FINALS - Topic 1

Question 1

It is a molecular biology technique which is used for the creation of exact copies or clones of a particular gene or DNA

Answer 1

DNA Cloning

Question 2

The set of certain rules using which the living cells translate the information encoded within genetic material

Answer 2

Genetic Code

Question 3

It is the technique used to isolate DNA in a biological sample.

Answer 3

DNA extraction

Question 4

Enumerate the steps in DNA Cloning

Answer 4

1. Cutting and Pasting DNA
2. Bacterial Transformation and Selection
3. Protein Production

Question 5

In what year was the discovery of DNA extraction?

Answer 5

1869

Question 6

Who discovered DNA Extraction?

Answer 6

Friedrich Miescher

Question 7

The technique of growing cells and tissues in an artificial medium separate from the organism.

Answer 7

Tissue Culture

Question 8

Enumerate the types of Tissue Culture

Answer 8

1. Seed Culture
2. Embryo Culture
3. Organ Culture
4. Protoplast

Question 9

In this culture, the explants are obtained from an in-vitro derived plant and introduced into a laboratory where they proliferate.

Answer 9

Seed Culture

Question 10

This involves the in-vitrodevelopment of an embryo. For this, an embryo is isolated from a living organism.

Answer 10

Embryo Culture

Question 11

In this, any organ of the plant such as shoot, leaf, can be used as an explant.

Answer 11

Organ Culture

Question 12

Enumerate the types of Organ Culture

Answer 12

1. Root Culture
2. Shoot Culture

Question 13

It is a cell without a cell wall. In this type of culture, a number of phases can be observed: development of cell wall, cell division, regeneration of a whole plant.

Answer 13

Protoplast Culture

Question 14

Enumerate the steps in Tissue culture in order.

Answer 14

1. Initiation Phase
2. Multiplication Phase
3. Root Formation
4. Shoot Formation
5. Acclimatization

Question 15

At this stage in tissue culture, the tissue is initiated into the culture. The tissue of interest is obtained, introduced and sterilized to prevent the process from any contamination.

Answer 15

Initiation Phase

Question 16

In this stage in tissue culture, the sterilized explant is introduced into the medium composed of growth regulators and appropriate nutrients. They are responsible for the multiplication of cells.

Answer 16

Multiplication Phase

Question 17

An undifferentiated mass of cells is known as a _?

Answer 17

Callus

Question 18

The roots start forming. Plant growth hormones are added to initiate the root formation. Consequently, we obtain a complete plantlets.

Answer 18

Root Formation

Question 19

The plant growth hormones for the formation of shoot are added and the growth is observed for a week

Answer 19

Shoot Formation

Question 20

When the plant starts developing, it is transferred to the greenhouse to develop under controlled environmental conditions. It is finally transferred to the nurseries to grow under natural environmental conditions.

Answer 20

Acclimatization

Question 21

It is the production of a cell, cell component, or plant that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived.

Answer 21

Plant cloning

Question 22

It is derived fro the Greek word “klan” meaning a slip or twig

Answer 22

Clone

Question 23

It is defined as a group of bases that specify an amino acid.

Answer 23

Triplet Code or Codon

Question 24

No room for punctuation in between which indicates that every codon is adjacent to the previous one without any nucleotides between them.

Answer 24

Commaless code

Question 25

The code is read sequentially in a group of three and a nucleotide which becomes a part of triplet never becomes part of the next triplet.

Answer 25

Non-overlapping Code

Question 26

Each triplet is read from 5’ → 3’ direction and the beginning base is 5’ followed by the base in the middle then the last base which is 3’.

Answer 26

Polarity

Question 27

Every amino acid except tryptophan (UGG) and methionine (AUG) is coded by various codons, i.e, a few codons are synonyms and this aspect is known as the

Answer 27

Degenerate Code

Question 28

Generally, AUG codon is the initiating or start codon. The polypeptide chain starts either with eukaryotes (methionine) or prokaryotes (N- formylmethionine). On the other hand, UAG, UAA and UGA are called as termination codons or stop codons.

Answer 28

Start and Stop Codons

Question 29

Which property of Genetic Code implies that a specific codon will only code for a particular amino acid. Also, the same genetic code is seen valid for all the organisms.

Answer 29

Non-ambiguous and Universal

Question 30

A few exceptions have been discovered and most of these include assigning one or two of the STOP codons to an amino acid.

Answer 30

Exceptions to the Code

Question 31

Enumerate the Properties of the Genetic Code

Answer 31

* Triplet Code or Codon * Commaless code * Non-overlapping Code * Polarity * Degenerate Code * Start and Stop Codons * Non-ambiguous and Universal * Exceptions to the code

Question 32

It is commonly used to insert the genetic material into the cells by the particles coated into small DNA sequences.

Answer 32

Gene Gun

Question 33

A gene gun method can also be called as?

Answer 33

Biolistic method