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Allergy and Immunology > First Aid, Chapter 4 Laboratory Tests, Cell Surface Markers and Receptors > Flashcards

First Aid, Chapter 4 Laboratory Tests, Cell Surface Markers and Receptors Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the roles of cell surface molecules?

A

Cell surface makers play a role in the following:

  • Recognition
  • Adhesion
  • Signal transduction
  • Cell recognition in research
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2
Q

What do cluster of differentiation markers do? What are their roles?

A

Cluster of differentiation (CD) markers signal the presence of cell surface proteins, which leads to the identification and characterization of leukocytes.
CD markers have multiple roles:
-Cell identification
-Antigen or cytokine receptors

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3
Q

What are other names for CD? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Other names:
Expression:
Structure:
Function:

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4
Q

What are other names for CD1? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Other names:
Five subsets CD1a– e CD1a (Leu6)
Expression: APCs
Structure: Member of Ig superfamily, binds to β2microglobuli
Function: Presents autologous and bacterial lipid antigen to T lymphocytes

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5
Q

What are other names for CD2? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A 
Other names: LFA2, E rosette receptor
Expression: Early T and NK cells
Structure: Ig superfamily 
Function: 
Binds LFA3 (CD58) on APC Activates T lymphocytes Induces cytokine production Mediates adhesion between T lymphocytes and APCs Inhibits apoptosis of activated T lymphocytes
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6
Q

Where are CD3 expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Expression: T lymphocytes (plasma cells, macrophage) Not found on NK cells
Structure: Ig superfamily δ, ε, γ, and ζ chains
Function: Required for TCR expression and signal transduction δ, ε, γ, and ζ defects causes T-B+NK+ SCID OKT3—monoclonal antibody clone, which recognizes human CD3 in the treatment of solid-organ transplant rejection and acute Tlymphocyte ALL. Leads to activation then apoptosis of T-cells causing immunosuppression

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7
Q

What are other names for CD14? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Other names: LPS receptor
Expression: Macrophages and monocytes
Structure: Pattern recognition receptor
Function: Detects lipoteichoic acid on GPB, and LPS on GNB, mycobacteria, and fungi Mediates IL-12 and IFNγ production

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8
Q

What are other names for CD16 (the A receptor)? Where are they expressed? What is its function?

A 
Other names: 
FcγRIIIA Low-affinity IgGR 
Expression:
NK cells, granulocytes, and macrophages 
Function: ADCC
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9
Q

What are other names for CD16 (the B receptor)? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Other names: FcγRIIIB Low-affinity IgGR
Expression: Neutrophils
Structure: Most common IgG FcR
Function: Phagocytosis

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10
Q

What are other names for CD18? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Other names: B2 chain
Expression: Neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, and NK cells
Structure: Combines with αL: LFA1, (CD11aCD18), αM: MAC-1 and CR3 (CD11bCD18), αX: p150,95 and CR4 (CD11cCD18)
Function:
Adhesion and signaling Defect in common β chain responsible for LAD1

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11
Q

Where are CD19 expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Expression: Pre B lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and follicular dendritic cells
Structure: Coreceptor with CD21
Function: B-lymphocyte ontogeny and activation

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12
Q

What are other names for CD20? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Other names: L26 MS4A1
Expression:
On B lymphocytes after CD19 expression Follicular dendritic cells
Structure: Transmembra ne phosphoprotei n—forms structure like ion channel— Ca influx
Function: B lymphocyte activation and signaling

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13
Q

What are other names for CD21? Where are they expressed? What is its function?

A

Other names: CR2 C3d receptor EBV receptor
Expression: Mature B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells
Function: Binds EBV, HHV8, C3d, and CD23 High levels of CD21lo B cells are associated with CVID class Ia

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14
Q

What are other names for CD22? Where are they expressed? What is its function?

A

Other names: B-lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule (BLCAM)
Expression: B lymphocytes
Function: Inhibits B signaling

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15
Q

What are other names for CD23? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Other names: Low affinity IgE receptor FCeRII
Expression: activated, mature B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells
Structure: Type C lectin
Function: B-lymphocyte ontogeny and activation

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16
Q

Which cell marker of the following is not found on NK cells: CD3, CD16, CD56?

A

CD3

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17
Q

What are other names for CD25? Where are they expressed? What is its function?

A

Other names: IL-2 Ra chain
Expression: Activated B and T lymphocytes
Function: Suppress self-reactive T lymphocytes. prevent CTL cytolysis, and suppress NK cells. Elevated in HLH

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18
Q

What are other names for CD27? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Other names: TNFRSF7
Expression: Memory B lymphocytes
Structure: TNF receptor superfamily
Function: B-lymphocyte activation and Ig production Memory B lymphocytes: CD27+ Memory T lymphocytes: CD27-

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19
Q

What are other names for CD31? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?

A

Other names: PECAM-1
Expression: Endothelial cells, platelets, monocytes, and macrophage
Structure: Ig Superfamily
Function: Cell adhesion and bind CD38

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20
Q

What are other names for CD32? Where are they expressed? What is its function?

A

Other names: FcγRII (types a, b, and c)
Expression: WBCs
Function: Binds Fc of IgG immune complexes to remove foreign antigens Binding of FcγRIIb proposed mechanism of IVIG

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21
Q

Where is CD34 expressed? What is its function?

A

Expression: Adult hematopoietic stem cells
Function: Adhesion molecule and binds CD62L (L selectin)

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22
Q

What are other names for CD35? Where are they expressed? What is its function?

A

Other names: CR1 C3b and C4b receptor
Expression: WBCs
Function: Binds immune complexes coated with C3b and C4b Cofactor for factor Imediated cleavage

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23
Q

What are other names for CD40? Where are they expressed? What is its function?

A

Other names: TNFRSF5
Expression: APCs
Function: T–lymphocyte-dependent Ig switching Expressed on B cells Defective in HIGM3

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24
Q

Where is CD44 expressed? What is the structure of CD44? What is its function?

A

Expression: Activated B and T lymphocytes
Structure: Surface glycoprotein
Function: Cell adhesion

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25
What are other names for CD45? Where are they expressed? What is the structure? What is its function?
Other names: Leukocyte common antigen (LCA) Expression: CD45RA naïve T lymphocytes and CD45RO memory or activated T lymphocytes Structure: Protein tyrosine phosphatase Function: Defective in T-B+NK- SCID
26
What are other names for CD46? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) Expression: All cells (no RBC) Function: Cofactor for factor I-mediated cleavage Adenovirus receptor
27
What are other names for CD49? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: Very late antigen (VLA a–f) Expression: WBCs Function: Receptors for fibronectin, VCAM, and others in cell adhesion
28
What are other names for CD52? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: CAMPATH-1 antigen Expression: Mature lymphocytes Function: Target for alemtuzumab (Campath)—monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of CLL
29
What are other names for CD54? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: ICAM-1 Expression: WBCs Function: Binds LFA-1 (CD50). Receptor for rhinovirus.
30
What are other names for CD55? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: Decayaccelerating factor (DAF) Expression: Hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, and cell matrix Function: Binds C3bBb and C4b2a to accelerate decay of C3 convertase Deficient in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
31
What are other names for CD58? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: LFA-3 Expression: WBCs Function: Binds CD2 and adhesion
32
What are other names for CD59? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: Protectin Complement regulatory molecule Expression: All cells Function: Inhibits MAC formation by binding to C8 or C9
33
What are other names for CD62E? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: E selectin, ELAM1, SELE Expression: Endothelium Function: Ligand for CD15s, CD44, and CD162 Leukocyte rolling Defective in LAD2
34
What are other names for CD62L? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: LECAM-1, SELL, L Selectin Expression: B and T lymphocytes, and NK cells Function: Lymphocyte homing to HEV of LN Binds CD34, CD15s,and MAdCAM-1
35
What are other names for CD62P? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: PADGEM, SELP, P Selectin Expression: Platelets Activated endothelial cells (membranes of Weibel-Palade bodies) Function: Binds CD162, rolling on activated endothelial cells Defective in LAD2
36
What are other names for CD64? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: FcγRI High affinity IgG receptor Expression: APC (macrophages, neutrophils, eos) Function: ADCC
37
What are other names for CD95? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: Fas Apo-1 TNFRSF6 Expression: Activated B and T lymphocytes Function: Apoptosis when ligated by FasL Defective in ALPS
38
What are other names for CD106? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: VCAM-1 Expression: Endothelium, fibroblasts, and respiratory epithelium Function: VLA-4 (α4:β1) α4β7 (act-1, LPAM-1)
39
What are other names for CD154? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: CD40L TRAP Expression: T lymphocytes Function: Regulates B lymphocyte function Expressed on T-cells Defective in XHIGM (X-linked hyper-IgM)
40
What is the CD marker for FcγRII?
CD32
41
What is the CD marker for CD40L expressed on T-cells?
CD154
42
What are other names for CD158? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: KIR (KIR2DL, NKG2A, and others) Expression: NK and T Function: Binds HLA class I and inhibits NK or T cell cytotoxicity
43
What are other names for CD159? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: NKG2A Expression: NK Function: Modulates NK killing
44
What are other names for CD162? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) Expression: Myeloid cells, Activated T lymphocytes Function: Adhesion with endothelial cells
45
What are other names for CD178? Where are they expressed? What is its function?
Other names: CD95 ligand, FasL Expression: Activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes Function: Apoptosis Fas-expressing cells
46
What are the other names for CD4?
OKT4, CD223
47
What cells is CD4 expressed on?
``` T Helper cells Monocytes Phagocytes Dendritic cells Langerhans cells Thymocytes ```
48
What is the % T-lymphocyte expression of CD4?
65%
49
What is the structure of CD4?
Ig Superfamily, Monomer
50
What is the domain-binding MHC of CD4?
beta-2
51
What are the function or biological properties of CD4?
- MHC-restricted antigen induced T-lymphocyte activation - HIV receptor on T lymphocytes - Downregulated by HIV nef protein during infection
52
What is another name for CD8?
OKT8
53
What is the cell expression of CD8?
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes Cortical thymocytes NK cells Dendritic cells
54
What is the % T-lymphocyte expression of CD8?
35%
55
What is the domain binding MHC of CD8?
alpha 3
56
What are the functions or biological properties of CD8?
MHC-restricted antigen-induced cytosis
57
Where is the CD28 receptor located?
T lymphocytes
58
What are the ligands for CD28? Where are they located? What is the function?
ligands: CD80 (B71), CD86 (B72) Location: APCs (DC, macrophage, B lymphocytes) Function: Costimulation or activation
59
Where is CTLA4 (CD152) located? What are its ligands? Where are the ligands located? What is its function?
Location: Activated T lymphocytes Ligands: CD80 (B71), CD86 (B72) Location of ligands: APCs (DC, macrophage, B lymphocyte) Function: costimulation or inhibition
60
Where is ICOS located? What is the ligand? Where is the ligand located? What is its function?
Location: T lymphocytes B-7 family ligand: ICOS-L Location of ligand: APCs (DC, macrophage, B lymphocytes) Function: costiumation
61
Where are the B7-H1 (PD-L1) and B7-DC receptor located? What is its B-7 Family ligand? What is the location of the ligand? What is its function?
Location: DCs, macrophages, B lymphocytes B-7 Family ligand: PD1 Location of ligand: B lymph, T lymph Function: Inhibition
62
What are the other names of CD16? What cells is it found on? What is the function? What is the ligand?
Other name (1): FcyRIIIA Cell: NK cells Function: ADCC Ligand: IgG low affinity Other name (2): FcyRIIIB Cell: Neutrophils Function: Phagocytosis Ligand: IgG low affinity
63
What are the other names of CD32? What cells is it found on? What is the function? What is the ligand?
Other name (1): FcyRIIB Cell: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages Function: Feedback inhibition of B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages Ligand: IgG low affinity Other name (2): FcyRIIA Cell: Macrophage Neutrophils Eosinophils Platelets Function: Phagocytosis Ligand: IgG low affinity
64
What are the other names of CD64? What cells is it found on? What is the function? What is the ligand?
Other name: FcyRI Cell: macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils Function: phagocytosis Ligand: High affinity IgG (IgG1, IgG3 and monomeric IgG)
65
What cells is FceRI located on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Cells: Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells Function: Degranulation, antigen uptake Ligand: Monomeric IgE high affinity
66
What cells is FceRII (CD23) located on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Cells: B lymphocytes, eosinophils Function: unknown Ligand: IgE, low affinity
67
Where is the TNF R1/p55 receptor found? What is its function? What is the ligand?
Cell: most cells Function: apoptosis Ligand: TNF (membrane bound and trimeric soluble forms)
68
Where is the TNFR2/p75 receptor found? What is the ligand?
Cell: immune cells Ligand: TNF (membrane-bound homotrimer form)
69
Where is the LT-BR receptor found? What is its function? What is the ligand?
Cell: Epithelial cell Myeloid cells (Not B and T lymphocytes) Function: apoptosis, IL-8 release Ligand: TRAF, lymphotoxin
70
Where is the Fas receptor found? What is its function? What is the ligand?
Cells: Activated B and T lymphocytes Function: Apoptosis Ligand: FasL
71
Where is the CD40/CD134 receptor found? What is its function? What is the ligand?
Cell: activated T lymphocytes Function: Second signal Ligand: CD40L, TRAF
72
Where is the OX40 ligand found? What is its function? What is the ligand?
Cell: Activate T lymphocytes Function: Implicated in cytokine storm of H1N1 Ligand: TRAF
73
Where is RANK found? What is its function? What is the ligand?
Cell: Osteoclasts, dendritic cells, some macrophages Function: activation of osteoclasts Ligand: RANK ligand, TRAF
74
Which PID is associated with defective CD40 and which is associated with defective CD40L?
Defective CD40 = HIGM3 and defective CD40L = XHIGM
75
What does the activating mutation of CXCR4 cause?
Phagocytic defect, WHIM (or wart, hypogammaglobulinemi a, infection, and myelokathexis) syndrome.
76
What are the HIV coreceptors?
CCR5 adn CXCR4
77
How does complement bridge innate and cell-mediated immunity?
Innate responses generate complement components, which bind to receptors on WBCs. Ligand-receptor interaction leads to signaling pathways, cytokine release, and engagement of cell-mediated immunity.
78
What is the most potent complement receptor? What does it bind? What does deficiency of the complement that binds to this receptor lead to?
CR3 is the most potent complement receptor and binds iC3b, which is an opsonin like Ig. A hereditary deficiency of C3 will lead to defective phagocytosis of encapsulated bacteria and will present with autoimmune disease and repeated infections.
79
What is the other name for CR1? What cells is it found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Other names: CD35 Cells: Monocytes Neutrophils T and B lymphocytes Eosinophils RBCs Function: Phagocytosis Ligands: C3b, C4b, iC3b
80
What is the other name for CR2? What cells is it found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Other names: CD21 Cells: B lymphocytes, FDC Function: B-lymphocytes activation, EBV receptor Ligand: C3d, iC3b, c3dg
81
What is the other name for CR3? What cells is it found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Other names: Mac-1, CD11b/CD18 Cells: Monocytes, Neutrophils, NK cells Function: Phagocytosis, adhesion Ligand: iC3b, ICAM-1, bacteria
82
What is the other name for CR4? What cells is it found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Other names: p150.95, Cd11c/CD18 Cells: Monocytes, Neutrophils, NK cells Function: Phagocytosis Ligand: iC3b, ICAM-3
83
What is the other name for CRIg? What cells is it found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Other names: Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family Cells: Macrophage in liver (kupffer cells) Function: Phagocytosis Ligand: C3b, iC3b, inhibits alternatie pathway convertases
84
What cells is CCR3 found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Cells: Macrophage Eosinophils Basophils Th1 Th2 Airway epithelial cells Function: Implicated in allergic disease Ligand: CCL11 (eotaxin-1) CCL5 (RANTES) CCL7 (MCP-3) CCL8 (MCP2) CCL13 (MCP4) CCL26 (eotaxin-3)
85
What cells is CCR4 found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Cells: CD4 T lymphocytes DCs Basophil Macrophage Platelets Function: T-lymphocyte trafficking Ligands: CCL17 (TARC) CCL22 (MDC)
86
What cells is CCR5 found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Cells: T lymphocytes Monocytes Function: Cell trafficking. HIV coreceptor Ligand: CCL3 (MIP 1α) CCL4 (MIP 1β) CCL5 (RANTES) CCL11 (eotaxin-1) CCL14 (HHC-1) CCL16 (HHC-4)
87
What cells is CCR7 found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Cells: T lymphocytes, DCs (EBV-infected B lymphocytes) Function: Naive T lymphocyte and DC trafficking to LN Ligand: CCL19 (MIP-3B/ELC) CCL21 (SLC)
88
What cells is CXCR4 found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Cells: Mature blood cells, blood progenitor cells, epithelial cells Function: B lymphocyte development HIV co-receptor Ligand: CXCL12 (SDF-1)
89
What cells is CXCR5 found on? What is its function? What is its ligand?
Cells: B lymphocytes Function: Home to B-T junction in LN Ligand: CXCL13 (BCA-1)
90
What is the function of XCR1? What is its ligand?
Function: T and NK cells recruitment Ligand: XCL1 (Lymphotactin)
91
What is the function of CX3CRI? What is its ligand?
Function: Recruits T, NK, and macrophages. Activates CTL and NK. Ligand: CX3CL1 (factalkine)
92
What do NK cells lack expression of?
CD3 and TCR
93
Which complement receptor is also known as CD11c/CD18?
CR4
94
What lymphocyte cell surface marker is present on memory B cells and absent on memory T cells?
CD27
95
Which cells express MHC1?
All nucleated cells
96
What cells express MHCI and MHCII?
B lymphocytes
97
What cells express MHC II?
CD4 T cells
98
What surface marker do switched memory B lymphocytes lose expression of?
Surface IgD
99
What surface marker mediates homing to skin?
CLA-1 on T lymphocytes mediates homing to skin
100
What surface marker mediates homing in on colonic tissue? How?
Α4β7 on T lymphocytes mediate homing in on colonic tissue by binding to MAdCAM-1.
101
Where do naive lymphocytes home to? Where do activate lymphocytes home to?
Naïve lymphocytes home in preferentially on secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer’s patches. This ensures a maximal probability of a diverse TCR repertoire coming in contact with unique antigens. Once activated, lymphocytes enter the circulation, whereby they encounter antigen residing in different tissues to elicit a strong memory response.
102
What are the cell surface markers on naive B lymphocytes?
IgM/IgD | CXCR5
103
What are the cell surface markers on naive T lymphocytes?
L selectin CCR7 CD45Ra
104
What are the cell surface markers on naive NK cells?
CD2
105
What are the cell surface markers on activated B lymphocytes?
IgA IgE IgG CD27
106
What are the cell surface markers on activated T lymphocytes?
``` CD40L (CD154) CD28 CTLA4 CD 25 CD44 CD45RO CXCR3 CCR5 HLADR ```
107
What are the cell surface markers on memory B lymphocytes?
IgG IgA IgE CD27+
108
What are the cell surface markers on memory B lymphocytes?
``` CCR7 L-Selectin (CD62L) IL-7R IL-15 (CD8 only) CD44 CD45RO MHCI CD27- ```
109
What is the inhibitory cell surface receptor for B lymphocytes?
CD22
110
What are the activating cell surface receptors for T lymphocytes?
IL-12 Rβ | IL-18 R
111
What are the inhibitory receptors for NK cells?
NKG2A (CD94) ILT-2 KIR
112
What are the activating receptors for NK cells?
``` CD16 NCR KIR2DS CD92/NKG2C NKG2D ```
113
What is the cell surface marker for monocytes or macrophages?
FcyR
114
What is the cell surface marker for endothelial cells?
Selectins (CD62E)
115
What is the cell surface marker for NKT cells?
Vα24-Jα18 | Vβ11
116
What is the cell surface marker for mast cells?
CD117 (c-KIT)
117
What are dendritic cells divided into? What are the roles?
-Conventional dendritic cells (myeloid, lymphoid) o Act as antigen-presenting cells -Plasmacytoid dendritic cells o Produce IFNα
118
Why are cell surface markers so important? How does pathogenesis occur from defects?
Cell surface markers play an important role in cell function and survival. Clinical disease results as a defect in expression or in function, or by opportunistic use by a pathogenic organism.
119
Are CD1a-3, CD11c, and CD11b present on conventional dendritic cells? plasmacytoid dendritic cells?
CD1a-3: high levels on conventional dendritic cells, negative on plasmacytoid dendritic cells CD11c: high levels on conventional dendritic cells, negative on plasmacytoid dendritic cells CD11b: variable levels on conventional dendritic cells, negative on plasmacytoid dendritic cells
120
Which TLRs are present on conventional vs. plasmacytoid dendritic cells?
Conventional: TLR4, 5, 8 Plasmacytoid: TLR 7
121
Is CD80/CD86 present on conventional dendritic cells?
Inducible
122
Is IL T7 (CD85g) present on convetional dendritic cells? Plasmacytoid dendritic cells?
Conventional DCs: Negative | Plasmacytoid: High
123
Is CD33 (Siglec-3) present on conventional dendritic cells?
High
124
Is CD209 (DC sign) present on conventional dendritic cells?
High
125
Is CMKLR1 present on convetional and plasmacytoid DCs?
Conventional DCs: high | Plasmacytoid DCs: in vitro expression
126
Is TCL1 present on conventional DCs? Plasmacytoid DCs?
Conventional DCs: negative | Plasmacytoid DCs: high

Allergy and Immunology (68 decks)

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