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First Aid Flashcards

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1
Q

Define first aid

What must be done before delivering first aid?

A

The initial assistance or treatment given to someone who is injured or suddenly taken ill.

Ensure consent is given

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2
Q

What are the 7 priorities of first aid when arriving at an incident?
What’s the acronym

A
  • Assess the situation
    (weather/secondary hazards)
  • Protect yourself and casualties
    (eg/chemicals/pile up and telling passenger to turn away from driver to prevent panick)
  • Assess all causalities (loud and quiet)
  • Comfort and reassure casualties
  • Deal with life threatening conditions
  • Obtain medical aid if necessary
  • Call ambulance

APACDOC

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3
Q

How must you assess the casualty?
What’s the acronym? Within this, what are you looking for in each step? (Also acronyms)

A

DRABC

DANGER
To self or casualty

RESPONSE (AVU)
Alert (hello can you hear me)
Voice (can you speak)
Unresponsive

AIRWAY (CMM)
Check (need cleared?)
Make
Maintain

BREATHING (LLF)
Look (rise and fall of chest)
Listen
Feel (back of hand for 10 s)

CIRCULATION (VPI)
Visual check for life threatening bleeds (squeeze thumb)
Pooling of blood
Gloves worn if available (pat down checking hands after each section)

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4
Q

List 5 causes of shock

A

Hypothermia

Anaphylaxis (allergic reaction)

Burns and fluid loss (blood/vomit)

Drug overdose

Heart attacks

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5
Q

What are the 3 signs and symptoms of the first release of adrenaline following shock?

A

Rapid pulse

Pale, cold, clammy skin (adrenaline takes warm blood to organs)

Sweating (body out of sync)

RPS

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6
Q

What are the 5 signs and symptoms of the development of shock and release of adrenaline?

A

Weakness and dizziness

Thirst, nausea, possible vomiting

Shallow rapid breathing (panick)

Weak thready pulse (due to blood volume loss)

Grey blue skin (hyperventilating)

WTBWG

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7
Q

What are the 3 signs and symptoms of shock when the brains oxygen supply weakens once adrenaline is released?

A

Relentlessness and aggressiveness

Yawning (lack of oxygen)

Unconsciousness/heart stops

RYU

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8
Q

What are the 7 steps to treating a causality of shock?

A

Treat cause of shock

Lay casualty down (stop falls), then raise and support legs

Loosen tight clothing (can make feel constricted during deep breaths)

Shelter casualty from extreme temperatures

Call for med aid (999/112-can track)

Monitor and record vital signs

Prepare to resuscitate

TLSSCMP

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9
Q

What are the DO NOTS when treating someone suffering from shock?

A

Don’t give anything to eat/drink (incase are sick/need op)

Don’t apply direct heat

Don’t allow smoking (further starves brain of oxygen)

Don’t leave casualty alone

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10
Q

What are 6 common triggers of anaphylactic shock? (Allergic reaction)

A

Nuts

Shellfish

Eggs

Wasps

Latex

Medications (eg/penicillin)

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11
Q

What are 4 signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock?

A

Red, itchy rash/raised areas of skin

Red, itchy watery eyes

Swelling of hands, feet, face

Abdominal pain

RSA

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12
Q

Aside from the initial 4 signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock (RSA), what 6 other symptoms might there be?

A

Difficulty breathing

Pale/flushed skin

Swelling of tongue throat, puffy eyes

Feeling of terror

Confusion and agitation (lack of oxygen to brain

Sign of shock leading to collapse and lack of consciousness

DPSFCS

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13
Q

What are the 5 steps to treating someone suffering an anaphylactic shock?

A

Call 999

Auto injector (epipen)

Sit casualty up

Monitor and record

5 min repeat dosage if no improvement

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14
Q

When should you stop CPR?

What is the rate of compressions per minute?

A

-Begins breathing normally
-Change over people

100-120 per minute

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15
Q

What is the approximate number of adult breaths per minute?

What is the ratio for breaths to compressions?

A

16 breaths a minute at rest

30:2

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16
Q

What should be done if you still dont see the chest rise during CPR?

A

Re-check head and chin tilt, airways (if blocked, Pinch not Sweep as could lodge further in throat

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17
Q

What are the 6 signs and symptoms of obstruction in airway?

A

Distress (to extent of grasping)

Noisy, laboured breathing

Cyanosis (grey/blue skin)

Flaring of nostrils (trying to get as much as possible)

Red puffy face

Persistent dry cough

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18
Q

What are the 2 parts to choking?

A

MILD OBSTRUCTION (still able to speak, cough, breathe)

COMPLETE OBSTRUCTION (unable to speak, cough, breathe, eventual loss of consciousness)

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19
Q

What are the 5 signs and symptoms of hypoxia?

A

Rapid, distressed breathing and gasping

Difficulty speaking

Cyanosis (grey blue skin)

Anxiety and restlessness

Headache, nausea, vomit

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20
Q

How would you treat a CONSCIOUS choking casualty?

5

A

Encourage coughing

Up to 5 back slaps (leaning forwards, between shoulder blades)

Up to 5 abdominal thrusts is fails

Alternate between 5 back slaps, 5 thrusts (check mouth)

After 3 sets, get medical help, then continue till help arrives/unconscious (may relax muscles and dislodge)

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21
Q

How would you treat an UNCONSCIOUS choking casualty?

3

A

Open airway and check breathing, if not give 2 rescue breaths

If not effective, begin CPR to relieve obstruction quickly

If starts breathing, place in recovery, monitor every 3 and record every 10

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of bleeds?

A

Arteries (carry blood from heart - 2, rapid high pressure, spurting)

Veins (carry blood back to heart, steadier flow and easier to control)

Capillaries (small cells, slow and easily controlled stopping spontaneously)

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23
Q

What are the 7 types of wounds?

A

Incised

Lacerated (gash)

Puncture

Abrasion

Gunshot

Contused (bruised)

Stab

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24
Q

What are your 4 aims for dealng with a bleeding casualty?

A

CONTROL BLEEDING
Apply direct (pressure on wound constricting vessels)/indirect (applied to pressure point-no longer than 10 mins) pressure (if foreign object pad either side and bandage around)

PREVENT & MINIMISE EFFECTS OF SHOCK
Lie down, raise legs

MINIMISE INFECTION
Dress wound and hold with bandage firm enough to maintain pressure but not impair circulation

ARRANGE URGENT MEDICAL AID
Ensure extent is relayed to medic

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25
What are the 7 signs and symptoms of bleeding?
Evidence of major blood loss Yawning Giddy/faint Cold clammy skin Pulse becomes faster but weaker Blurred vision Shallow breathing
26
How would you control a bleed using a dressing? 5 What happens when they bleed through?
Expose wound and apply direct pressure (if direct fails to stem flow of blood, apply indirect) Raise and support limb Lay casualty down to reduce flow of blood to wound and minimise shock Apply dressing Treat for shock, call for med aid If it seeps through apply second dressing, then remove both and apply fresh after reassessing
27
What are the 3 types of fractures and what are the 2 classes?
Stable (bone on bone,still standing) Unstable (possibly chipped and may slip) Green stick (fibres still attached-babies and infants) 1- open (bone ends may pierce skin/wound at fracture site, risk of infection) 2- closed (surface of skin intact)
28
What are the 6 signs and symptoms of fractures?
Swelling and bruising at fracture sight Loss of movement/power incl. pain moving Deformity Crepitus (coarse grating of bone ends that can be heard/felt by casualty) Signs of shock Possible bone ends protruding
29
What is the general treatment for fractures? 7
Don’t move casualty until injury secured/in danger Steady and support fractured limb Stop bleeding and dress open fractures, immobilise by splinting (keep straight) below and above injury to prevent movement but not to interfere with circulation (check circulation every 10m) Cover wound with sterile dressing Elevate limb to minimise bleeding and swelling Treat for shock Med aid asap
30
What are the signs and symptoms of a spinal injury? 5
Pain at site of injury incl. tender skin over spine Step/irregularity in normal curve of spine Loss of control over limbs and bladder Loss/abnormal sensations eg/burning Breathing difficulties
31
How should you treat a CONSCIOUS casualty with a spinal fracture? 5
Reassure and tell not to move Summon med aid making them aware it’s spinal Steady and support head in spinal position but ears not covered Help support rest of body and protect from elements (eg/stop shock incl hypothermia) Await arrival of med aid and seek help to monitor vitals (VPERM)
32
How should you treat an UNCONSCIOUS casualty with a spinal fracture? 4
Steady and support head in neutral position (head neck spine aligned) Open airway not using excessive force Check breathing (chest compressions and breaths if not berating Monitor and record vitals (VPERM AND PERL)
33
What are the signs and symptoms of a skull fracture? 6 Include one point about treating
Wound/bruise on head/soft spot Bruising/swelling behind ear or one/both eyes Fluid from nose/ear Blood in white of eyes Lack of symmetry in face Progressive deterioration in level of response Check airway, if discharges, cover with sterile dressings then monitor and record vitals (VPERM & PEARL)
34
What are the signs and symptoms of rib fractures? 5
Sharp pain at site increased by anything more than shallow breathing/coughing Paradoxical breathing (absurd breathing cycle) Sound of air being sucked into chest cavity (potential open/sucking wound aka pneumothorax) Features of internal breathing If lung punctured, frothy blood coughed up and cyanosis (blue lips)
35
How would you treat a casualty with no complications and a casualty with a complication with rib fractures?
If no complications support injured side in sling and transport to hospital If complications: - Treat sucking wounds by sealing with hand over puncture then cover with sterile dressing secured firmly on 3 sides only - Help casualty settle in most comfortable position inclined towards injured side Get med aid
36
What are the 6 types of burns? And what are the 3 different depths of burns?
Dry Chemical Scalds Electrical Cold injury Radiation - superficial (top layer, red skin, minimal) - partial thickness (deeper, down to hair follicles, blisters) - full thickness (deep, close to fatty layers & potentially nerve endings, white and red skin, potential skin graft needed)
37
What are the 5 general signs and symptoms of burns and scalds?
PRBDS Pain in and around injury Reddening around area Blistering and peeling Difficulty breathing Shock
38
What are the treatments for minor burns and scalds? 4
Flood area with cold water for min. 10 mins Remove constricting items before swelling Cover with sterile non fluffy dressing Advise to seek med aid
39
What are the treatments for severe burns and scalds? 6
Lay down protecting injury & remove burned clothing Cool with cold water for min. 10 minutes Get med aid Check airway & breathing Remove jewellery before swelling Monitor and record vitals
40
What are the 4 sign and symptoms of chemical burns?
Intense stinging pain Discolouration Blistering peeling swelling Remove harmful chemical asap
41
How would you treat chemical burns?
Make area safe (ventilate and seal) Flood area with slow running water (cooled for 20 mins/longer (ensuring water drains away) and remove contaminated clothing Take casualty to med aid and samples found Monitor vitals Of phosphorus keep wet
42
What are the 3 signs and symptoms of electrical burns?
Unconsciousness Full thickness burns with swelling and charring/burning at entry and exit points Shock
43
How would you treat chemical burns? 6
Ensure supply cut Prep to give compressions and rescue breath Flood with cold water Remove jewellery before swelling Dress would with sterile non fluffy dressing Take to med aid and treat shock
44
What are the 2 signs and symptoms of radiation burns?
Redness of skin, itching and tenderness Severe - lobster red and blistering and potentially heat stroke
45
What is the treatment for radiation burns?
Move to shade Cool skin by sponging with cold water frequent sips of water Seek med advice
46
Between which temperatures does the body work efficiently between? How much faster does body temp reduce in colder water than dry air?
36-37 degrees 30x faster
47
2 causes of hypothermia?
Body temp falls below 35 degrees Severe - core temp falls below 30 degrees
48
What are the signs and symptoms of hypothermia? 5
Shivering and cold pale dry skin Irrational behaviours and slurred speech Dazed Slow weakening pulse (trying to get blood to vital organs) Slow shallow breathing
49
How do you treat hypothermia outside? 5
Shelter asap Insulate (slowly layer) removing wet clothing, cover head and protect from ground Seek help Warm drinks if conscious Evacuate by stretcher
50
How do you treat hypothermia inside ?
Replace wet clothes with dry and rewarm via bathing (temp of water no more than 40 degrees) or sleeping bag Warm food and drinks Monitor and record vitals Med aid
51
What is heat exhaustion caused by and what are the signs and symptoms?
Loss of salt and water Headache dizziness confusion Loss of appetite and nausea Sweating pale clammy skin Cramps in limbs and abdomen Rapid and weakening pulse and breathing
52
How would you treat heat exhaustion?
Lay in cool place Raise and support legs Sips of weak salt solution Advise to see doctor (effects may be longer lasting) Recovery position if unconscious Monitor and record vitals
53
What is heat stroke and what are the signs and symptoms? 6
Body overheating Headache agitation discomfort Restless and confused Hot flushed dry skin Rapid deterioration in response level Full bounding pulse Body temp >40 degrees
54
How would you treat for heat stroke treatment ?
Move to cool place Remove clothing Wrap in cold wet sheet Monitor and record vitals
55
What are the 5 ways poisons can enter the body?
I I I A Ingestion (ate) Injection Inhalation (breath) Absorption (skin, touch)
56
What are the general signs and symptoms of poisoning? 5
Photo of poison/spot container near Delusional/convulsions where unconsciousness may develop Difficulty breathing Retching, vomit, diarrhoea (body’s natural defence to try get rid) Burns around casualty’s mouth if contact corrosive poison (Vary depending on nature of poison and method of entry)
57
What are the steps to treating poisoning? 4 Whats one thing you shouldn’t do?
Ask what happened Cool lips id show signs of burning Place in recovery (conscious/unconscious as may vomit) Prepare to resuscitate and arrange urgent removal to hospital (sending samples of containers and samples of vomit) DONT induce vomitting
58
What are the signs and symptoms of acute stress reaction (ASR)? 4
Dazed, confused, shocked Severe apprehension and restlessness (pressure and overthink) Trembling sweating anxiety Sleep disturbance (lack), headaches, poor concentration
59
How do you manage casualties suffering acute stress reaction (ASR)?
Don’t leave unattended Disarm Give respite from action/reassure (time for self) and occupy with useful tasks (think of things over than trigger) Evacuate to med aid if no recovery within 48 hours
60
What are the signs and symptoms of a heart attack? 7
Persistent chest pain that may spread to jaw and arms with rapid weak irregular pulse Breathless (due to clenching) Discomfort in high abdomen (like severe indigestion) Collapse/sudden dizziness Cyanosis (grey blue skin) Profuse sweating/clammy Air hunger (gasping for air)
61
How do you treat a heart attack? 4
999 immediately inform of suspected heart attack Make casualty comfortable (lie and elevate) and encourage rest Assist in giving full 300mg dose of aspirin / angina med Monitor record reassure
62
What are the signs and symptoms/treatment for stroke?
F acial weakeness A rm weakness S peech problems T ime to call 999 (inform suspected stroke)
63
What are the signs and symptoms of epilepsy? 6
Sudden loss of consciousness Become rigid, arching back Breathing becomes difficult, noisy and signs of cyanosis Convulsive movements then may fall into deep sleep Saliva at mouth (blood stains if bit tongue) Incontinence
64
What causes: A heart attack A stroke An epileptic episode?
HA - sudden obstruction of blood supply to part of heart S - blocked vessels in brain E - brains signals go wrong
65
How do you treat a casualty having an epileptic episode? 5
Make space around, cushion head Note start time Loosen tight clothing round neck Check airway and breathing once convulsions finish Monitor and record vital signs
66
What are the signs and symptoms of asthma? 5
Wheezing - difficult breathing, coughing, cyanosis Difficulty speaking = whispering Distress and anxiety Exhaustion after severe attacks May stop breathing/unconscious
67
How do you treat someone having an asthma attack? 4 When does it become problematic?
Keep calm and reassured, sit them comfortable Give usual dose of reliever inhaler, breathing slow and deep If doesn't subside after few minutes give 1-2 puffs every 2 mins, max 10 If severe (inhaler has no effect/casualty gets worse) call 999 If lasts longer than 5 minutes, can cause LT problems
68
What is type 1diabetes and what are the symptoms? 5 What is the treatment?
HypERglycaemia (high blood sugar,pancreas can't produce insulin, born with) -warm dry skin -rapid pulse & breathing -fruity sweet breath & excessive breathing -med warning tag -drowsy=unconscious if not treated Call 999, monitor and record vitals
69
What is type 2 diabetes and what are the symptoms? 5 How would you treat someone?
HypOglycaemia (low blood sugar,pancreas can't produce enough insulin, result of bad diet) -history of diabetes -weakness, faint, hunger -confused/irrational -sweating with cold clammy skin - rapid pulse -deteriorating level of response -med tag & med eg/insulin pen/tablets & glucose testing kit Sit down and give gels or sweets (if improves give more), no improvement call 999
70
What are the 3 symptoms and 3 treatments for chemicals in the eye?
Intense pain and inability to open it Redness, swelling and watering Evidence of chemical substance in area Irrigate for 10 mins (draining away) Dress with non fluffy sterile dressing Sleek med help
71
What are the 4 symptoms and 3 treatments for dust and grit in the eye?
Blurred vision Pain Redness and water Eyelids screwed up in spas Advise not to rub Gently separate lids with clean hands and look for object Seek med aid
72
What are the 4 symptoms and 3 treatments for cuts in the eye?
Pain in eye/lids Visible wound/bloodshot Partial/total loss of vision Leakage of blood/fluid from wound Tell casualty to keep eye still Apply dressing Arrange for urgent removal to med aid

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