First Aid Questions

Question 1

How do you secure the scene of a traffic accident?

Answer 1

1. Put on a reflective vest, place a warning triangle (100m)
2. Stop the vehicle and turn off the engine and remove the keys
3. If the vehicle is burning, free the people inside.

Question 2

Rules of first Aid

Answer 2

1. Take care of your and everybodys safety
2. Do not create panic
3. Do not harm anybody (follow the guidlines and refresh your knowledge)
4. Do not do more than necessary

Question 3

Where and how do you perfom the first initial assessment of the injured?

Answer 3

In the vehicle – in extreme cases, extract the person from the vehicle (spinal injury, heavy bleeding, unsconsciousness, choking)

Question 4

List the contents of the first aid kit and their purpose!

Answer 4

1. 1 big & 1 small sterile bandage= covering wounds, stopping bleeding
2. 2x 1 big & 1 small calico (non–sterile) bandage= securing gauze, immobilization
3. 2x sterile polyester metallized burn sheet= covering burns with the grey side
4. 10x sterile gauze compress= direct covering of wounds, secured wth a bandage / adhesive tape
5. 2x sterile compress= direct covering of wounds, secured with a bandage / adhesive tape
6. 5x adhesive plaster= to secure smt.
7. self-adhesive tape
8. 2x triangular bandages = immobilization, can replace a bandage
9. 10x safety pins
10. scissors with rounded tips
11. 2x disposable PVC gloves
12. Polyvinyl sleeve bag = for transporting amputated parts
13. polyester metallized sheet = emergency blanket, protects from elements, thermal insulation
14. 2x protective mask for artificial respiration

Question 5

What are the standards means for providing first Aid?

Answer 5

You use the Items of the first aid kit.

Question 6

List the makeshift means for providing first aid!

Answer 6

Immobilization: traffic triangle, boards, newspapers, umbrella, blankets, scarves, clothes
Stopping bleeding & dressing: clean fabric

Question 7

How to deal with an injured person in a vehicle?

Answer 7

1. Quickly and calmly assess the situation & protect yourself from danger
2. Asses the condition of the injured and first address injuries / conditions that a re life-threatening (preferable in the position, in which you found the person)
3. Move the person, only if there is immediate danger from drowning, fire, smoke, toxic gas poisoning, risk of explosion, collapse of a structure
4. Call emergency services (194) or take / direct the injured person (with a minor injury) to a hospital
5. Do not leave the injured alone - monitor their condition, calm them down, build a bond
6. If choking, ensure airway patency
7. If there is heavy bleeding, stop it.
8. If they aren‘t breathing, start artificial respiration

Question 8

List the order of the first aid for a victim in a traffic accident!

Answer 8

1. Check if they are conscious
2. Open the airway if needed (is it obstructed, does it need to be cleared)
3. Check the breathing (is it regular)
4. Check for circulation - look for signs pf severe external bleeding

ABC = Airway, Breathing, Circulation

Question 9

List sure and unsure signs of death!

Answer 9

Sure:
1. Cat‘s eye
2. Post-mortem lividity (death spots)
3. Rigor mortis (death stiffness)

Unsure:
1. Cessation of breathing and heart activity

Question 10

How do you remove clothing from a specific part of the body?

Answer 10

If the person is conscious, explain your intention and why it is necessary, ask for their consent.

1. remove from the uninjured side
2. gently pull it through the injured side while supporting the injured part of the body

If dressing a person, it should be done in reverse order.

If the clothing is burned and stuck to the body, it should be cut away with the scissors.

Clothing should be torn or cut, if it obstructs the treatment of the injury. Always tear or cut it along the seams.

Question 11

How do you deal with injured people in populated areas and outside populated areas?

Answer 11

1. Provide immediate assistance and call emergency services at 112

Outside populated areas: If the emergency services cannot arrive or if we cannot call them, we must prepare the injured for transport and transport them to the hospital.

Populated Areas: everything else should be left to professional staff of the emergency services

Question 12

How to recognize if the injured person is unconscious?

Answer 12

1. They do not respond to events in their surroundings and do not answer questions, but they are breathing and have a heartbeat
2. The muscles of the body become limp, losing tone and tension
3. Protective reflexes such as coughing and swallowing disappear

An injured person, who does not respond to calls or stimuli is uncouscious and should be prioritized for care.

Question 13

What are the most common causes of loss of consciousness?

Answer 13

1. Head injury
2. poisoning by exhaust fumes
3. heat stroke, electric shock
4. lightning strike
5. drowning

Question 14

What is the most common cause of death in unconscious idividuals?

Answer 14

suffocation

Question 15

How to recognize that an unconscious person is choking?

Answer 15

They are not breathing and their skin turns bluish.

Question 16

Why do unconscious individuals most often choke?

Answer 16

1. Due to the tongue - the flaccid (lacking firmness or stiffness) tongue falls back into the throat and the root of the tongue blocks the airway.
2. Due to stomach contents
3. Due to accumulated saliva or blood or a foreign object in the oral cavity.

Question 17

List possible causes of choking in injured individuals!

Answer 17

Suffocation by
1. their own tongue
2. stomach contents
3. accumulated saliva or blood
4. foreign object in the oral cavity

Question 18

How to provide first aid to an unconscious person?

Answer 18

Place them in a stable position

Question 19

When do we need to place an unconscious person in a prone position (flat on the stomach, facing downwards)?

Answer 19

In case of spinal injury

Question 20

Urgent first aid?

Answer 20

If they are choking, ensure airway clearance
If there is heavy bleeding, stop it
If they aren’t breathing, start artificial respiration
If the heart is not beating, begin resuscitation procedures (CPR)

Question 21

What methods for stopping a bleeding do you know?

Answer 21

1. Direct pressure on the wound
2. Applying a compression bandage

Question 22

First aid for external bleeding!

Answer 22

1. Check the safety of access.
2. Position the injured person lying down and remove clothing that covers the bleeding wound.
3. Stop the bleeding with direct pressure on the wound.
4. Applying a compression bandage usually follows temporary direct pressure on the wound.
5. It is necessary to check circulation.
6. If the wound continues to bleed, apply an additional compress and bandage.
7. Call emergency medical services and place the person in a self-transfusion position.

Question 23

On which parts of the body can a bleeding not be completely stopped (with a compression bandage)?

Answer 23

1. On the neck
2. On thick flesh
3. In the groin
4. on a severed or crushed part of an arm / leg

Question 24

Recognition and first aid for internal bleeding!

Answer 24

Recognition:
- is very difficult
- coughing up blood, vomiting blood, or blood in the stool, signs of bleeding out

possible symptoms:
- Skin: pale, cold, moist, sticky, may later turn greyish-blue (cyanosis)
- Breathing: rapid and short breaths
- Pulse: rapid and weak
- Bleeding from body openings
- Nausea, choughing up / vomiting blood
- bloody urine / stool
- pain
- appearance of bruises
- confusion, agitation and irritability
- feeling of thirst, coldness and weakness
-possible loss of consciousness

1. Position the injured person appropriately depending on the possible site of bleeding and advise them to remain still.
2. Call emergency services
3. If there are other injuries, prioritize treatment according to first aid procedures.

Question 25

What are the signs of bleeding out and first aid measures?

Answer 25

- Rapide and weak pulse (barely palpable) - breathing is rapid and shallow - skin is pale, cold and covered with cold, sticky sweat - possible loss of consciousness After stopping all bleeding, the injured person should be placed in an autotransfusion position, covered and urgently transported to the hospital. If there is no abdominal injury, they may be given water, tea or rehydration solution to drink.

Question 26

How to stop bleeding by tying off limbs?

Answer 26

1. A triangle bandage, tie or scarf is tied a few centimeters above the wound, loose enough to allow tightening with a piece of wood. 2. After sufficient twisting, the piece of wood is secured to prevent unwinding. 3. It is important to record the exact time the bandage was applied - rewrap, immobilize and transport the person to the hospital in the appropriate position.

Question 27

How to handle amputated limbs?

Answer 27

- The injured person should be placed in a lying position - Stop the bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound or using a compressive bandage. - Cover the wound with a sterile gauze and wrap it with a bandage. - Call emergency medical services. - Wrap the amputated body part in sterile material, place it in a plastic bag, and seal it tightly (it should not be rinsed or placed directly on ice) - Then, place the amputated part in another bag filled with water and ice and seal it tightly. - Protect everything and wrap it in cloth, pieces of clothing, newspapers or similar material.

Question 28

What is shock and how do you recognize it?

Answer 28

- Shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by disrupted blood circulation, a general disorder of the body, and is often associated with severe injuries. - The person is usually conscious but completely uninterested in themselves and their surroundings. -They appear distant: the skin is pale, cold, and moist, later turning greyish-blue. - Breathing is shallow and rapid, with gasping for air. - The pulse is rapid and weak. - Symptoms may include nausea and vomiting, weakness and dizziness, thirst, agitation, aggression, and loss of consciousness.

Question 29

Procedure for dealing with an injured person in shock!

Answer 29

1. Address the possible cause of shock (for example, stop any severe external bleeding.) 2. Position the person depending on the type of injury. If, for instance, the bleeding is stopped and there are no other serious injuries, then lay the injured person down with their legs elevated above the level of the heart by 20 to 30 cm from the ground (autotransfusion position) 3. Call emergency medical services. 4. Loosen any tight clothing (around the neck,chest and waist) 5. Stay with the injured person.

Question 30

How to recognize the cessation of breathing?

Answer 30

- No rising and falling of the chest - No air is coming out from the nose and open mouth

Question 31

What can cause cessation of breathing?

Answer 31

- Head injury that has also caused unconsciousness - Obstructed airways, choking on ofreign objects, poisining, various lung diseases, bleeding in the brain

Question 32

What to do with an injured person who is not breathing?

Answer 32

1. Lift the chin with two fingers and tilt the head back to open the airway. 2. Check the oral cavity (space inside the mouth that includes the lips, cheeks, gums, teeth, tongue and roof / floor of the mouth) and remove any foreign objects, including dentures. 3. If they still do not breathe, proceed to give artificial respiration.

Question 33

What methods of artificial respiration do you know?

Answer 33

- "Mouth-to-Mouth" - "Mouth-to-Nose" - In the case that the injured person has a tracheostomy (an opening on the front of the neck), atrificial respiration is applied to the stoma (the opening)

Question 34

When do you apply the "Mouth-to-Mouth" artificial respiration method?

Answer 34

Always when the injured person is not breathing, unless there are obstacles such as the rescuer being unable to cover the mouth of the injured person, in which case Moth-to-Nose should be given.

Question 35

Apply the "Mouth-to-Mouth" breathing method!

Answer 35

- Check the safety of the scene, assess the level of consciousness, open the airway, check for breathing, and call emergency medical services - Kneel beside the injured person at the level of their chest and place the heel of one hand on the centre of the chest, cover it with the heel of the other hand, interlock your fingers and keep them elevated off the chest surface. Straighten your arms- the elbows must be extended and the shoulders positioned perpendicular to the chest of the injured person. - Start with 30 chest compressions. Compress the sternum to a depth of 5 to 6 cm (1/3 of the chest) at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute - After 30 compressions, begin artificial respiration - Place a protective varrier over the mouth of the injured person, put one hand on the forehead and the other under the chin, and gently tilt the head back. Pinch the soft part of the nose with the index finger and thumb of the hand holding the chin, lean forward, and completely cover the mouth of the injures person with your lips.

Question 36

What are wpunds and how can they occur?

Answer 36

- Wounds are injuries to the skin, often with very common damage to the underlying tissues - They most often occur due to external mechanical, thermal, or chemical actions on the surface of the skin - Types include puncture wounds, bite wounds, lacerations (cut or torn skin), cuts, abrasions and gunshot wounds

Question 37

What are the possible dangers related to a wound?

Answer 37

- Wounds are open injuries - They can lead to bleeding, infection and shock

Question 38

How do you treat a wound?

Answer 38

The wound sould be covered with sterile gauze (or first aid pad) and bandaged, while for smaller wounds, a band-aid or adhesive plaster can be applied

Question 39

What should not be done with a wound?

Answer 39

Do not touch it with your fingers - clean it, rinse it with liquids, apply ointments or powders, pray it or remove objects that have entered deeply.

Question 40

How to treat a burn immediately after exposure to heat?

Answer 40

1. Remove all jewellery, especially bracelets, watches, and rings. The burned area will swell, which can lead to circulation problems. 2. As soon as possible, start cooling the burn with cool, but not ice-cold, water for at least 10 minutes or until the pain stops (be careful not to cause hypothermia, especially in young children and the elderly) 3. Help the person sit or lie down and remove clothing from the burned area if it is not stuck. If it is stuck, it should be cut away. 4. Cover the burn with sterile burn dressing. Do not cover burns located on the face.

Question 41

What is the goal of first aid for burns?

Answer 41

- to prevent heat from penetrating deeper into the tissue by cooling the burned area of the tissue -to prevent infection - to prevent shock

Question 42

How to deal with an injury caused by sulfuric acid?

Answer 42

Rinse with a stream of water as soon as possible for up to 10 minutes and remove any clothing soaked in acid, then sterilely dress the skin injury.

Question 43

When and why is immobilization performed?

Answer 43

In cases of fractures and dislocations, as well as with all severe injuries, to prevent further injury during transport

Question 44

What are sure and unsure signs of a fracture?

Answer 44

sure: - loss of function (unable to use the fractured part of the body) - pain, bruising unsure: -deformation -swelling

Question 45

How to recognize a joint dislocation?

Answer 45

- a dislocation is an injury when the joint head pops out of the joint socket - it can be identified by the protrusion and immobility of the joint - pain, deformation and immobility are common signs, it most often occurs in the shoulder joint and the thumb joint

Question 46

What are the rules for providing first aid in case of fractures?

Answer 46

- handle carefully to avoid causing further damage - when moving, grasp two adjacent joints and gently pull in opposite directions while supporting the area below the fracture with your hand - the fracture should be immobilized

Question 47

What is the procedure for providing first aid in case of an open fracture?

Answer 47

- a sterile gauze is placed on the owund, and bleeding is stopped if necessary - the rest of the procedure is the same as for a regular fracture (handle carefully, immobilization,...)

Question 48

What immobilization materials do you know?

Answer 48

- triangular bandages, dressings and safety pins from the first aid kit - boards, splints, metal rods, slings, cardboard, pieces of clothing etc.

Question 49

How to examine an injured person with suspected spinal injury?

Answer 49

- ask if they have pain in the neck and back, and if they can feel touch in their arms and legs - check for any numbness or tingling in any part of the body - determine if they can lift their arms and legs

Question 50

State the importance of providing first aid in case of suspected spinal injury!

Answer 50

- a spinal injury can lead to a permanent disability - proper first aid may help prevent this

Question 51

When to suspect a spinal injury?

Answer 51

- there is pain in the neck and back - there is no sensation in some parts of the body - they cannot move their arms and legs (muscles do not respond)

Question 52

When to suspect a pelvic injury?

Answer 52

- there is severe pain in the hips, groin, and back - swelling, brusising, and asymmetry between the left and right sides - they cannot lift their legs or stand on them even though the muscles respond - they cannot stand or walk

Question 53

What types of vehicles are most suitable for transporting injured people?

Answer 53

Van vehicles (delivery vans)

Question 54

Which vehicles are not suitable for transporting injured people and why?

Answer 54

- Horse-drawn vehicles (vehicles used for pulling or transporting cargo) - tractors - trucks - motorcycles

Question 55

When to use a personal vehicle for transporting injured people?

Answer 55

- when the injured requieres a sitting transport position and for small children - head injury (if conscious), chest injuries and neck injuries

Question 56

How should injured people be transported and what procedures must be followed during transport?

Answer 56

- gradual acceleration and deceleration, moving slowly over uneven surfaces - if necessary, choose a longer route with better road conditions - preferably select a more distant location that has a hospital - continuously monitor the injured person and provide additional assistance when needed - listen to the comments and complaints of the injured person

Question 57

In what position should an injured person be placed in the case of internal bleeding?

Answer 57

- the injured person should be placed in an appropriate position depending on the possible site og bleeding and advised to remain still for bleeding in the chest and abdomen, the injured person should be laid flat and transported in that position - in an autotransfusion position if there are signs of bleeding, provided it is not abdominal or chest bleeding

Question 58

What is the autotransfusion position?

Answer 58

legs elevated by 20-30cm, head lowered to the surface and arms raised

Question 59

How is an injured person positioned in the autotransfusion position?

Answer 59

- lying on their back (horizonzally), place an object under the lower leg - alternatively, place an object under the board they are lying on (under the feet) - keep the arms elevated in the air

Question 60

When should an injured person not be placed in the autotransfusion position?

Answer 60

- in cases of internal bleeding - if all external bleeding has not been stopped - if the person is unconscious

Question 61

What is apparent death (a state where a person appears to be dead but is not actually dead) and resuscitation?

Answer 61

- an unconscious person does not breathe and has no heartbeat - resiscitation involves applying chest compressions and artificial respiration at a ratio of 30:2 - after every 4 cycles, check for breathing and heartbeat

Question 62

When should resuscitation be stopped?

Answer 62

- when spontaneous breathing and heartbeat occur - uppon the arrival of a doctor or emergency medical services - when the rescuer is physically exhausted and cannot continue - After 30 minutes if it has not been possible to establish breathing or heartbeat

Question 63

Alcohol poisoning?

Answer 63

- 3-5 grams per alcohol per liter of blood (above 5 can lead to death) - induce vomiting to expel alcohol from the stomach to prevent it from entering the bloodstream - place the poisoned person in a lateral position (body position where a person is lying on their side) if they are unconscious - if they are not breathing, perfom artificial respiration if the heart is not beating, proceed with resuscitation

Question 64

Poisoning from exhaust gases?

Answer 64

- Carbon monoxide- a colorless, tasteless and odorless gas (produced when organic materials such as oil, coal or wood burn with insufficient oxygen) - heating a car in a garage, prolonged driving in a traffic jam - symptoms: severe headache, muscle tension, fatigue, complete immobility - move the person to fresh air, place the unconscious individual in a lateral position, perform resuscitation if there are signs of apparent death and urgently take them to the hospital for oxygen treatment

Question 65

Poisoning with antifreeze?

Answer 65

- antifreeze is an oily liquid, chemically classified as an alcohol (ethylene glycol) - it most commonly affects children due to improper storage and its attractive color; 0.5 dcl can cause death - symptoms: resemble intoxication, which can quickly progress to apparent death. - drink 2-3 dcl of water and induce vomiting if possible - the antidote is ethyl alcohol (1 dL of a strong drin, followed by 0.25 dcl every hour) . immediate transport to the hospital is necessary - if the person is unconscious, do not give them anything to drink and do not induce vomiting; place them in a lateral position - if they are not breathing and the heart is not beating, proceed with resuscitation

Question 66

What is car sickness?

Answer 66

- car sickness is a temporary health disorder that occurs during travel - it is caused by irritation of the balance organs in the inner ear - before the trip, eat a small meal of easily digestible food - take medication half an hour before the trip, as recommended by a doctor - sit in the front passenger seat and look further ahead - drive slowly around curves and hills, and have a bag handy - during the ride, keep your body and head firmly pressed against the backrest to avoid unwanted movements - focus your graze on a specific object in the distance

Question 67

Sudden onset conditions - What are the most important first aid procedures for suddenly occuring illnesses?

Answer 67

In the case of a person who has experienced sudden illness, it is essential, in addition to quickly recognize the illness, to urgently call emergency medical services. These are conditions where a person's life is at risk, and a delayed response can lead to a fatal outcome

Question 68

Heart attack- list the symptoms and first aid procedures for a heart attack.

Answer 68

Symptoms: severe tightness and pain in the chest that may radiate to one or both arms, the neck, shoulder, lower jaw, upper abdomen (the pain does not subside when the person is at rest) Procedure: call emergenc medical services, place the injured person in a comfortable semi-sitting position and advise them to remain calm while ensuring they have enpugh fresh air

Question 69

List the symptoms and first aid procedures for a stroke?

Answer 69

A stroke occurs due to a sudden interruption of blood flow through blood vessels caused by a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. You can use the FAST test based on the English words for facial weakness (Face), arm weakness (Arm), speech problems (Speech) and time to call emergency medical services (Time). Facial weakness - the person cannot smile evenly; their mouth or eye may droop Arm weakness - the person can raise only one arm Speech problems - the person cannot speak clearly To check if it a stroke, aplly the FAST test: ask the person to smile; they may only be able to smile on ode side of their mouth, tell them to raise both arms; they may only be able to raise one, check if they understand what is being said and if they respond coherently to questions Call emergency medical services (inform them that you have applied the FAST test and suspect a stroke) Place the injured person in a comfortable lying position with their shoulders elevated.

Question 70

When should an injured person be placed in the autotransfusion position?

Answer 70

-Shock or significant blood loss: it helps improve blood flow to the heart and brain, helps to maintain blood pressure

Question 71

List the signs of life and the signs of death!

Answer 71

Signs of life: - Consciousness: THe person is awake, aware and responsive - Breathing: Visible chest rising/falling, audible breath sounds - Pulse: Detectable heartbeat - Movement: Voluntary / Involuntary muscle activity - Skin color: Pink/Normal, indicating adequate circulation - Body Temperature: Warmth to the touch (37°) - Pupillary Response: Pupils constrict in response to light Signs of death: - Absence of Breathing - Absence of Pulse - Fixed and Dilated Pupils - Pallor Mortis: Paleness of the skin due to cessation of blood circulation - Rigor Mortis: Stiffening of the Muscles - Algor Mortis: Gradual cooling of the body - Unresponsiveness - Loss of Reflexes - Livor Mortis: Purple-red discoloration of the skin in dependent areas due to pooling of blood after circulation stops