Firefighting Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Leading causes if failure
A
Stress
Over exertion
Mvc accidents
2
Q
Other causes of fatalitites
A
Falls
Being struck by an object
Trapped in a structure fire
Gsw
3
Q
Injuries and prevention
A
-main types
Strains/Sprains
Cuts/bruises
-Prevention Effective training Use ppe properly Physical fitness Follow safety
4
Q
Chronic illnesses
A
Respiratory diseases Cardiovascular diseases Cancer Obesity Stress induced hypertension Diabetes Drug and alcohol use
5
Q
NFPA
A
Established design criteria for PPE Defined safe training practises/program NF PA 1500 Safety and health related policies Training and education Driver/operator
6
Q
Risk management
A
Will risk a lot to save a lot
Will risk a little to save little
Will not risk to save lives or property already lost
7
Q
Risk management
Prevent…
Reduce…
All levels…
A
Prevent
- human suffering fatalities injuries illness exposure
- Damage to or loss of equipment trying to build
Reduce
-Occurrences and severity
All levels
-Promote and practice safety program
8
Q
Components of risk management
A
Safety and health committee
Department policies
Accident prevention
Training for personnel
9
Q
Situational awareness
A
- be aware of surroundings
- Be aware if conditions
- drive defensively
10
Q
Emergency scene 3 rules
A
Rules
Situational awareness
Basic structural techniques
11
Q
Roadway safety
A
High visibility vests
Apparatus scene lighting
Block traffic w pump
12
Q
Control zones
A
Green- cold zone
staging area, command post,RIT
Yellow-warm zone
Safe haven
Red-hot zone
Forward access point
Black-hazard zone
Hazard
-collapse zone
13
Q
Define fire
A
Heat producing chemical reaction between fuel and oxidizer
14
Q
Two types of chemical changes
A
Physical change
- substance chemically same
- changes size shape appearance
Chemical reaction
- substance changes
- from one type of matter to another
15
Q
Heat
A
Increasing temp of substance
16
Q
potential energy
A
Stationary
17
Q
Kinetic energy
A
Transfers from high to low temperature substance
Always moving
18
Q
Types of energy
A
Chemical Thermal Mechanical Electrical Light Sound Nuclear
19
Q
What happens to cheical energy in fire
A
Converted to thermal enegry
Released as heat
20
Q
What does chemical/physical changes involve
A
Potential energy
Released during combustion
Converted to kinetic energy
21
Q
2 types of energy reactions
A
Endothermic
-converting water to steam
Exothernic
-fire
22
Q
Ignition
A
Fuel heated
Sufficient heat transfer-causes pyrolysis
Energy necessary for ignition-from external source
Continues production
Ignition so combustion reaction sustained
23
Q
2 forms of ignition
A
Piloted
Autoignition
24
Q
Fire tetrahedron
A
Reducing agent (fuel)
Oxidizing agent
Chemical chain reaction
Heat
25
Products of combustion
```
Thermal energy
Toxic smoke
Smike
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen cyanide
Carbon dioxide
```
26
Sources if thermal energy
Chemical
Electrical
Mechanical
27
Conduction
Transfer of heat through and between solids
28
Convection
Transfer of thermal energy by circulation or movement of fluid (liquid or gas)
29
Radiation
Transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave without an inverting medium
30
Fuel
The material or substance oxidized or burned in combustion
31
Inorganic
Do not contain carbon
32
Organic
Contains carbon and other elements
33
Solubility
Extent to which substance will mix with water
34
Miscible solubility
Mix in any proportion
35
Hydro carbon solubility
Do not mix
36
Polar solevants solubility
Reafily mix
37
Oxygen facts
21% oxygen is typical
| Materials can burn as low as 14%
38
Fore development factors
```
Fuel type
Availability and location of fuel
Compartment volume and ceiling height
Ventilation
Thermal properties of compartment
Ambient conditions (outside weather)
Fuel load
```
39
Stages of a fire
```
Incipient
Grove
Fully developed and flashover
Backdraft
Decay
```
40
Progression to flashover 2 factors
Sufficient fuel, heat release rate
| Ventilation- must have sufficient 02
41
Indications of flashover
```
Smike
Airflow
Building type
Hest
Flame
Rollover
```
42
Backdraft
Change in ventilation that results in explosively rapid combustion of flammable gasses aka explosion
43
Backdraft factors
```
Volume of smoke
Pressure
Location where ignition occurs
Degree of confinement
More confined=more violent
```
44
Unplanned ventilation
Can be result of wind outside structure
- increase pressure inside structure
- flames into unburned portions
- upset tactical ventilation
45
2 purposes of ppe
Protect from hazards
| Minimize risk of injury or fatality
46
Respiratory hazards
```
Oxygen deficiency
elevated temperatures
particulate contaminants
gases and vapour
airborne pathogen’s
```
47
Psychological effects of reduced oxygen
19.5% normal conditions
15% to 19% ability to perform strenuous work decreases coordination is impaired
12% to 14% “. “
10% to 12% dizziness headache rapid Fatigue
8% to 10% mental failure unconsciousness blue lips nausea vomiting
8% exposure for eight minutes results in fatal exposure for 4 to 5 minutes can be treated
6%, occurs in 40 seconds followed by death
48
Super heated air health hazards
Decrease in blood pressure
circulatory system failure
pulmonary oedema
asphyxiation
49
For parts of an open circuit at SCBA
Backplate and harness
Air cylinder
Regulator
Facepiece
50
Respiratory protection equipment
Air purifying respirators APRs
-filters particles only
Atmosphere supplying respirators ASR’s
-provides breathable air
51
No. Emergency exits
```
Situation stabilized
shift in strategy
replace cylinder
IC command
assignment complete
```
52
Non-emergency exit techniques
Buddy system
controlled breathing
egress paths
accountability system
53
Emergency exits life-threatening situations
Low-pressure alarm on SCBA or failure incident command or safety officer increased respiratory hazards
change in conditions
54
Fire hydrant locations
Connected at specified intervals
not more than 300 feet apart in high-value districts
every building within one block
may require immediate hydrants
55
Factors impacting location and spacing of hydrants
```
Building constructions
occupancy
building density
size of water main
require fire flows in area
```
56
Two types of hydrants
Dead end-Receives water from one direction
Circulating hydrant- Receives water from two or more directions
57
Where is hydrants can fail
Damaged hydrant valves and connections
broken water mains
greater demand then the system can provide hydrants located on dead end water mains
closed isolation valves
restricted means caused by sediment and mineral deposits
pipes or hydrants that are frozen
58
Similarities between hydrants
Construction materials
valve opening and water main connection requirements
male threads conform with local use
NF PA 1963 regulations
59
Two components to be standard hydrant
At least one large outlet four or 4 1/2 inches
Two hose outlet nozzles for 2 1/2 inches couplings
60
Two type of hydrant barrels
Dry barrel hydrants Canada cold climate
wet barrel hydrants California hot climate
61
Hydrant colours
```
Class a a light blue
class a green
class B orange
class c red
```
62
Components of drafting water shuttle operation
Dumpsite
Fill site
mobile water supply apparatus
63
Drafting water
May be required to access alternative water supplies
needed in areas like public water system
system has an adequate volume
64
Relay pumping
Establishment factors
-maintain volume for duration needed -must be quick enough to be worthwhile
set up factors
- volume of water
- distance between water source and fire scene -supply hose size and amount available pumper capacity
other considerations
- apparatus with greatest pumping capacity located at water source
- causes of friction loss
- plan in advance and practice often
65
Two types of damage and what they are
Primary- damage caused by fire and smoke
Secondary- damage caused by firefighters
66
2 tactics to reduce damage
Salvage- saving personal belongings
Overhaul- searching for hidden fires
67
Three main ways of protecting content during salvage procedures
Protecting contents in place
moving contents to safe location in structure
removing contents from structure
68
Overhaul
Always cover openings
preserve evidence of arson
search for Hiddden fires
Place building and contents and safe condition
determine cause of fire
69
Tools used for overhaul
```
Pike poles and hooks
axes
prying tools
thermal imager
shovels
Buckets
power saws
drills
```
70
Hazards of overhaul
Fire weekend floor
broken glass nails and sharp objects
cuts punctures thermal burns if no gloves
strains sprains
fatigue
always have charged hose lines
71
Situational awareness during overhaul
```
Teams of two or more
Know exit routes
maintain RIT
monitor personnel
be aware of hidden gas and electrical utilities accountability system
```
72
For methods of locating hidden fires
Sight
sound
touch
electronic sensors
73
Overhaul procedures
If extended to other areas determine path
if floor beams burned at party wall ends and flush voids
thoroughly check insulation materials
do not make random openings
understanding basic building construction can help
search and concealed spaces
consider if the concealed space indicates utilities
make openings in neat and planned manner
open ceilings from below
do not stand directly under When pulling ceiling
small burning objects frequently uncovered
large smoldering items taken outside
do not disturb evidence
74
How does building construction affect fire development
-Helps predict
direction
speed
collapse
-alerts firefighters to
Safe areas
Obstacles to exit
Escape
75
Size up
1- officer in charge
2- all personnel
3- 1st firefighter on the scene asses situation
- what has happened
- what is happening
- what is going to happen
76
How can you use senses during situational awareness
Listen to sound sound floor watch colour of smoke fuel door with back of hand
77
Safety guidelines for structural search and rescue
Search systematically
stay low and move cautiously
mark entry and remember direction
maintain contact with wall and lines in low Visibility
monitor and communicate changes
have staffed and charged hose lines whenever possible
report rooms not searched and searched
keep supervisor informed
78
Primary search versus secondary search
-Primary search
fast
fire still going
start close to fire as possible
- secondary search
second set of eyes
more thorough
after initial suppression
79
To being objective to search and rescue
Searching for life
assessing fire conditions
80
Methods for primary and secondary searches
Left hand search pattern
search as close to fire as possible
use oriented search method for rooms that extend from hallway
perform a quick survey by getting low to ground
81
Limited visibility during primary search methods
Identify objects by touch
search all sides of any object
report to incident commander is smoke obscures vision
do not move objects it can be disorienting
82
Lifting technique’s
Incline drag
webbing drag
cradle in arms
seat lift
moving victims onto litter
extremities lift
83
Three must have survival skills
Recognize and avoid potential hazards
rescue lost and trapped firefighters
escape unavoidable hazards
84
Pre-incident survey
Read fire and anticipate development
anticipate extent and location of fire
identify construction type and potential collapse
locate entry an alternative exits
anticipate interior changes
two in two out rule
check air supply in teams
risk benefit analysis
85
Mayday communications
Describe problem
give location
remain in place
if an immediate danger
transmit mayday
activate pass alarm
communicate with incident commander
86
What does LUNARS stand for with Mayday communications
```
Location
unit
name
assignment
resources needed
situation
```
87
Three key principles of air management
Know how much air is left
know point of no return
inform incident commander if must exit
88
Three courses of action during Mayday
- Escape
- seek safe shelter stay low closed doors
```
-remain in place
stay calm
breathe slow
communicate with radio
activate pass alarm
make noise
shine light directly overhead
temporarily turn off pass alarm and listen
```
89
What does RIT team do
-2 firefighters
```
-When located downed firefighter
Check air
deactivate pass alarm
confirm identity
request assistance if needed
mitigate any hazards
moved to safe shelter if necessary
```
90
Parts of a ladder
```
Butt
butt spurs
beams
Rungs
bed Section
footpad
halyard cable
pulley
tip
fly section
```
91
Advantages and disadvantages of metal wood fibreglass ladders
Metal
Lighter
cheaper
Wood
Heavy
not a conductor
Fibreglass
Stronger
weather resistant
92
What NFPA standard are all fire ladders
1932
93
Two ways to secure a ladder
Heel
| Tie in
94
Two methods of moving a ladder
Shift
| Pivot
95
Removing victims conscious versus unconscious
Conscious- face towards ladder
| Unconscious- face towards you
