Finals: Module 1

Question 1

described as a ‘Velcro
construct’

Answer 1

Optimism

Question 2

In the early days of philosophy and psychology, optimism was thought of as superficial ____ of suffering.

Answer 2

denial

Question 2

in what year mental health was defined as
‘reality testing’

Answer 2

1930’s and the 1960’s

Question 2

Balanced view of the world.

Answer 2

‘reality testing’

Question 2

necessary component for resilient and happy
individuals.

Answer 2

optimism

Question 3

two types of dispositional optimism.

Answer 3

Expectancy and Confidence

Question 3

OPTIMISM’S TWO MAIN SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

Answer 3

A. DISPOSITIONAL OPTIMISM
B. ATTRIBUTION STYLE OR EXPLANATORY STYLE

Question 4

personality trait relating to generalized outcome
expectancies.

Answer 4

DISPOSITIONAL OPTIMISM

Question 5

• most crucial element of dispositional optimism
• behaviours are results of the desire to obtain a person’s values or goals.

Answer 5

Expectancy

Question 6

one explains the causes and influences of previous positive and negative events

Answer 6

ATTRIBUTION STYLE OR EXPLANATORY STYLE

Question 7

• highly influential on optimism.
• if this ____ is high that the goal can be achieved, then the person is more likely to act.

Answer 7

Confidence

Question 8

Internal, Stable, Global

Answer 8

Pessimist

Question 9

attributions for ____ events are more important than those for positive events.

Answer 9

negative

Question 10

External, Unstable, Local

Answer 10

Optimist

Question 11

Also called the “positivity bias”.
- tendency of people to remember pleasant
items more accurately than unpleasant ones.

Answer 11

POLLYANNA PRINCIPLE

Question 12

Subconsciously, mind focus on _____.
Consciously, mind focus on ____.

Answer 12

optimistic, negative

Question 13

The key to learned optimism is

Answer 13

reframing.

Question 13

concerned with the question of why good and bad

Answer 13

Attributional style

Question 13

focuses on what will
probably happen in the future.

Answer 13

Dispositional optimism

Question 13

ABC’S

Answer 13

Adversity, Belief, Consequence

Question 14

non-judgmental facts of the situation (who, what,
where, when) How did you react?

Answer 14

Adversity

Question 15

Immediate patterned belief (why it happened, what will happen next)

Answer 15

Belief

Question 16

pessimists way of coping

Answer 16

avoidant

Question 17

exaggerated belief in one’s capacity to control independent, external events or the better that
the average effect.

Answer 17

Unrealistic optimism

Question 18

- belief that most people are biased towards viewing themselves in an optimistic way. - enduring patterns of beliefs about self, world and future.

Answer 18

Positive illusions

Question 19

based on the ability to think of, and plan, for the worst- case scenario of a situation;

Answer 19

Defensive pessimism

Question 19

are used to manage ‘negative information’

Answer 19

Self-deceptive strategies

Question 19

- person’s self-assessment of their ability to exert control - degree to which people believe that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives.

Answer 19

LOCUS OF CONTROL

Question 19

- Also known as wishful thinking - viewing themselves below average for such occurrences as cancer, heart disease, failure and heartbreak

Answer 19

UNREALISTIC OPTIMISM

Question 20

cognitive strategy to set low expectations for upcoming performance, despite having performed well in previous similar situations

Answer 20

Defensive pessimism

Question 21

- This will allow you to avoid ‘wishful thinking’ - realistically assessing the likelihood of positive and negative outcomes in any given situation.

Answer 21

positive realism or flexible optimism

Question 22

THREE ‘SELVES’ IN OPTIMISM

Answer 22

- SELF-CONFIDENCE - SELF-EFFICACY - SELF-ESTEEM

Question 23

had some nastier, narcissistic connotations, inducing an inflated sense of self

Answer 23

Self-confidence

Question 23

Being certain in your own abilities . . . and about having trust in people, plans or the future’

Answer 23

Self-confidence

Question 24

‘the belief” a person has that they can reach their goals or a desired outcome’

Answer 24

Self-efficacy

Question 25

“The power of I can”.

Answer 25

Self-efficacy

Question 26

one of the core features of agency and is expressed in the concept of self-efficacy

Answer 26

Self-reflection

Question 27

- we can develop self-efficacy via ________, - which is imagining ourselves or others behaving effectively in hypothetical situations.

Answer 27

imaginal experiences

Question 28

‘totality of the individual’s thoughts and feelings with reference to himself as an object.’

Answer 28

SELF-ESTEEM

Question 29

the determination to achieve goals (agency) plus the belief that many pathways can be generated.

Answer 29

Hope