Finals Study Questions Flashcards
1
Q
Choanocytes are a feature of the _____________.
A
Porifera
1
Q
The term for the formation of a coelom from the outpocketing of the cell wall.
A
Enterocoely
1
Q
This group is characterized by differentiated cell types, but a lack of true tissues or organs.
A
Porifera (sponges)
2
Q
The term for animals without a coelom.
A
Acoelomates
2
Q
What two purposes does the movement of the flagellum serve in choanoflagellates?
A
1) Locomotion
2) Feeding: as the choanoflagellate moves, it catches bacteria on a “collar” where they flagellum connects to the cell body.
3
Q
In spiral cleavage, how do cells divide relative to the animal-vegetal axis?
A
Cells divide at an oblique angle.
5
Q
Ecdysis is a synapomorphy of what group?
A
The ecdysozoans.
5
Q
A(n) ______________ or 2-way gut is present in the MRCA of _____________, _______________ and ______________
A
The incomplete gut is present in the MRCA of cnidaria, protostomes and deuterostomes.
5
Q
Metazoans have a general trend going from (internal/external) fertilization in more ancestral groups to (internal/external) fertilization in more derived groups.
A
Tend to go from internal fertilization to external fertilization.
6
Q
What kind of symmetry does porifera have?
A
Porifera is asymmetrical.
7
Q
Where is radial symmetry thought to have appeared? Where is it thought to have been lost?
A
In the MRCA of cnidarians, protostomes and deuterostomes. It is thought to have been lost in the MRCA of protostomes and deutertostomes.
7
Q
Among metazoans, there is a general trend towards (extracellular/intracellular) digestion in more derived groups.
A
General trend towards extracellular digestion in more derived groups.
7
Q
In animals, the zygote undergoes cleavage to form the ________, the second stage in the early development of animals.
A
Blastula
8
Q
Monocots have __________ cotyledon(s), while dicots have __________ cotyledon(s).
A
Monocots have one cotyledon, dicots have two cotyledons.
9
Q
Spicules are a synapomorphy of the __________.
A
Porifera (Poriferata, sponges)
9
Q
Why is the hedgehog gene important in linking the animals to their sister group?
A
The hedgehog gene is only present in the choanoflagellates and the metazoa, but not in other non-metazoan taxa.
10
Q
In ___________ cleavage, cells accumulate in even, symmetrical layers.
A
Radial
11
Q
What three groups comprise the diploblastic metazoans?
A
Cnidarians, ctenophores, and placazoans.
12
Q
The multiple cells resulting from the cleavage of the zygote early in development are called __________.
A
Blastomeres
13
Q
Development where the blastopore becomes the anus.
A
Deuterostomes
14
Q
Marine metazoans tend to undergo (internal/external) fertilization while terrestrial metazoans tend to undergo (internal/external) fertilization.
A
Marine animals tend to undergo external, terretrial animals tend to undergo internal.
14
Q
What are three additional features seen in the body plans of bilaterally symmetrical animals?
A
1) Distinct anterior and posterior ends
2) Cephalization
3) Segmentation
15
Q
A dependant gametophyte is a feature of the ______________.
A
Angiosperms
15
Q
Where do the placazoans fall on the phylogeny of metazoans?
A
Placazoans are sister to all eumetazoans.
16
These are also known as "seed leaves".
Cotyledons
17
A dorsal, hollow nerve cord is a synapomorphy of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Chordates (Chordata)
17
These cell junctions are distinct to metazoans.
Septate junctions
18
What are some of the similarities that gnetophytes share with angiosperms?
1)Loss of swimming sperm 2)Loss of archegonia (some Gnetophytes) 3)Double fertilization 4)Presence of vessels
18
The differentiation of the anterior end of an animal into a head with a concentration of sensory organs.
Cephalization
18
The skeletal elements present in sponges are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Spicules
19
The presence of collar cells, similar structure of the mitochondria, and presence of the hedgehog gene are features shared by the ___________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Shared by the **metazoans** and the **choanoflagellate protists**.
20
Where do cnetophores fall on the phylogenetic tree of metazoans?
Ctenophores are placed sister only to cnidarians.
21
What is a diplontic life cycle?
Life cycle where the main form of the organism is diploid, with only the gametes being haploid.
22
Porifera and cnidarians undergo __________ cleavage.
Irregular cleavage
23
Bilateral symmetry evolved in the common ancestor of __________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, but was lost in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Evolved in the common ancestor of deuterostomes and protostomes but was lost in the echinodermates.
25
What is the common name for porifera?
Sponges
25
Which of these characterizes nematodes? A)Enterocoely B)Schizocoely C)Acoelmoates D)Pseudocoelomates
D)Psuedocoelomates; nematodes do not have a true coelom, so A) nor B) apply. However, they do have a psuedocoelom, so C) also does not apply.
26
Arthropoda, nematoda, annelida, and mollusca comrpise the \_\_\_\_\_phyletic group called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The comprise the monophyletic group called protostomes.
27
In the water vascular system of sponges, water flows out of outcurrent pores called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Oscula
28
Of the following characteristics, which are unique synapomorphies of animals and which are non-unique?
- Collagen
- Multicellularity
- Diplontic life cycle
- Septate junctions
- Spermatazoa
- Blastula
_Spermatazoa_: b/c other organisms do not possess these distinct male gametes.
_Collagen_: not present in the extracellular matrix of other organisms.
_Blastula_: not a stage of development in other organisms.
_Septate junctions_: not present in the cell junctions of other organisms.
28
The skeletal elements of sponges, called _________ are composed of __________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Skeletal elements called **spicules** are composed of **silica** or **calcium carbonate**.
29
The distinctive male gametes of metazoans are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Spermatazoa
30
The term for a cavity between the endoderm and ectoderm.
Pseudocoelom
31
Cnidocytes are a feature of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cnidarians
32
Absorptive heterotrophy is a synapomorphy of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fungi
33
Porifera show what kind of symmetry?
Porifera (sponges) are **asymmetrical**.
33
Sponges have branched water canals called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Aquiferous system
33
Which sponges have skeletal elements composed of silica? Which have skeletal elements composed of calcium carbonate?
**Glass** sponges and **demosponges** have spicules made silica, **calcareous** sponges have spicules composed of calcium carbonate.
34
Chitin in their cell walls is a synapomorphy of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fungi
35
T/F?
The blastula is a stage in the development of all metazoans.
True
All animals go through a blastula stage in early development.
37
Protostomes are comprised of ____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoa.
38
It is thought that lungs in terrestrial animals evolved from the _____________ in marine animals.
Swim bladders
39
The in-pocketing of the ____________ leads to the formation of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, later leading to the formation of cell layers.
Inpocketing of the **blastula** leads to formation of the **gastrula**.
40
Sponges undergo asexual reproduction through a process known as ________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Budding** or **fragmentation**.
41
Type of lateral gene transfer where DNA is released from one bacterium into the environment, is taken up directly through the cell surface of another, and is incorporated into the recipient's genome.
Transformation
41
In ____________ animals, two cell layers called the ____________ and the ____________ are formed from the inpocketing of the blastula.
**Diploblastic** animals have an **endoderm** and an **ectoderm** from the inpocketing of the blastula.
42
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and ___________ make up the group opisthokonts, with __________ sister to ___________ and __________ sister to both.
**Fungi, animals** and **choanoflagellate protists** make up the opisthokonts with **animals** sister to **chonoflagellate** **protists** and **fungi** sister to both.
42
Small group of aquatic heterotrophic eukaryotes. Sister to animals.
Choanoflagellates
44
Deuterostomes include the groups _____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Chordata and echinodermata.
46
The presence of a gut characterizes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Eumetazoans, all animals except sponges.
47
The cells of porifera are arranged in a gelatinous mix called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Mesohyl
48
The ctenophores and cnidarians (as a clade) are sister to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Bilaterians
49
In sponges, water moves through the animal by the movement of ___________ of many \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Water is propelled by the movement of **flagella** by many **choanocytes**.
50
A diploblastic gastrula is thought to have arisen in the MRCA of what two groups?
The **placazoans** and **eumetazoans**.
51
All metazoans with bilateral symmetry undergo (monoblastic/diploblastic/triploblastic) development.
All bilaterally symmetric animals undergo triploblastic development.
52
What are the four reasons that ______________ are thought to be sister to animals?
**Choanoflagellates** are thought to be sister to animals for four reasons:
1) Collar cells: these are shared between choanoflagellates and sponges
2) Mitochondria structure
3) DNA sequencing data
4) Choanoflagellates have homologues of metazoan cell signaling in adhesion genes
53
What is the animal-vegetal axis?
The longitudinal axis that develops in animals as a result of cleavage.
54
What groups comprise the ecdysozoans?
Arthropoda and nematoda.
55
An orchid's flower has multiple \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, but just one \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Has multiple whorls, but one floret.
56
Peptidoglycan in the cell wall is a feature of which of these three groups?
* Bacteria
* Archaea
* Eukarya
**Bacteria** and **archaea**
57
Monocots have their floral parts in multiples of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Dicots have their floral parts in multiples of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Monocots have their floral parts in x3. Dicots have their floral parts in x4-5.
58
Trocophore larvae are a synapomorphy of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Lophotrochozoans (Lophotrochozoa)
60
Porifera develop by (monoblastic/diploblastic/triploblastic) development.
Monoblastic
61
Deuterostomes develop by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, __________ cleavage.
Deuterostomes develop by radial, regulative cleavage.
62
The hollow space inside of the blastula before it undergoes gastrulation called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Blastocoel
64
A single, posterior flagellum (if present) is a synapomorphy of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Opisthokonts
65
Name for an organism that can shift its metabolism between aerobic and anaerobic as needed.
Facultative anaerobe
66
What groups compise the lophotrochozoans?
Annelida and mollusca.
67
The __________ is the characteristic structure of the basidiomycota where spores are stored.
Basidium
69
The term for the formation of a coelom from the splitting of the mesoderm.
Schizocoely
71
The blastula is a synamoporphy of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Metazoans; all animals have one in development!
73
Paired setae are a feature of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Annelids (Annelida)
74
All bilaterians are:
* Monoblastic
* Diploblastic
* Triploblastic
All bilaterians are **triploblastic**.
76
Why are the chytrids important to understanding the development of fungi?
They are the only fungi with a swimming spore stage; this infers that this feature was ancestral, then lost.
78
A water vascular system is a synapomorphy of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Echinodermates (Echinodermata)
79
Porifera have what kind of gut?
Porifera (sponges) do not have a gut!
80
The gastrula is thought to have appeared between the ___________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Porifera and cnidaria.
82
These short stretches of RNA are involved in gene regulation; some are animal-specific.
microRNAs or miRNAs
84
Digestion done in a gut is considered (_intracelular/extracellular)_ digestion.
**Extracellular**; however, cnidarians undergo extracellular in their gut and then complete it with intracellular.
85
Name three features that justify the placement of charales as sister to land plants.
1. Use chlorophyll a & b
2. Use starch for energy storage
3. Retain eggs before fertilization (but they are not embryophytes!
86
The xylem transports ____________ and (does/does not) require energy input from the plant.
Xylem transports water and does not require energy input from the plant.
88
The __________ is the characteristic structure of the ascomycota where spores are stored.
Ascus
89
The cell structure of choanoflagellates is similar to the structure in the _____________ of sponges.
Structure similar to the **choanocytes** of sponges.
91
This group is characterized by pharyngeal slits and is sister to the echinoderms. Why is the presence of pharyngeal slits important?
Hemichordates; the presence of pharyngeal slits is important b/c it implies that they were lost in the echinoderms.
92
In angiosperms, _____________ have secondary growth while it is absent in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Dicots have secondary growth while monocots do not.
93
How do cells divide relative the animal-vegetal axis in *radial cleavage*?
They divide **parallel** or **at a 90 degree angle**.
93
What structures are present in nearly all viruses?
1) Nucleic acid
2) Protein capsid
94
The formation of cell layers by invagination (in-pocketing) of the blastula to form a "pocket" is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Gastrulation
95
In ___________ animals, three cell layers are formed called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and ___________ as a result of inpocketing of the blastula.
**Triploblastic** animals have three cell layers called the **endoderm, ectoderm** and **mesoderm** from the inpocketing of the blastula.
97
Radula are a feature of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Molluscs (Mollusca)
98
All metazoans are characterized by this type of life cycle.
Diplontic
99
In the water vascular system of sponges, water flows into incurrent pores called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Ostia
100
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, ________________ and ____________ all have segmentation. Therefore, this would be an example of (convergent/divergent) evolution.
Arthropoda, annelida, and chordata all have segmentation. This would be an example of convergent evolution.
101
The *entrance* to the "pocket" formed following the in-pocketing of the blastula is called the _____________ (i.e. not the "pocket" itself).
Blastopore
102
The bifacial vascular cambium appeared in the MRCA of ________________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, but was lost in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Appeared in the MRCA of gymnosperms and angiosperms, but was lost in the monocots.
103
Cyanobacteria use chlorophyll (_a/b_) and release __________ during photosynthesis.
Use chlorophyll **a** and release **oxygen** during PS.
105
Animal development follows the progress of a ___________ to a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, then to a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The **zygote** develops into a **blastula**, which develops into a **gastrula**.
106
Demosponges have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a complex network of collagen but lack the skeletal elements seen in other sponges.
Demosponges have **spongin**; other sponges have spicules.
107
Cleavage of the zygote leads to the ____________ stage. Further cleavage leads to formation of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cleavage of the zygote until the **eight-cell** stage. Further cleavage leads to formation of the **blastula**.
109
Pentaradial symmetry is seen in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Echinoderms (Echinodermata)
110
The phloem transports ____________ and (does/does not) require energy input from the plant.
Phloem transports sugars and does require energy input from the plant.
112
The ctenophores, cnidarians, and bilaterians comprise this group of animals.
Eumetazoans
113
What is a zoonotic disease?
A disease that can be transmitted from humans to animals and from animals to humans.
114
115
The inpocketing of the blastula is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and leads to the formation of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a "pocket" in the blastula. The inner layer of this "pocket" is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the outer, outside layer of the rest of the blastula is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The inpocketing of the blastula is called **gastrulation** which leads to the formation of the **gastula**. The inner layer of the gastrula is called the **endoderm** and the outer layer of the blastula now called the **ectoderm**.
116
This presence of this fibrous protein within the extracellular matrix characterizes metazoans.
Collagen
117
Arthropods, nematodes, annelids, and molluscs all undergo what kind of cleavage?
Spiral, mosaic cleavage
118
Explain the relationship between the # of cell layers (e.g. monoblasty, diploblasty, triploblasty) and gut development.
Monoblasty is associated with lack of a gut. Diploblasty is associated with an incomplete or two-way gut, and triploblasty is associated with a complete or one-way gut.
119
In __________ cleavage, cells divide at an oblique angle to the animal-vegetal axis, and new cells furrow between existing ones.
Spiral
120
Amoeboids move by extending ___________ formed from "flowing" their _____________ in a certain direction.
Extend pseudopods by flowing their cytoplasm in a certain direction.
121
Gastrulation always leads to the formation of what structure in adult metazoans?
Gut
122
Archaea and (_eukaryotes/bacteria_) are sister groups, with (_eukaryotes/bacteria_) being sister to both.
Archaea and **eukaryotes** are sister, **bacteria** is sister to both.
123
Ascomycota and basidiomycota comprise what group?
Dikarya
124
Seeds are a feature of the ____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Gymnosperms and angiosperms.
125
A complete or _______ gut first evolved in the common ancestor of the ____________ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
One-way gut first evolved in the common ancestor of the protostomes and deuterostomes.
126
All protostomes undergo \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, _________ cleavage.
Protostomes undergo **spiral, mosaic** cleavage.
127
The presence of a __________ allows for secondary growth.
Cambium
128
The coelom arises in a process known as ____________ in the protostomes and _____________ in the deuterostomes.
Schizocoely in the protostomes and enterocoely in the deuterostomes.
129
Development where the blastopore becomes the mouth.
Protostomes
130
To what group do platyhelminthes belong? (Hint: annelids and mollusks also belong to this group)
Lophotrochozoans
131
What are the four major synapomorphies of chordates?
1. Notochord
2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. Postanal tail
4. Pharyngeal slits (at least in the embryonic stage)
132
The rasping, tonguelike organ used for feeding is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. It is a synapomorphy of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Called a **radula**, a synapomorphy of the **mollusks**.
133
These leaves are characterized by a single vascular strand, and a narrow structure.
Microphylls
134
Type of cleavage where cells, instead of depending on cell-cell interactions, are determined by cytoplasmic factors within the cell itself. These cells will form a given structure even if moved to a new location and exposed to cell-cell interactions and signals that differ from their original position.
Mosaic cleavage
135
Type of cleavage where the cells have no "predetermined" fate, i.e. they can be transplanted to another part of the embryo and form whatever structure belongs in that area instead of the structure that it would have originally formed.
Regulative clevage
136
Gram-(_positive/negative_) bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer surrounded by two membranes. This tends to make them (_more/less_) resistant to antibiotics.
Gram-**negative** bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer; however the two lipid layers surrounding it tend to make it **more** resistant to antibiotics.
137
Gram-(positive/negative) bacteria have a very thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall. This tends to make them (more/less) resistant to antibiotics.
Gram-**positive** bacteria have a very thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall. This tends to make them **less** resistant to antibiotics.
138
A sexually produced spore that buds from the surface of a basidium is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Basidiospore
139
Class of molluscs with a closed circulatory system and three hearts.
Cephalopods
140
Mosses are (_heterosporous/homosporous_).
Mosses are **heterosporous**.
141
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used to insert new genes into a plant cell.
Biolistics
142
Morphologically, whisk ferns resemble ____________ because of their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Whisk ferns resemble **rhyniophytes** due to a **lack of true leaves and roots**.
143
If whisk ferns morphologically resemble the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, why are they now placed with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
Even though whisk ferns resemble **rhyniophytes**, they are now placed with the **monilophytes** due to their **chloroplast DNA inversion**.
144
Describe the three key steps in the "life cycle" of all viruses:
1) Virus enters host
2) Virus replicated within host
3) Virus moves to a new host
145
T/F?
All eukaryotes have a mitochondria.
**False**; plants are eukaryotes and do not have a mitochondria.
146
Bristle or hairlike structures present in many invertebrates. Paired in annelids.
Setae
147
In plants, the integuments develop into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Seed coat
148
What hornwort trait supports their placement as sister to the vascular plants?
Indeterminate growtih of sporophyte
149
What are two features of *all* eukaryotic sexual life cycles?
1. Meiosis of diploid cells
2. Fusion of haploid gametes ot produce a diploid zygote
150
Which two groups of plants have vessels?
**Gentophytes** and **angiosperms**
151
Along with arthropods and nematodes, three other groups comprise the ecdysozoans. What are they?
* Priapulids
* Kinorhynchs
* Loriciferans
152
This is a group of species-poor marine animals.
Ecdysozoans
153
154
Members of this group have thin cuticles that are periodically molted.
Ecdysozoans
155
Members of this group of animals are cylindrical, unsegmented, and wormlike.
Priapulids
156
T/F?
Segmentation is a synapomorphy of the ecdysozoans.
**False**; some ecdysozoans, including **priapulids**, are unsegmented.
157
Members of this group have a three-part body plan consisting of a *proboscis*, *trunk*, and *caudal appendage*.
Priapulids
158
Members of this group have a rigid exoskeleton as well as paired & jointed appendages.
Arthropods
159
Arthropods are an ancestrally aquatic group of animals. How did terrestrial members of this group prevent dessication?
**Chitin** waterproofs the arthropods, which helps prevent dessication.
160
Name four major clades of arthropods.
* Crustaceans
* Myriapods
* Hexapods
* Chelicerates
161
This group of animals was recently found to be more closely related to arthropods than annelids.
Onychophorans
162
This group of animals is characterized by *soft, unjointed appendages* and *claws* that may have made them similar in appearance to the ancestors of arthropods.
Onychophorans
163
1. This extinct group of animals had the first jointed appendages, a segmented body, and a heavy exoskeleton which readily fossilized, helping us identify them today.
2. What group are they thought to be related to? Why?
1. Trilobytes
2. Arthropods due to:
1. First jointed appendages
2. Segmentation
3. Exoskeleton
164
What are the three parts of the body plan of hexapods?
1. Head
2. Thorax
3. Abdomen
Same as **crustaceans**.
165
What are the three parts of the body plan of crustaceans?
1. Head
2. Thorax
3. Abdomen
Same as **hexapods**.
166
This group of arthropods had a two-part body plan consisting of a head and a trunk.
Myriapods
167
Centipedes and millipedes are examples of this group.
Myriapods
168
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ____________ feature a well-formed head, a long, flexible, segemented trunk, and lots of legs.
**Centipedes** and **millipedes**.
169
1. Centipedes have _________ pair(s) of legs per segment, whereas millipedes have ________ pair(s) of legs per segment.
2. Given the above, how many individual legs does each have per segment?
1. Centipedes have **one** pair of legs/segment, millipedes have **two** pairs of legs/segment.
2. Centipedes = 2 legs/segment, millipedes = 4 legs/segment
170
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ scavenge & forage for plants, wheras _____________ prey on insects & animals.
**Millipedes** scavenge & eat plants, **centipedes** prey on insects & animals.
171
In _(centipedes/millipedes)_ two segments have fused into one segment.
Millipedes (this is why they have two pairs of legs/segment!)
172
Members of this group feature 2 pairs of modified appendages that form mouthparts, and four pairs of walking legs.
Chelicerates
173
What are the three major groups of chelicerates?
1. Pynogonids
2. Horseshoe crabs
3. Arachnids
174
This group of small chelicerates is poorly known.
Pynogonids
175
This group of chelicerates is mostly carnivorous, but some eat algae.
Pynogonids
176
This group is considered a "living fossil" and is often mistaken as a crustacean.
Horseshoe crabs
* ("mistaken as a crustacean" b/c they are called "crabs" although they are more closely related to arachnids)
177
Chelicerates, pycnogonids, myriapods and horseshoe crabs are all _(protstomes/deuterostomes)_.
All of these belong to the arthropods, which are **protostomes**.
178
This group features a developed nervous system and paired setae.
Annelids
179
The cuticle of this group is shed four times.
Nematodes
180
This group features a water vascular system and tube feet.
Echinoderms
181
In cnidarians, the polyp stage is considered the _(sexual/asexual)_ life stage and the medusa is considered the _(sexual/asexual)_ stage.
182
This group of plants features apical cells along the filament, leading to the growth of a branched filament.
Chara
183
In what group did a stomata first appear in the sporophyte?
Mosses
184
Microphylls first appeared in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Lycophytes
185
Enclosed structure in which spores are formed.
Sporangium (plural *sporangia*)
186
Male plants produce pollen by leaf homologues called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Microsporophylls
187
Female plants produce ovules by leaf homologues known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Megasporophylls
188
Features of this plant group include sporangia in strobili at stem tips, whorled tiny leaves derived from megaphylls and a hollow stem.
Equisetum
189
Describe three important characteristics of *equisetum*.
1. Whorled tiny leaves derived from megaphylls
2. Sporangia in strobili at stem tips
3. Whorled tiny leaves derived from megaphylls
190
Describe three important features of *Psilotum*.
1. Sporangia within strobili at stem tips
2. Leaves lost or extremely reduced
3. Dichotomus branching of stem
191
Which group of plants feature parallel veination?
Monocots
192
Which group of plants features netted veinetion?
Dicots
193
Term for plants whose male and female strobili are on separate plants.
Dioecious
194
Which two groups of plants that you learned about are dioecious?
**Gnetophytes** and **cycads**
195
In what group of plants did the gametophyte become dependant upon the sporophyte?
In the **seed plants**.
196
The term for a spore-bearing leaf.
Sporophyll
197
1. These cells are present in the phloem, have no nucleus but help in transport of sugars.
2. What is the other type of cell that helps the one mentioned above?
1. Sieve element cells
2. Companion cells
198
Which two groups of plants have both an independant gametophyte and an independant sporophyte?
**Lycophytes** and **monilophytes**.
199
Which plant groups have lost swimming sperm?
**Angiosperms** and some gymnosperms (some of the **gnetophytes**)
200
What groups comprise the gymnosperms?
1. Conifers
2. Cycads
3. Ginkgo
4. Gnetophytes
201
1. What is the function of gemmi cups?
2. What plant group features them?
1. Organ for asexual reproduction; holds gametes that disperse with rain
2. Present in **liverworts**
202
This fungi in the clade of ascomycota is a parasite of insects that modifies behavior.
Cordyceps
203
This group of basal fungi is an intracellular obligate parasite.
Microsporidia
204
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rot fungi remove cellulose and hemicellulose.
**Brown** rot fungi remove cellulose and hemicellulose.
205
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rot fungi remove cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
**White** rot fungi remove all three components of wood.
206
"Dry rot" is a type of _(brown/white)_ rot fungi.
**Brown rot** fungi
207
The ascus of ascomycota hold _(how many?)_ spores from performing meiosis _(how many times?)_.
Ascus holds **eight** spores from performing meiosis **twice**.
208
The basidium of basidiomycota hold _(how many?)_ spores from performing meiosis _(how many times?)_.
Basidium holds **four** spores from performing meiosis **once**.
209
What are the two types of mycorrhizae taught in class?
**Ectomycorrhizae** and **arbuscular** **mycorrhizae**.
210
This type of mycorrhizae penetrates the cell of plant roots but not the cell membrane.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
211
This mycorrhizae has evolved only once.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
212
This type of mycorrhizae has evolved many times.
Ectomycorrhizae
213
This type of mycorrhizae penetrates the roots of plants, but not the cell.
Ectomycorrhizae
214
Present in the outermost whorl of flowers; enclose & protect the rest of the bud stage.
Sepal
215
These structures are present in the second-outermost whorl; their purpose is to attract pollinators.
Petals
216
Stamens are present in the ________ whorl of flowers (from the outside going inwards).
Third
217
The stamen consists of two parts, a stalk called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is topped by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Stalk called the **filament** which is topped by an **anther**.
218
Flower structure whose purpose is to produce pollen.
Anther
219
The innermost whorls of a flower consist of one or more units called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Carpels
220
Hollow structure made of one or multiple fused carpels. Produces ovules internally.
Ovary
221
These structuers on flowers are megasporangia, and they in turn produce megaspores by meiosis which develop into female gametophytes.
Ovules
222
What three structures compose the pistil of a flower?
1. Ovary
2. Style
3. Stigma
223
This sticky structure at tip of the pistil is the receptor of pollen.
Stigma
224
This supportive stalk structure in flowers becomes the pathway for pollen tubes to grow from pollen grains adhering to the stigma.
Style
225
This group of molluscs lacks a radula; examples include oysters, scallops, and clams.
Bivalves
