FINALS: Art in Early civi

Question 1

• refers to all networks produced by ancient men before any preconceived culture and known methods of writing and record keeping ever existed
• art before history

Answer 1

Prehistoric art

Question 2

• any parietal art involves the application of colour pigments on the walls, floors, or ceilings of ancient rock dwellings inhabited by prehistoric man

Answer 2

Cave painting or petrograph

Question 3

• Images with only one colour

Answer 3

Monochrome cave paintings

Question 4

• has two or more colours

example: Altamira cave in Spain

Answer 4

Polychrome cave paintings

Question 5

• engraved drawing
• done by cutting lines on the rock surface with a sharp object probably a flint or stone, rather than one made by drawing lines with charcoal or manganese

Answer 5

Cave drawing or petroglyphs

Question 6

• artists painted both predator and game animals
• Pictures of human were rarely shown
• Usually highly stylized
• Less naturalistic than the animal figures
• Abstract images, like signs, symbols and geometric markings were also common
• period of history when stones were used to make tools for survival
• Paleolithic
• Mesolithic
• Neolithic

Answer 6

Stone Age

Question 7

• The Stone Age has witnessed how humans were able to lead more stable lives and eventually come up with permanent shelters and tools or survival.

Answer 7

Pre-historic Art

Question 8

• use primitive stone tools
• product of climate change
• As the climate got colder, part of the early humans ‘ instinct is to look for shelters that would provide them with warmth.
• Caves became protective havens for the early humans and these caves paved the way for the birth of their first attempts to create artr

Answer 8

Paleolithic Art

Question 9

• highly abstracted woman
highlighted body parts associated with fertility
• oversized breasts, enlarged hips, and round abdomen
• the representation may show the
importance of taking care of these body parts for procreation and consequently the survival of species.

Answer 9

Venus of Willendorf

Question 10

• man developed culture and change his lifestyle
• developed especially when life for the early humans has become more stable.
• learned to cultivate the land and domesticated animals
• Plants and animals used to design clay pots

Answer 10

Neolithic Art

Question 11

The purpose of this fascinating edifice remains a mystery up to this day and age. Some regard it as a temple while others see it as complex calendar that tracked the movements of both the Sun and Moon

Answer 11

Stonehenge

Question 12

• Art forms from Greece and Rome
• general term describing the long term period of time in cultural history
• started earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer and continued through the rise of Rome and Christianity up to the fall of the Roman Empire and the start of the Early Middle Ages

Answer 12

Classical Period

Question 13

4 periods

Answer 13

1. Formative or Pre-Greek
2. First Greek Period
3. Golden Age
4. Hellenistic Period

Question 14

This is the period where motif was sea and nature.

Answer 14

Formative or Pre-Greek

Question 15

This is the period where it was largely influence by the Egyptian.

Answer 15

First Greek Period

Question 16

(480-400 BC)

Answer 16

Golden Age

Question 17

This period heightened individualism, tragic mood and contorted face (lacaustic painting)

Answer 17

Hellenistic Period (4th century -1st BC)

Question 18

• subject matters of painting were on ancestor worship; catacombs and sarcophage

Answer 18

Etruscan Period

Question 19

• the subject matters of painting were commemorative statues, sarcophagi, frescoes, designs with vine motifs.

Answer 19

Roman Period

Question 20

• Architectural styles in medieval Europe during the middle ages
• related to sacred buildings
• Church is the primary signifying Christian faith
• used large amounts of money for beautification and the creation of buildings
• granted indulgences(pardon) for those who desired to help build churches and cathedral structures

Answer 20

Medieval Architecture

Question 21

_____ and _____ were the most notable nonreligious examples of medieval architecture throughout
Europe

Answer 21

Castles and walls

Question 22

• Architectural styles flourished across western part of Europe with France
• heart of both production and innovation
• developed from Carolingian (Charlemagne) and Ottoman models

Answer 22

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

Question 23

This serves as the primary model of medieval religious architecture

Answer 23

Roman Basilica

Question 24

• first major style of architecture to be developed after the collapsed of the Roman empire
• The Romanesque architecture was ecclesiastical in nature
• The Romanesque period was defined by important churches and monastic buildings.
• Romanesque architecture succeeded by Gothic Architecture

Answer 24

The Middle Ages Romanesque Architecture

Question 24

• German style lasted from mid-10th until 11th century • the name was given to the style of architecture used in early Middle Ages ( pioneered by the North men or the Vikings who settled in Normandy France) and their prolific castle building • association with the Roman empire • massive quality, thick walls, round arches, study pillars,

Answer 24

Romanesque Architecture

Question 25

• 12th century in France • new style of architecture and design (French style) • called gothic style during the Renaissance period • described as light, graceful, mostly spacious in nature

Answer 25

Gothic Architecture

Question 26

This floor plan is the most common among the religious buildings

Answer 26

Romanesque/Latin Cross

Question 26

• also called Eastern Roman • establishment of Constantinople • began in the reign of Emperor Justinian • continued long after the fall of Constantinople • Greek Orthodox was dominant • meant to create new Rome in the East • enrich the city • Early Christian or Byzantine characterized by massive domes with square bases and rounded arches and spires ad much use of glass mosaics.

Answer 26

Byzantine Architecture

Question 27

• gold, silver, and bronze frequently used as mediums • creation of religious artifacts • for adornment for the church

Answer 27

Metalwork

Question 27

• Fresco: done on walls or ceilings common display of Italian churches • Panel Painting: done on single or several pieces of wood board known as panel

Answer 27

Paintings

Question 27

• religious texts decorated with colors • featured the use of gold and silver • Latin word "illuminare" meaning adorn or illuminate • Illuminators: male of female as members of monasteries

Answer 27

Illuminated Manuscripts

Question 28

• made of colored wool used to embroider important scenes

Answer 28

Embroidery

Question 29

• Done handmade producing cooking ware, such as pots, pitchers etc.

Answer 29

Ceramic Art

Question 30

• artful creation of pictures with the use of broken pieces of colored glass, rock or any other material • used for wall and ceiling display for Christian churches and cathedrals

Answer 30

Mosaics

Question 31

• Gothic sculpture: rigid, inflexible and elongated style of statues used on Romanesque art into a more naturalistic style in the late 12th and 13th century

Answer 31

Sculptures

Question 32

• use of fragmented pieces of glass set to look like an image or a picture • displayed windows of Medieval churches, cathedrals and castles

Answer 32

Stained glass

Question 33

• art and custom of creating coats of arms and badges of the nobles

Answer 33

Heraldry

Question 34

• 14th to 17th century • between the Middle Ages and modern history • cultural movement in Italy in the late Medieval period and later spread to rest of Europe • Rebellion of classical-based learning • the promotion and use of linear perspective in painting • the gradual but widespread education reform • influence altered literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion and other aspects of intellectual investigation • Scholars employed the humanist method in study and searched for realism and human emotion in art • Humanism became a method of learning by a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence and not a philosophy.

Answer 34

Renaissance Art

Question 35

• started 14th century in Tuscany (city of Florence) • factors: social and civic customs • Political structure: Medic(the patronage of ruling family) • migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy ff. the fall of Constantinople • revived ancient forms and content • spiritual content of painting changed • Roman history and mythology subjects were borrowed • devotional art classically humanized Sandro Botticelli - painted languid and graceful maidens. • Birth of Venus - most exquisite painting of the renaissance.

Answer 35

Early Renaissance (14th-17th century)

Question 36

• 1490 to 1527 (destruction of Rome) • peak or summit of Renaissance art • classical ideas of humanism were fully implemented in both painting and sculpture • techniques of linear perspective, shading and other methods of realism were mastered • centered on Rome and paid for by the Pontiff • papal ambition to make Rome greater than its Florence rival • deepening of pictorial space, making the smile more dramatic with dark clouds and flashes of light • Pope Julius II and Pope Leo X secured and retained the services of painters: • like Rapahel, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo • Created oils and mural paintings • Church: the major patron • Christian Art remained the major genre • artists wanted beauty and harmony more than realism

Answer 36

High Renaissance (16th century)

Question 37

• “maniera” Italian word meaning “style” or “manner” • product of Renaissance period • 1520-1580 • influenced by and reacting to the harmonious ideals associated with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo • exaggerates proportion, balance and ideal beauty • style: intellectual superiority • favored compositional tension and instability rather balance and clarity of earlier Renaissance paintings • painting was more artificial than natural • unnatural display of emotions, unproportionate poses, uncommon effects of scale, use of lighting or perspectives and bright loud colors.

Answer 37

Mannerism or Late Renaissance

Question 38

• largely caused by the beginning of the Protestant Reformation • violent conflicts throughout Europe • eliminated of funding art • printing discovery of the New World (Vasco da Gama’s navigation of the Cape of Good hop

Answer 38

End of Renaissance

Question 39

• Michelangelo "The Last Judgment" (1475-1534) • An Allegory with Venus and Cupid (1540-50

Answer 39

Mannerist Painters

Question 40

• 18-19th century • new movement in Europe • drastic change in politics, science and art • The Industrial Revolution’s effect led to the rise of Age of Enlightenment • importance of technological innovation for the advancement of humanity • to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman into art and architecture • excavations of the Roman cities of Pompei and Herculaneum • Greco-Roman mythology were repeated • strong influence of philosophical ideas of enlightenment • Use of cool colors in paintings and removal or perspectives • simplicity and aesthetic purity in contrast to the adornment and intricacies of Barouque and Rococo art • emphasis on human reason and keeping the society in order • reaction to the artworks produced during the Baroque Period

Answer 40

Neoclassicism

Question 41

• "barococo" Portuguese term meaning "irregular pearl or stone" • idealism of the Renaissance • slightly forced of nature of Mannerism • showed religious conflicts of the age • desire of the Roman Catholic to restate itself after the Protestant Reformation as annunciate at the Council of Trent • extravagant or intricate and highly detailed • associated closely with the Catholic church • Catholic inspired Baroque served a propagandist role • painting style is ornate and fantastic appealing to the emotion, sensual and highly decorative; with light and shadow for dramatic effect.

Answer 41

Baroque Art

Question 42

• Broadly featured shell-shaped curves and wavelike motifs • extravagant furniture design and interior decor • age of artificiality in artworks • showing unreal or artificial subjects • artists emphasized more the attention to detail, ornamentation, and use of bright colors. • the painting style emphasized voluptuousness, picturesque and intimate presentation of farm and country. • Rococo art technique made use of sot pastel colors rendering the landscape smoking, and hazy with the subject always in the center of the canva

Answer 42

Rococo Art

Question 43

• The Romantics opposed the idea that reason was the only truth • Judging it insufficient in understanding the mysteries of life • They argued that the mysteries could be revealed with emotion, imagination and intuition • Emphasized a life filled with deep feeling, spirituality and free expression • defense against dehumanizing effects of industrialization • Enlightenment was clearly resisted by the romantics • The emphasis of painting is on the painter’s reactions to past events, landscapes, and people. • Painting is richer than the Rococo art

Answer 43

Romantic Art

Question 44

• focuses on the accuracy of details that depict • little room for imagination • emphasis is placed in observable traits • heavily influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture • emphasis on human body

Answer 44

Realism

Question 45

• first modern movement in painting • began in Paris and influenced the entire Europe and US • Impressionists artist moved from the studio to the streets and countryside • Painting in open air • relaxed their brushwork and included pure and intense colours • abandoned traditional linear perspectives and avoid the clarity of form • allows the artist to emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular event or scene • communicated by the artist through his work and can be seen through the brushstrokes, distinction of colors, and the lights and shadows used by the artist.

Answer 45

Impressionism

Question 46

• French art movement • 1886-1905 • rejected the idea that the main focus of the artworks should be on the opticality of the creation • artists fought to bring back the emphasis on the subject matter and the structure of paintings that they felt was lost. • focused on emotional, structural, symbolic and spiritual elements that they felt lacking in Impressionism

Answer 46

Post Impressionism

Question 47

• covered almost 10 centuries of Medieval Art • between the Sack of Rome and Early Italian Renaissance • Christian Church (centered in Rome and Constantinople) • main sponsor of architecture and other types of art • all works were commissioned by religious authorities • wealth middles class patrons commissioned number of artworks for personal enjoyment

Answer 47

Medieval Period