Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Step 1 Review > First Aid Neuro > Flashcards

First Aid Neuro Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

CNS/PNS origins

A

neuroectoderm: CNS neurons, ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles, make CSF), oligodendroglia, astrocytes. Neural crest: Schwann cells, PNS neurons. Mesoderm: Microglia (like macrophages originate from Mesoderm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Astrocytes

A

physical support, maintain BBB, reactive gliosis in response to injury. (GFAP is marker)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microglia

A

CNS phagocytes. respond to tissue damage by differentiating into large phagocytic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Free nerve endings

A

C: slow unmyelinated, Agamma: fast myelinated. located in skin/epidermis, some in viscera. senses pain and temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

large myelinated, located on glabrous (hairless) skin, senses position sense, dynamic fine touch, adapt quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

large unmyelinated, located deeps kin layer, ligaments/joints. sense vibration, pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Merkel’s disks

A

large unmyelinated. location hair follicles. position sense, static touch, adapt slowly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Norepinephrine

A

inc in anxiety, dec in depression. synthesis located in locus ceruleus (stress and panic center)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dopamine

A

inc in schizophrenia, dec in Parkinson’s and depression. synthesis in ventral tegmentum and SNc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Serotonin

A

dec in anxiety and depression. synthesis in raphe nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Achetylcholine

A

dec in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, inc in REM sleep. synthesis in basal nucleus of meynert.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GABA

A

dec in anxiety, Huntington’s. Synthesis in Nuc accumbens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Blood brain barrier formed by…

A

tight junctions, basement membrane, astrocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

TAN HATS: Thirst and water balance, Adenohypophysis control, Neurohypophysis hormones, Hunger, Autonomic regulation, Temperature regulation, Sexual urges. Inputs: OVLT, area postrema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus vs. medial geniculate nucleus

A

Lateral = Light. Medial = Music.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Limbic system

A

5 Fs, feedingn, fleeing, fighting, feeling, fucking. Circuit is hippocampus, fornix, mammillary body, ant nuclei of thalamus, cingulate gyrus, enterhinol cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cerebellum

A

receives contralateral cortical input via middle cerebellar peduncle, ipsilateral proprioceptive info via inf cerebellar peduncle (via climbing fibers/mossy fibers). provides stim feedback to ocntralat cortex to modulate movement. output nerves (purkinje fibers) go to deep nuclei which go to cortex via superior peduncle. lateral is voluntary movement of extremities, medial is balance/coordination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

deep nuclei of cerebellum

A

Don’t Eat Greasy Foods = dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

basal ganglia

A

imp for voluntary movement, postural adj. receives cortical input, provides neg feedback to cortex to modulate movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

excitation pathway for basal ganglia

A

cortical inputs stimulate striatum, stimulate release of ACh, disinhibit thalamus via GPi/SNr, increases motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

inhibitory pathway for basal ganglia

A

coritcal input stimulate striatum, disinhibit STN via GPe, STN stim GPi to inhibit thalamus, dec motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

loss of dopaminergic neurons in SNc. also see lewy bodies (alphasynuclein intracellular inclusions). symptoms: TRAP: Tremor at rest, cogwheel Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability (TRAPped in your own body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hemiballismus

A

sudden flailing of 1 arm and/or leg. due to lesion to contralateral subthalamic nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

neruonal death via NMDA-R and glutamate toxicity. atrophy of striatal nuclei (inhibitors of movement). expansion of CAG, Caudate loses Ach and Gaba. symptoms are chorea, aggression, depression, dementia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Chorea
sudden, jerky, purposeless movements. characteristic of basal ganglia lesion i.e. in Huntington's.
26
Tremors
essential tremor (action tremor, treat with betablocker), resting tremor (associated with parkinsons), intention tremor (associated with cerebellar dysfunction)
27
lesion in amygdala (bilateral)
Kluver-Bucy syndrome: hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior. associated with HSV-1
28
lesion in frontal lobe
disinhibition, deficits in conc, orientation and judgement. reemergence of primitive reflexes.
29
lesion in right parietal lobe
spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of contralt side of world)
30
lesion in reticular activating system (midbrain)
red levels of arousal and wakefulness (coma)
31
lesions in mamillary bodies (bilat)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: Wernicke - confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia. Korsakoff - memory loss, confabulation, personality changes.
32
lesions in basal ganglia
tremor at rest, chorea, or athetosis (slow writhing movements, esp of fingers). i.e. in Huntington's.
33
lesion in cerebellar hemisphere
intention tremor, limb ataxia. damage to cerebellum results in ipsilateral deficits.
34
lesion in cerebellar vermis
truncal ataxia, dysarthria (difficulty speaking).
35
lesion in subthalamic nucleus
contralateral hemiballismus
36
lesion in hippocampus
anterograde amnesia (can't make new memories)
37
lesion in paramedian pontine reticular formation
eyes look away from side of lesion
38
lesion in frontal eye fields
eyes look towards lesion
39
central pontine myelinolysis
acute paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia and loss of consciousness. caused by rapid correction of hyponatremia
40
aphasias
Brocas: nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension. Wernicke's. fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension. Global: nonfluent aphasia impaired comprehension. conduction: poor repetition but fluent speech intact comprehension.
41
circle of willis anterior circ
derived from int carotid: ACA, lateral striate, MA
42
circ of willis post circ
derived from subclavian: AICA, ASA, basilar, PICA, PCA, vertebral
43
stroke in MCA
affects motor cortex and sensory cortex of upper limb/face, wernicke's/broca's area. contralat paralysis/sensation. hemineglict if affect nondominant side.
44
stroke in ACA
affects motor and sensory cortex of lower limbs. get contralat paralysis/sensory loss.
45
stroke in lateral striate artery
affects striatum, internal capsule. get contralat hemiparesis/hemiplegia. common location of lacunar infarcts, secondary to unmanaged hypertension.
46
stroke in ASA
affects lat corticospinal tract, medial lemniscus, caudal medulla (hypoglossal nerve). get contralat hemiparesis of lower limbs, dec contralat proprioception, ipsilateral hypoglossal dysfunction.
47
stroke in PICA
affects lat medulla causeing Wallenberg's sydnrome (vestibular nuclei, lat spinothalamic tract, spinal trigeminal nuc, nuc ambiguus, sympathetic fibers) and inf cerebellar peduncle. causes vomiting/vertigo/nystagmus, dec pain/temp in limbs and face, dysphagia/hoarsness/dec gag reflex. ipsilat horner's syndrome. ataxia/dysmetria.
48
stroke in AICA
lateral pons (vestibular nuclei, facial nuc, spinal trigeminal nuc, cochlear nuc, sympathetic fibers), middle/inf cerebellar peduncles. get vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus, paralysis of face, dec lacrimation/salivation, dec taste from ant 2/3 of tongue, dec corneal reflex. dec pain/temp sensation in face. ipsilateral dec hearing. ipsilateral horner's syndrome.
49
stroke in PCA
affects occipital cortex, visual cortex. get contralat hemianopsia with macular sparing.
50
stroke in AComm
common site of saccular (berry) aneurysm, impinges cranial nerves. get visual field defects. usually aneurysm, not stroke.
51
stroke in PComm
common site of saccular (berry) aneurysm. get CN III palsy, eye is down and out.
52
epidural hematoma
rupture of middle meningeal artery. often secondary to fracture of temporal bone. get transtentorial herniation/CNIII palsy. CT shows biconvex disk, not crossing suture lines.
53
subdural hematoma
rupture of bridging veins. slower development. crescent shaped hemorrhage that cross suture lines. midline shift. gyri preserved.
54
subarachnoid hemorrhage
rupture of aneurysm (usually berry). rapid time course, get headache and bloody spinal tap.
55
intraparenchymal hemorrhage
hypertensive hemorrhage. due to systemic hypertension but also can be due to other stuff. typically in basal gnaliga/internal capsule but can be lobar.
56
areas most vulnerable to ischemic brain disease
hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, watershed areas (between ant cerebral/middle cerebral, post cerebral/middle cerebral arteries). irreversible red neuronal injury in 12 hours.
57
treatment for ischemic stroke
tPA if within 4.5 hours (as long as patient presents within 3 hours of onset) adn no major risk of hemorrhage
58
transient ischemic attack
brief reversible episode of neurologic dysfunction, <24 hours.
59
stroke imaging
bright on diffusion weighted MRI in 3-30mins. dark on noncontrast CT in ~24 hours. bright areas on noncontrast CT indicate hemorrhage.
60
ventricular system
lateral ventricles, foramen of monro, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle, subarachnoid space via foramina of luschka (laterally) and foramen of magendie (medially).
61
normal pressure hydrocephalus
ICP not really elevated, ventricles get dilated. distorts fibers of corona radiata, leads to "wet, wobbly and wacky", dementia, ataxia, urinary incontinence.
62
communicating hydrocephalus
dec CSF absorption by arachnoid villi, lead to inc in ICP.
63
where does spinal cord end?
to keep the cord ALIVE keep the spinal needle between L3 and L5 (ends L1, sometimes L2)
64
dorsal column medial lemniscal tract
fct: ascending pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception. ascends ipsilaterally in dorsal column to nucleus cuneatus or gracilis. decussates in medulla, ascend contralaterally in medial lemniscus and synaps at VPL of thalamus to go to sensory cortex.
65
spinothalamic tract
ascending pain and temp. Adelta/C fibers synapse in ipsilateral gray matter, ducussates at ant white commisure, ascends contralat, synapse at VPL of thalamus and goes to sensory cortex.
66
lateral corticospinal tract
descending voluntary movement. primary motor cortex descends ipsilaterally until ducssates at caudal medulla (pyramidal decussation) and then descend contralat. synapse at cell body of ant horn, and arrives at neuromuscular jct.
67
upper motor neuron lesion
tone, reflexes UP, positive babinski. no muscle atrophy.
68
lower motor neuron lesion
LOWER reflexes and tone. muscle atrophy and fasciculation (muscle twitching)
69
spinal cord lesion: poliomyelitis
caused by polio, lower motor nueron lesions due to destruction of anterior horns. flaccid paralysis. (similar to werdnig-hoffman disease)
70
spinal cord lesion: werdnig-hoffman disease
aka infantile spinal muscular atrophy, floppy bay, get degen of anterior horns. LMN involvement only (similar to poliomyelitis)
71
spinal cord lesion: multiple scerlosis
white matter of cervical region, random and asymmetric due to demyelination. scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus.
72
spinal cord lesion: ALS
upper and lower motor neuron deficit with no sensory problems.
73
spinal cord lesion: occlusion of ant spinal artery
spares dorsal columns and tract of lissauer but affects like everything else.
74
spinal cord lesion: tabes dorsalis
tertiary syphilis. degen of dorsal roots/columns. impaired proprioception, locomotor ataxia. associated with charcot's joints, shooting pain, argyll robertson pupils (accomodate but do not react [to light], thus , prostitute pupils).
75
spinal cord lesion: syringomyelia
damage ant white commisure of spinothalamic tract. bilat loss of pain/temp sensation.
76
spinal cord lesion: vit B12 neuroapthy, vit E def and Friedreich's ataxia
degen of dorsal columns, lat corticospinal tracts and spinocerebellar tracts. ataxic gait, hyporeflexia, impaired position/vibration sense.
77
spinal cord lesion: brown-sequard syndrome
hemisection of spinal cord. ipsilat UMN sign below lesion, ipsilat loss of tactile, vibration, proprioception sense below lesion, contralat pain/temp loss below lesion, ipsilat all sensation at level of lesion, LMN signs at level of lesion. if above T1, then get Horner's syndrome
78
Horner's syndrome
PAM is HORNy. P: ptosis, A: anhidrosis (no sweating and flushing), M: miosis. associated with spinal cord lesion above T1.
79
dermatomes
``` C2: posterior half of skull cap C3: high turtleneck shirt C4: low collar shirt T4: nipple (T4 at teat pore) T7: xiphoid process T10: umbilicus (T10 at the bellybutTEN) L1: inguinal ligament (L1 is IL [inguinal ligament]) L4: kneecaps (down on L4 [all fours]) S2,3,4: erection and sensation of penile and anal zones (S2,3,4 keeps the penis off the floor) ```
80
clinical reflexes
achilles, patella, triceps, biceps: S1,2; L3,4; C5,6; C7,8.
81
primitive reflexes
moro: hang on for life, rooting: movement of head toward one side if cheek/motuh is stroked (nipple seeking), sucking reflex: sucking response when roof of mouth is touched. palmar/plantar reflexes: curling of fingers/toes if plam/feet are stroked. babinski reflex: dorsiflexion of large toe and fanning of other toes with plantar stim. galant reflex: stroking along one side of spine while newborn is facedown/ventral suspension causes lateral flexion of lower body toward stim side.

Step 1 Review (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions