Firecracker Endo IV

Question 1

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH use what kind of signaling mechanism?

Answer 1

adenylate cyclase - cAMP

Question 2

CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH use what kind of signaling mechanism?

Answer 2

adenylate cyclase - cAMP

Question 3

calcitonin, GHRH, and glucagon use what kind of signaling mechanism?

Answer 3

adenylate cyclase - cAMP

Question 4

Brain
RBCs
Intestines
Cornea
Kidneys
Liver

Answer 4

6 examples of cells / tissues which do not need insulin or GLUT-4

Question 5

Extends across midline, overlying the aorta, left renal vein, splenic vein and the end of the inferior mesenteric vein.

Answer 5

Body of pancreas

Question 6

epigastric pain, diarrhea, steatorrhea, vomiting

Answer 6

Zollinger Ellison syndrome

Question 7

stimulate insulin secretion by causing the closure of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels in β cells.

Answer 7

Sulfonylurea drugs such as tolbutamide or glyburide

Question 8

GLUT-1 (insulin-independent) is constitutively expressed at high levels in cells with high glucose requirements, namely, [two cell types].

Answer 8

RBCs and brain

Question 9

What effect does insulin have on renal sodium handling?

Answer 9

Insulin → ↑ Na+ retention by the kidneys.

Question 10

In patients with Zollinger Ellison syndrome, where are the gastrinomas?

Answer 10

duodenum, pancreas

Question 11

The [WHAT?] lies in the bed of the stomach behind the parietal peritoneum (secondarily retroperitoneal), except the tail, which lies within the splenorenal ligament.

Answer 11

pancreas

Question 12

What duct drains the uncinate process and lower part of the head of the pancreas?

Answer 12

Accessory Pancreatic Duct

Question 13

where does the Accessory Pancreatic Duct lead?

Answer 13

opens independently into the second part of the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla.

Question 14

What traverses the length of the pancreas and joins the common bile duct to form the ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla)?

Answer 14

Major pancreatic duct

Question 15

What part of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum; traversed by the bile duct; hooklike uncinate process lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels?

Answer 15

Head

Question 16

What part of the pancreas extends across midline, overlying the aorta, left renal vein, splenic vein and the end of the inferior mesenteric vein?

Answer 16

Body

Question 17

What part of the pancreas entered the splenorenal ligament and terminates at the hilum of the spleen?

Answer 17

Tail

Question 18

How does glucagon raise blood sugar levels?

Answer 18

↑ glycogenolysis

↑ gluconeogenesis

Question 19

What part of the pancreas lies in curvature of the duodenum?

Answer 19

Head

Question 20

_______ decreases the number of insulin receptors.

Answer 20

Obesity

Question 21

_______ increases the number of insulin receptors.

Answer 21

Starvation

Question 22

• Tachycardia
• Tremor
• Altered mental status
• Altered vision
• Sweating
• Anxiety or agitation

Answer 22

symptoms of hypoglycemia

Question 23

At what serum [glucose] do symptoms of hypoglycemia generally appear?

Answer 23

<70 mg/dL

Question 24

Heart failure, arrhythmias, cerebral edema, Mucor sinusitis (rapid fatal fungal infection)

Answer 24

most severe consequences of DKA

Question 25

- Peptide hormone consisting of an A chain and B chain | - The two chains are linked by two disulfide bonds.

Answer 25

structure of insulin

Question 26

How does the hypothalamus regulate anterior pituitary function?

Answer 26

Capillary involvement: hypothalamus releases stimulating/inhibiting hormones into capillaries that control anterior pituitary secretion

Question 27

Describe Kussmaul respirations

Answer 27

(rapid and deep breathing),

Question 28

Gastrin activates what cell types?

Answer 28

stomach parietal cells and enterochromaffin-like cells (secrete histamine)

Question 29

Flushing of skin Secretory (watery, voluminous) diarrhea Abdominal cramps with nausea and vomiting Bronchoconstriction/bronchospasm → wheezing Tricuspid insufficiency or pulmonic valve stenosis (TIPS)

Answer 29

Symptoms that occur secondary to carcinoid neuroendocrine cells

Question 30

Can you name 2 vasoactive substances responsible for causing symptomatic discomfort in carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 30

serotonin, kallikrein

Question 31

1) Escaping hepatic degradation by virtue of its location (e.g. lung or liver) 2) Overwhelming the liver’s capacity to metabolize the vasoactive substance

Answer 31

2 mechanisms by which carcinoid tumors may become symptomatic

Question 32

1) ↑ uptake of glucose by target cells 2) ↑ glycogen synthesis, and 3) ↓ gluconeogenesis.

Answer 32

how Insulin → ↓ blood glucose concentrations

Question 33

DM is defined as 2hr oral glucose tolerance test over what measurement?

Answer 33

200

Question 34

What drugs inhibit thyroid peroxidase?

Answer 34

propylthiouracil and methimazole.

Question 35

MEN2b

Answer 35

Medullary thyroid carcinoma Pheochromocytoma Mucosal neuromas/Marfanoid habitus

Question 36

sidebar: what is angioedema?

Answer 36

rapid swelling of nose, lips, tongue, mouth, and throat shortly after first dose of ace inhibitor

Question 37

treatment for prolactinoma

Answer 37

1) Bromocriptine or cabergoline: dopamine agonists. | 2) Transsphenoidal surgical resection for large tumors

Question 38

why do dopamine antagonists (ex: antipsychotics) cause galactorrhea (loss of inhibition)?

Answer 38

Dopamine normally inhibits PRL release.

Question 39

bromocriptine can be used for prolactinoma and?

Answer 39

parkinson's

Question 40

- Fever - Painful thyroid - Painful cervical lymphadenopathy

Answer 40

acute thyroiditis

Question 41

Parathyroid hyperplasia Pancreatic endocrine tumor Pituitary adenoma

Answer 41

MEN1

Question 42

What is a urinary degradation product of serotonin that is elevated in carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 42

5HIAA

Question 43

What anions inhibit the Na-I transporter of thyroid follicular cells?

Answer 43

thiocyanate and perchlorate

Question 44

Medullary thyroid carcinoma Pheochromocytoma Parathyroid hyperplasia

Answer 44

MEN2a

Question 45

Step 1 of insulin secretion: 1) Glucose enters the pancreatic β cell through WHAT receptor by facilitated diffusion.

Answer 45

GLUT2

Question 46

Step 2) of insulin secretion: Inside the cell, glucose is oxidized to ATP, which closes ATP-sensitive K channels on the plasma membrane. Closure of this K channel leads to membrane depolarization -->

Answer 46

, which then opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Question 47

Step 3 of insulin secretion: ↑ intracellular [Ca2+] leads to

Answer 47

exocytosis of insulin storage vesicles.

Question 48

- May induce remission by blocking new thyroid hormone production via inhibition of the organification and coupling steps of thyroid hormone synthesis. - PTU (not methimazole) also inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.

Answer 48

mechanism of Thioamides — e.g., PTU (propylthiouracil), methimazole:

Question 49

What is the most common cause of renal papillary necrosis?

Answer 49

Diabetes mellitus (most common etiology of renal papillary necrosis)

Question 50

Where are insulin and c-peptide stored after production?

Answer 50

secretion granules