
sanguinaria canadensis
48
may apple
podophyllum peltatum
49
What is an antirheumatic?
it relieves rheumatism related to antiinflammatory, analgesic aids: arthritis, fibromyalgia, myalgia
50
What are examples of antiheumatics?
tumeric, devil's claw, frankincense, willow
51
Tumeric
curcumin longa
52
Devil's claw
Harpagophytum procumbens
53
frankincense
boswellia serrate
54
willow
salix
55
What is an analgesic?
it alleviates pain without loss of conciousness related to anodynes, antipyretics, anti-inflammatories, anti-rheumatic aids: pain most antiimflammatories posses analgesic effects
56
What are examples of analgesics?
opium poppy, willow, turmeric
57
Opium poppy
papaver somniferum
58
What is a rubefacient?
it makes the skin red by dilating capillaries causing an increase blood flow to the area related to counter-irritant aid: myalgia, arthritis
59
What are examples of rubefacient?
cayenna, essential oils
60
Cayenne
Capsicum frutescens
61
What is an anodyne?
alleviates pain when applied topically related to topical analgesic, antipruritic aids: arthritis, myalgia, neuopathy
62
What are examples of anodyne?
essential oils, peppermint, cayenna, wintergreen, camphor laurel
63
Peppermint
mentha piperita
64
wintergreen
gaultheria procumbens
65
camphor laurel
cinnamomum camphora
66
What are topical analgesics?
wintergreen, camphor laurel, eucalyptus
67
What is a counter-irritant?
a type of anondyne (topical analgesic) that causes sensation or irritation to the skin to lessen the perception of pain aids in: arthritis, muscle pain, neuropathy, insect bites
68
What are examples of counter-irritants?
essential oils, peppermint, cayenna, wintergreen, camphor laurel
69
What is an immunostimulant?
stimulates the immune system related to immunomodulator - balances the immune system aids: prevents/treats infections, immunosuppression (chemo/radiation) some are not recommended to be given during acute bacterial infections
70
What are examples of immunostimulant?
huang qi, purple cone flower, canadian ginseng
71
Huang qi
astragalus membranaceus
72
purple cone
echinacea angustifolium
73
Canadian ginseng
Panax quinquefolius
74
What is an antirpyretic?
it reduces body temperature related to febrifuge, antiperiodic aids: virus fever, parasites, bacteria
75
What are examples of antipyretics?
willow, feverfew
76
How does willow and feverfew work as an antopyretic?
inhibits prostaglandin E2
77
Feverfew
tanacetum parthenium
78
What is an antimicrobial?
destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
79
What are the subclasses of antimicrobials?
antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic
80
What are examples of antimicrobials?
goldenseal, myrrh, Pau D'arco, old man's beard
81
Myrrh
commiphora myrrh
82
goldenseal
hydrastis canadensis
83
Pau d'arco
tabebuia avellanedae
84
old man's beard
usnea barbata
85
What is an antiseptic?
kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but is considered safe for humans mostly applied topically but can also be effective when taken orally
86
How do antiseptics work?
they tend to disrupt the cell membranes making the microorganism more vulnerable
87
What are examples of antiseptics?
essential oils like tea tea, oregano, thyme, eucalyptus, clove bearberry
88
Thyme
Thymus vulgaris
89
Bearberry
arctostaphylos uva-ursi
90
What is an antibacterial?
kills bacteria
91
What are examples of antibacterials?
goldenseal | myrrh
92
goldenseal
hydrastis canadensis
93
myrrh
commiphora myrrh
94
How does cortisol work by stopping inflammation?
Blocks phospholipase A2 from acting with arachidonic acid
95
How does Boswellic acid, hypericum and harpogoside decrease inflammation?
By blocking lipooxygenase (after arachidonic acid) from activating leukotrienes
96
How does salicylic acid, hypericum, chamazulene, harpogoside, and curcumin aid in lowering inflammation?
blocks cycloxygenase from activating prostglandins
97
How does harpogoside lower inflammation?
blocks argninine from activating nitrioxide
98
How does roamarinic acid lower inflammation?
it blocks complement
99
How does curcumin, gingerol, and bromelain aid in lower inflammation?
blocks TNF and IL
100
What activated TRPM8?
cooling agents like menthol and camphor or when temperatures drop below 26 C
101
How does stimulating TRPM8 reduce pain?
not sure on exact mechanism - the theory is the cold sensation overrides the pain, "Gate-theory of pain"
102
What activates TRPV1?
Activated by nxious heat >43C and pungent herbs like cayenne, clove, ginger and cinnamon
103
How does noxious heat and pungent herbs reduce pain?
they stimulate TRPV1 and release substance P, the repeated release of substance P depletes and reduces pain signals
104
What is substance p?
it is a neuropeptide that transmits peripheral pain to the central nervous system
105
How does capsaicin reduce pain?
topical application of cayenne initially release substance p but repeated use temporarily degenerates the nerve ending
106
What is the gate control system of pain?
it is the theory that physical pain is not a direct result of activation of pain receptor neurons but that perception is modulated by interactions between different neurons in other words, the pain signal can't reach the brain if descending inhibitory signals pushes the gateway closed if overrided by other signals
107
Castor bean
Ricinus communis
108
What is castor oil and how does it work?
it is a viscous oil that can be consumed for constipation or applied topically for musculoskeletal. It contains ricinoleic acid and is believed to increase peristalsis, dcerease pain, disperse fluid. it also inhibits substance P
109
What are the subclasses of antimicrobials?
``` antiparasitics -antimalarial -antihelmintic -antiamoebic Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral ```

Botanical Med (2 decks)

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