Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

General Finals & SBA Review > Finals Made Easy > Flashcards

Finals Made Easy Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Middle aged lady with confusion, cough, brown coloured sputum, reduced air entry in RLL, what could it be?

A

Pneumonia(most likely lobar)
Pleural effusion

Need to check with an X-ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dullness in pleural effusion is described as…

A

Stony dull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pleural effusion is…

A

Fluid on the OUTSIDE of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which organisms show cavitating lesions on X-ray?

A

Klebsiella
TB
Stash Aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Difference between bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia on X-ray

A 
Bronchopneumonia = patchy on both sides
Lobar = clear lobe effected, air bronchograms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bronchiectasis on X-ray findings

A

See end on, widened airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most likely cause of infection in bronchiectasis

A

Haemophilus influenza

Can also be pseudomonas aureginosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of bronchiectasis

A 
Idiopathic 
CF
A1at deficiency 
Post infectious (TB, aspiration)
PCD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Presentation of bronchiectasis

A

Clubbing
Chest sepsis
Chronic, productive cough (>2mo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Best investigation for bronchiectasis

A

High resolution CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Investigations for bronchiectasis

A

High resolution CT
Sputum MC&S
Spirometry
Specific tests for niche causes such as a1at, IG levels (autoimmune), sweat test, HIV antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How long do you give antibiotics for in long standing lung disease? I.e. on background disease/lots of previous infections

A

14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you know if they are a chronic CO2 retainer?

A

ABG shows chronic compensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is PIFR?

A

Peak of the inspirations curve, roughly what they are attempting to breathe in a minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a typical PIFR

A

20L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does a Venturi mask give specific amount of oxygen?

A

The Venturi mask mixes it with air at a very precise proportion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normal FiO2 of air

A

21% O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you estimate PaO2 based on what they are breathing in?

A

Take 10 off the % oxygen they are breathing

21% - 10-13kPa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do you expect CO2 to be in an asthma attack?

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CO2 is normal in asthma attack, is this bad?

A

Yes, should be breathing that CO2 off. Shows they are getting tired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

First line management of PE not confirmed on CTPA

A

Rivoroxaban

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sign of major PE

A

Haemodynamic compromise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Causes of prehepatic jaundice

A

Haemolytic
Sickle cell disease
Haemolytic anaemia
Malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hepatic causes of jaundice

A

Damage to hepatocytes (drugs, disease, failure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Post hepatic jaundice causes
``` Intraluminal = gallstones Mural = cholangiocarcinoma, PBC, PSC Extrinsic = cancer, mets, pseudocysts (pressing on the bile duct) ```
26
Triad of acute liver failure
Jaundice Encephalopathy Coagulopathy
27
Causes of hepatitis
Viral hepatitis Paracetamol overdose Budd chiari Wilson’s disease
28
Ix for acute liver failure
FBC LFTs Clotting (INR) (synthetic function) ABG (pH and lactate) CT abdo pelvis Abdo USS Paracetamol levels ANA (autoimmune hepatitis) Kings college criteria!
29
Cirrhosis increases risk of
Hepatocellular carcinoma
30
What screening should you do for chronic liver disease?
6 month USS and afP | Endoscopy every 3yr for varices
31
Prophylaxis of variceal bleeding
Propanalol
32
Drug to clear ascites
Spironolactone | Therapeutic paracentesis
33
Flare in Crohn’s, macrocytic anaemia, what is most likely cause?
B12 deficiency | Because terminal ileum is where it’s absorbed
34
What type of cell becomes myeloma?
Plasma cells
35
Protein electrophoresis in multiple myeloma
Shows one chain predominance
36
Cut off for high output stoma
1.5L
37
Which procedure might you use for sigmoid bowel obstruction?
Hartmanns procedure, create an end colostomy in LIF
38
Fracture management
4Rs Resuscitate = ABCD, watch out for open fractures (worried about c.perfringens, need antibiotics). Need analgesia, saline gauze. Make sure to take a photo of the wound to assess progress Reduce = manipulate, may be in theatre or not Restrict = don’t do plaster in <48hr because of compartment, can fixate (internal or external), POP Rehabilitate = physio, movement, occupational therapy
39
Early problems with fractures...
Neuro vascular damage | Visceral damage
40
Later fracture issues
Compartment Infection Fat embolus Later = malunion, avascular necrosis, growth disturbance, post traumatic osteoarthritis
41
Important vessels to consider in hip fractures
Retinacular vessels
42
Osteoporosis risk factors
``` Age Steroids Alcohol Low BMI Early menopause Low calcium ```
43
Hip fracture 1/2 use a ...
Screw
44
Person older than 65 with good health and mobilising, intracapsular fracture, what might you do?
Total hip replacement
45
Which nerve can be damaged in posterior approach hip surgery
Sciatic nerve
46
Which nerve can get damaged in anterior hip surgery
Superior gluteal nerve
47
Damage to superior gluteal nerve can cause...
Trendelenbergs gait
48
What are the rules for if you X-ray an ankle?
Ottawa rules
49
Classification for ankle fractures
Weber classification
50
B Weber classification for ankle fracture. Where is the fracture?
Along the joint line
51
86yo uses a Zimmer frame, grade 3 garden classification, what do you do?
Hemiarthroplasty | Because not very mobile and over 65yo
52
Basic management of ACL injury in community
``` RICE Rest Ice Compress Elevate ```
53
SCD damages spleen and leads to more infections by what?
Capsulated organisms (e.g. staph aureus)
54
RILE rules of murmurs
Right sided louder on inspiration | Left sided louder on expiration
55
Where do you aspirate in the joint?
Upper outer region
56
Management of ACL injury
Rest MRI Ice Arthroscopy
57
Trauma primary survey
Visible, catastrophic haemorrhage -> code red (alerts everyone and also gets 4 units O negative blood) A = C spine 1st, jaw thrust, B = flail chest, pneumothorax, haemothorax Sites of haemorrhage = floor and 4 more = chest, abdo, bones, pelvis
58
Secondary survey in trauma mnemonic =
AMPLE
59
How do you tell between rolling and sliding hiatus hernia
Rolling = bit of stomach gets trapped like strangulation
60
ERCP vs MRCP
ERCP is invasive but can be therapeutic
61
How can you sort out obstructive jaundice?
ERCP
62
First line Ix for pancreatitis
Abdo uss
63
Left side of bowel supplied by
Left colic artery
64
Where does the nasopharynx roughly begin (posterior epistaxis zone)
At the end of the hard palate
65
Where do 95% nosebleeds originate?
Littles area
66
What is a coroners clot?
Posterior nosebleed causing a clot that chokes you
67
Causes of epistaxis
``` Often idiopathic HtN Cold weather (damages mucosa) Clotting derangement Trauma (often from nasal cannula, because cold, dry air) ```
68
Management of nosebleed
Nasal examination = thudichum’s speculum Investigation = bloods (FBC, clotting, group and save) Nasal first aid, lean forwards, spit blood, pinch nose, gentle suction, gentle suction (all for 15 minutes) ``` Next steps = senior input Vasoconstrictors and analgesic Lidocaine solution Oxymetazoline spray Adrenaline soaked gauze as last resort ``` Next step = silver nitrate cautery (only ever one one side, once) Then ENT -> rapid rhino
69
Key tonsillitis differentials
Infectious mononucleosis HIV Acute epiglottitis Retro tonsillar abscess
70
Bedside tonsillitis test
Throat swab | Rapid streptococcal antigen test
71
Managing acute tonsillitis
Analgesia and reassure Censor scoring Dependent on the score, either start on antibiotics or test then give dependent on result
72
Antibiotics for tonsillitis
Co-amoxiclav Amoxicillin Phenoxymethylpenicillin
73
When do you refer for tonsillectomy?
Dependent on frequency | Strict and need it a lot in 1yr!
74
Most common breast cancers
``` Invasive ducal (70%) Invasive lobular (20%) Pagets (5%) ```
75
When do you do ultrasound in triple assessment?
<35yo | Because breast tissue is denser
76
Difference between breast abscess and mastitis clinically
Abscess feels like it’s full of pus, which it is
77
Management of mild mastitis in woman breastfeeding
Reassure and safety net
78
Management of moderate mastitis in non breast feeding woman
MRSA testing and antibiotics
79
What defines moderate/severe mastitis?
Constitutional symptoms | Can’t manage with analgesia
80
Most common sites of blockage from renal stones
Pelvoureteric junction (1st narrowing)
81
What is a percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Put a needle into the kidney with a nephroscope and get rid of the stones
82
Cremasteric reflex is...
Stroke the inner thigh and ipsilateral testicle rises
83
When might cremasteric reflex be absent?
Testicular torsion
84
Where does prostrate cancer metastasise?
Back and abdomen
85
What examinations do you want to do in prostate cancer other than DRE
Abdo Spine Neurological Chest and spine X-ray
86
When might we use PSA?
Monitoring
87
Gold standard investigation for prostate ca
Trans rectal ultrasound guided biopsy
88
What is brachytherapy?
Radiological rods inserted into prostate
89
Disadvantage of brachytherapy
Very painful

General Finals & SBA Review (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions