FINALS LEC 1: PLASMA PROTEIN

Question 1

ALSO TERMED BLOOD PROTEINS
● proteins present in blood plasma serve many different functions:
○ transport of lipids, hormones,
vitamins, and minerals inactivity
○ functioning of the immune system
● the most frequently analyzed of all
the proteins

Answer 1

PLASMA PROTEINS

Question 2

PLASMA PROTEIN is divided into two groups:

Answer 2

ALBUMIN and GLOBULINS

Question 3

● Serum Protein Electrophoresis
(SPEP) is an easy, inexpensive method of separating proteins based on their net charge, size, and shape
● measures specific proteins in the blood

Answer 3

PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS

Question 4

is an easy, inexpensive method of separating proteins based on their net charge, size, and shape

Answer 4

SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS (SPEP)

Question 5

● Are different plasma proteins that
are increased in the serum within days following trauma or exposure to inflammatory agents
● Used as BIOMARKERS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
● Basically, if there is trauma, infection, fever, APR will RISE

Answer 5

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

Question 6

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

• during inflammation, CRP will increase in its concentration

Answer 6

C Reactive Protein (CRP)

Question 7

● Are those whose concentrations decrease in an acute phase response
● Most common example is ALBUMIN

Answer 7

NEGATIVE ACUTE REACTANTS

Question 8

➢ TRANSPORT PROTEIN-BOUND TO THYROXINE (T4) AND RETINOL

Answer 8

PREALBUMIN

Question 9

● Function: transport Vitamin A
● Confirm if the specimen is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
○ Because out of all the proteins, prealbumin can cross easily to blood barrier
○ It has a molecular weight of 62,000 daltons
○ If you are confused about the body fluid, you will test for prealbumin if you suspect that it is CSF.
○ If POSITIVE or ELEVATED levels, it is CSF.

Answer 9

PREALBUMIN

Question 10

PREALBUMIN is also called as ________
because it is rich in tryptophan.

Answer 10

TRANSTHYRETIN

Question 11

PREALBUMIN
Marker for nutritional status
○ If there is MALNUTRITION, prealbumin levels _________
○ If ADEQUATE NUTRITION, _____
levels

Answer 11

DECREASE; NORMAL

Question 12

➢ THE MOST ABUNDANT PROTEIN
GENERALLY USED FOR
TRANSPORT
➢ MAINTAINS FLUID BALANCE IN
TISSUES
- Major component of the serum
- It is single MOST ABUNDANT PROTEIN IN THE BLOOD, specifically in plasma
● It is responsible for maintenance of oncotic pressure in our circulation
● Edematous patients (with chronic kidney disease)- albumin levels are decreased wala nang naga maintain ng oncotic pressure
- The water pressure (OSMOTIC
PRESSURE) will RISE
- If the kidney is DAMAGED specifically the filtering unit, GLOMERULI/GLOMERULUS, albumin can freely exit through urine resulting to loss of oncotic pressure

Answer 12

ALBUMIN

Question 13

ALBUMIN
Negative acute phase reactant:
__________: malnutrition, malabsorption, liver disease, renal disease, skin loss, dilution (over hydrated)

INCREASED OR DECREASED LEVELS?

Answer 13

DECREASED LEVELS

Question 14

ALBUMIN
Negative acute phase reactant:
__________: from mid-gestation until death and account for about one half of plasma protein mass

Answer 14

INCREASED LEVELS

Question 15

ALBUMIN represents the largest peak that lies closest to the ______________________

Answer 15

POSITIVE ELECTRODE

Question 16

• SMALLER FRACTION of the total serum protein
• It represents the PRIMARY FOCUS OF INJECT INTERPRETATION for serum protein electrophoresis

Answer 16

GLOBULINS

Question 17

5 fragments in globulin:

Answer 17

ALPHA 1
ALPHA 2
BETA 1
BETA 2
GAMMA

Question 18

GLOBULINS

➢ PROTECTS FETUS FROM
IMMUNOLOGIC ATTACK BY THE
MOTHER: LEVELS DECREASE GRADUALLY AFTER BIRTH

Answer 18

A-1 FETOPROTEIN

Question 19

A-1 FETOPROTEIN
_____________: Spina Bifida, Neural Tube Defects, Anencephaly these are newborn defects

A. INCREASED LEVELS
B. DECREASED LEVELS
C. TUMOR MARKER

Answer 19

INCREASED LEVELS

Question 20

A-1 FETOPROTEIN
_____________: Down Syndrome, Trisomy 18

A. INCREASED LEVELS
B. DECREASED LEVELS
C. TUMOR MARKER

Answer 20

DECREASED LEVELS

Question 21

A-1 FETOPROTEIN
______________: hepatocellular CA (carcinoma)
● Found between albumin and alpha 1 region

A. INCREASED LEVELS
B. DECREASED LEVELS
C. TUMOR MARKER

Answer 21

TUMOR MARKER

Question 22

ALPHA-2 GLOBULINS
➢ (TRANSPORT PROTEIN FOR 90% OF COPPER OTHER 10% IS BOUND TO ALBUMIN)
● Acute phase reactant
● 1 molecule can hold 6-8 ATOMS OF COPPER

Answer 22

CERULOPLASMIN

Question 23

CERULOPLASMIN
_____________: Menke’s Kinky Hair Syndrome (genetic disorder)

INCREASED or DECREASED LEVELS?

Answer 23

INCREASED LEVELS

Question 24

CERULOPLASMIN
_____________: Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder), malnutrition, malabsorption

INCREASED or DECREASED LEVELS?

Answer 24

DECREASED LEVELS

Question 25

ALPHA-2 GLOBULINS ➢ BINDS WITH HGB (HEMOGLOBIN) RELEASED BY LYSIS OF RBC ➢ REMOVED FROM THE CIRCULATION BY "RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM" ● It DOES NOT BIND with myoglobin ● Evaluate the degree of intravascular hemolysis (HTR- Hemolytic Transmission Reaction and HDN Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn) ● If DECREASED ___________ in blood, there is RAPID HEMOLYSIS hemolysis in our system. This means _____________ is BOUND to hemoglobin.

Answer 25

HAPTOGLOBIN

Question 26

BETA GLOBULINS ➢ COMPONENT OF THE MAJOR HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) ● Found on the SURFACE of most nucleated cells ● Present in high concentrations of lymphocytes ● Needed in the production of CD8 cells - a complement system, fights against infections ● Increased levels: renal failure, multiple myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE and HIV CD8 cells are actively involved

Answer 26

B2-MICROGLOBULIN

Question 27

BETA GLOBULINS ➢ MAJOR COMPONENT OF BETA 2 REGION ➢ TRANSPORT PROTEIN OF IRON ● Negative acute phase reactant When there is inflammation or infection, transferrin levels decrease ● INCREASED LEVELS : IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

Answer 27

TRANSFERRIN (SIDEROPHILIN)

Question 28

BETA GLOBULINS ➢ PARTICIPANTS IN IMMUNE REACTION ➢ LINKED TO INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE ● MARKER for assessing disease activity in RHEUMATOID DISORDERS ● Link to inflammatory response; participates in immune reaction ● Autoimmune system are active

Answer 28

COMPLEMENT

Question 29

BETA GLOBULINS ➢ (BETWEEN THE BETA AND GAMMA REGION) ➢ ONE OF THE LARGEST PLASMA PROTEIN ➢ THE MOST ABUNDANT COAGULATION FACTOR THAT FORMS THE FIBRIN CLOT ● If there is a wound, __________ is responsible to stop the bleeding ● Acute phase reactant ● INCREASED IN: pregnancy

Answer 29

FIBRINOGEN

Question 30

Closest fraction to the NEGATIVE ELECTRODE

Answer 30

GAMMA GLOBULINS

Question 31

GAMMA GLOBULINS ➢ NAMED BECAUSE IT BINDS WITH THE "C-POLYSACCHARIDE OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS" ● Pneumococcus is a bacteria and C Polysaccharide is found on the cell wall of this bacteria ● HIGHLY SENSITIVE ACUTE PHASE REACTANT ● The 1ST INFLAMMATORY MARKER TO APPEAR

Answer 31

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

Question 32

GAMMA GLOBULINS C-REACTIVE PROTEIN __________: inflammatory disease INCREASED or DECREASED LEVELS

Answer 32

INCREASED LEVELS

Question 33

GAMMA GLOBULINS __________: c-reactive protein level highly increases VIRAL or BACTERIAL INFECTION?

Answer 33

BACTERIAL INFECTION

Question 34

GAMMA GLOBULINS __________: do not usually cause a raised CRP VIRAL or BACTERIAL INFECTION?

Answer 34

VIRAL INFECTION

Question 35

GAMMA GLOBULINS ➢ SYNTHESIZED BY PLASMA CELLS FOR IMMUNE RESPONSE ● Also known as antibodies ● IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD ● Increased levels: multiple myeloma, infections, allergic reactions, hepatic disease

Answer 35

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Question 36

GAMMA GLOBULINS - PRIMARY OXYGEN-CARRYING PROTEIN IN STRIATED SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE

Answer 36

MYOGLOBIN

Question 37

GAMMA GLOBULIN (first to increase in Acute Myocardial Infarction) - it will firstly increase in blood chemistry panel

Answer 37

CARDIAC MARKER

Question 38

GAMMA GLOBULIN MYOGLOBIN ___________: AMI, muscular disease INCREASED OR DECREASED LEVELS

Answer 38

INCREASED LEVELS

Question 39

GAMMA GLOBULIN ___________: when there is increased conc. of myoglobin in our blood, it could lead to liver toxicity

Answer 39

NEPHROTOXIC