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Endo > Firecracker Endo III > Flashcards

Firecracker Endo III Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs that can cause hypothyroidism

A

Lithium
Amiodarone
Sulfonamides

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2
Q

5 causes of hypothyroidism

A
  1. Hashimoto
  2. Iodine deficiency
  3. Surgery/radiation
  4. Drugs
  5. Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis
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3
Q

What is tertiary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Long standing hyperparathyroidism: progresses into autonomous hypersecretion of PTH even after correction of chronic hypocalcemia

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4
Q

patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis are at increased risk of developing which malignancy?

A

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, especially extra nodal marginal zone lymphomas of MALT

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5
Q

↑ urinary cAMP

A

reflects PTH action at the proximal tubule

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of thyroid pain?

A

DeQuervain

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7
Q

Medullary CA of thyroid is associated with which two MEN syndromes?

A

MEN 2A

MEN 2B

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8
Q
  • lymphocytic infiltrate

- multinucleate giant cells surrounding fragments of colloid

A

DeQuervain histology

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9
Q

Fibrous tissue replaces thyroid parenchyma, with fibrosis extending beyond the thyroid capsule into surrounding tissue.

A

Reidel thyroiditis

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10
Q

Parathyroid hyperplasia is commonly associated with what 2 MEN syndromes?

A

MEN 1 and MEN 2A

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11
Q

May induce remission of hyperthyroidism by blocking new thyroid hormone production via inhibition of the organification and coupling steps of thyroid hormone synthesis.

A

Thioamides (PTU or methimazole)

- PTU (not methimazole) also inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.

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12
Q

What are four common causes of hypomagnesemia?

A

diarrhea, aminoglycosides, diuretics, and alcohol abuse.

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13
Q

Besides serum TSH, total T4, free T4, and 123I uptake, what other lab findings are associated with thyrotoxicosis? (Try to name 3)

A
  1. hypercalcemia
  2. hyperglycemia
  3. hypocholesterolemia
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14
Q

What effect does PTH have on bones?

A

PTH binds osteoblasts → secrete M-CSF and RANK-L –> osteoCLASTs break down bone to release calcium.

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15
Q

goiter causes

A

graves and iodine deficiency

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16
Q
  • Fever
  • Painful thyroid
  • Painful cervical LAD
A

acute thyroiditis

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17
Q
  • Fine tremor (eg, of the hands)
  • Anxiety
  • Insomnia
  • Emotional lability
  • Inability to concentrate
  • Brisk DTRs (deep tendon reflexes)
A

neurological effects of hyperthyroidism

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18
Q

hyperparathryoidism –> hypercalcemia –> bones, stones, groans, and moans =

A 
Oseitis fibrosa cystica
calcium nephrolithiassis
GI distress
psych disturbances (depression)
(also HF and arrhythmias)
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19
Q

How does follicular thyroid carcinoma spread?

A

Hematogenously

20
Q

Ergocalciferol

A

vitamin D2

21
Q

cholecalciferol

A

vitamin D3

22
Q
  • Slow DTRs with prolonged relaxation phase
  • Fatigue
  • Lethargy
  • Mental slowness
  • Mental retardation (perinatal)
A

hypothyroidism

23
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Single benign adenoma

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of β-blockers in treatment of hyperthyroidism?

A

control symptoms of ↑ SNS tone

25
Q
  • brain trauma
  • surgery
  • pituitary tumor
  • histiocytosis X
A

cause central diabetes insipidus

26
Q
  1. chronic renal failure
  2. malabsorption syndromes
  3. rickets
  4. psuedohypoparathryoidism
A

4 causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism

27
Q

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2 receptor), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, and glucagon use what signaling mechanism?

A

adenylate cyclase -cAMP signaling mechanism

28
Q

what is stimulated by mild decreases in Mg2+ but inhibited by severe decreases in Mg2+?

A

PTH

29
Q

drugs that inhibit thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

A

propylthiouracil and methimazole.

30
Q

What catalyzes the formation of vitamin D3 from 7-dehydrocholesterol?

A

sunlight!

31
Q

Can you name 3 immunologic mechanisms which may cause thyroid cell death in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A
  1. CD8+
  2. cytokines
  3. ADCC
32
Q

Hürthle cells

A

hashimoto

32
Q

Hürthle cells

A

hashimoto

33
Q

How does Thyroid Releasing Hormone affect prolactin secretion?

A

stimulates it!

33
Q

How does Thyroid Releasing Hormone affect prolactin secretion?

A

stimulates it!

34
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

decrease bone resorption of calcium (i.e. put calcium on bones)

34
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

decrease bone resorption of calcium (i.e. put calcium on bones)

35
Q

High levels of I- inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking the organification step.

A

Wolff-Chaikoff effect

35
Q

High levels of I- inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking the organification step.

A

Wolff-Chaikoff effect

36
Q

In the hypothalamic-pituitary system, which two hormones does somatostatin inhibit?

A

GH + TSH

36
Q

In the hypothalamic-pituitary system, which two hormones does somatostatin inhibit?

A

GH + TSH

37
Q

Name a viral cause of hemorrhagic cystitis.

A

adenovirus

37
Q

Name a viral cause of hemorrhagic cystitis.

A

adenovirus

38
Q

Associated with HLA-DR3 and HLA-B8

A

Graves

38
Q

Associated with HLA-DR3 and HLA-B8

A

Graves

Endo (12 decks)

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