praktische Fragen Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
Show the points where pressure can be applied to stop bleeding!
A
- Direct pressure on wound
You can apply pressure to specificnpoints where major arteries are close to the skin surface:
1. Brachial Artery: Located on the inside of the upper arm, between the biceps and triceps - for bleeding from the lower arm
2. Femoral Artery: Located in the groin area where the leg bends at the hip - for bleeding from the thigh or lower leg
3. Carotid Artery: Located on either side on the neck - only in life-threatening situations because it can reduce blood flow to the brain
4. Temporal Artery: Located on the tempal in front of the ear - for bleeding from the scalp or forehead
5. Subclavian Artery: Located just behind the collarbone - for bleeding from the upper arm or shoulder
2
Q
Show the proper position for a person who is bleeding from the nose!
A
- The injured person should be placed in a sitting position, with the head and upper body tilted forward.
- Elbows are resting on the knees, soft part of the nose should be pressed with the fingers
- The person should breath through the mouth!
- Release the pressure after 10-15min to check if the bleding has stopped
- If yes, the person should not blow their nose. If not, repeat for up to 30min and seek the help of an emergency medical service.
3
Q
Stop bleeding on the head by applying pressure with your fingers!
A
- Assess the situation (is it safe for me to provide help)
- Put on gloves or use a barrier (clean cloth)
- Assess the injury - how serious is the injury (confusion, unconsciousness, unequal pupil size, clear fluid/blood draining from the nose or ears)
- Apply direct pressure (with my fingers/palm) for at least 5-10 min
- Use a dressing - place a clean cloth / gauze/ sterile dressing over the wound and gently apply pressure (If blood soaks through the dressing do Not remove it, but add more layers
- If I suspect a skull fracture, I should not press too hard on the wound and I should seek emergency help immediately
- Once the bleeding has stopped, I secure the dressing with a bandage / cloth, be careful noz zo wrap it too tightly
4
Q
Immobilize the thigh (choose a means of immobilization) !
A
- Stabilize the leg and support the injured limb WITHOUT realigning the bone. Do not move the patient unnecessarily
- Bind the injured leg to the uninjured leg using triangular bandages and handy tools such as newspapers, clothes, boards or blankets
- If there is a board (folded cardboard), place it along the outer side of the leg, extending from the hip to below the knee.
- Check circulation regularly
5
Q
Stop bleeding on the upper arm by applying pressure with fingers!
A
- Assess the situation (is it safe for me to provide help)
- Put on gloves or use a barrier (clean cloth)
- Expose the wound (remove or cut away clothing)
- Apply direct pressure (with my fingers/palm) for at least 5-10 min
- If possible, elevate the arm above the heart level while applying pressure
- Place a clean cloth / gauze / sterile dressing over the wound and continue applying pressure
- After 10 min check if the bleeding has stopped, if yes, secure the dressing with a bandage / cloth if no, continue applying pressure
- Look out for a possible shock, if they show signs og shock lay them down, keep them warm and elevate their legs
6
Q
Show the appropriate transport position in case of bleeding!
A
Bleeding from the head, neck or upper body: Upright position
Bleeding from the lower body or extremities: Supine Position (flat on the back) with the legs elevated 30 cm
Severe bledding with signs of shock: Supine Position (flat on the back) with the legs elevated 30 cm
Suspected Spinal Injury: supine position (lying flat on the back) & immobilization
Abdominal or Chest Injuries: Supine Position (lying flat on the back) with slightly bent knees
7
Q
Stop bleeding on the forearm by applying pressure with fingers!
A
- Assess the situation (is it safe for me to provide help)
- Put on gloves or use a barrier (clean cloth)
- Expose the wound (remove or cut away clothing)
- Apply direct pressure (with my fingers/palm) for at least 5-10 min
- If possible, elevate the arm above the heart level while applying pressure
- Place a clean cloth / gauze / sterile dressing over the wound and continue applying pressure
- After 10 min check if the bleeding has stopped, if yes, secure the dressing with a bandage / cloth if no, continue applying pressure
- Look out for a possible shock, if they show signs og shock lay them down, keep them warm and elevate their legs
8
Q
Show the proper transport position in case of a spinal injury!
A
Neutral Supine Position: lying flat on the back, with immobilization using a backboard or cervical collar, keeping the head in a neutral position in line with the neck, spine and rest of the body)
9
Q
Stop bleeding on the thigh by applying pressure with your fingers!
A
- Assess the situation (is it safe for me to provide help)
- Put on gloves or use a barrier (clean cloth)
- Expose the wound (remove or cut away clothing)
- Apply direct pressure (with my fingers/palm) for at least 5-10 min
- Place a clean cloth / gauze / sterile dressing over the wound and continue applying pressure
- Raise the injured leg above the level of the heart while maintaining pressure (do not if you suspect a fracture or if it causes pain)
- After 10 min check if the bleeding has stopped, if yes, secure the dressing with a bandage / cloth if no, continue applying pressure
- Look out for a possible shock, if they show signs og shock lay them down, keep them warm and elevate their legs
10
Q
Show the proper transport position in case of a chest injury!
A
Semi-Fowler’s Position: sitting up at a 45-degree angle or upright position
11
Q
Stop the bleeding on the lower leg by applying finger pressure!
A
- Assess the situation (is it safe for me to provide help)
- Put on gloves or use a barrier (clean cloth)
- Expose the wound (remove or cut away clothing)
- Apply direct pressure (with my fingers/palm) for at least 5-10 min
- Place a clean cloth / gauze / sterile dressing over the wound and continue applying pressure
- Raise the injured leg above the level of the heart while maintaining pressure (do not if you suspect a fracture or if it causes pain)
- After 10 min check if the bleeding has stopped, if yes, secure the dressing with a bandage / cloth if no, continue applying pressure
- Look out for a possible shock, if they show signs og shock lay them down, keep them warm and elevate their legs
12
Q
Show the correct transport position for abdominal injury!
A
Supine Position: lying flat on the back with knees and hips bent (if the person has trouble breathing, put them in a semi-upright position)
13
Q
Stop the bleeding on the lower leg with a compression bandage!
A
- Place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position and put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
- Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
- Secure the sterile compress with a bandage - wrap in circular turns around the wound, staring from below, overlapping each layer by 50% OR a triangular bandage (for large and awkward wounds): Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the wound, cross ends, tie securely
- Place another sterile dressing on top of the bandage to exert pressure on the wound itself (can be a rolled bandage or a handy tool like a stone / wood) and continue to secure it with the bandage
- Rip the bandage to make two strings and make the knot above the wound to exert pressure.
- Check the circulation (if the pressure is too strong, the skin turns pale / blue)
- If the wound is still bleeding, apply an additional compress and bandage
- Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
- If the bleeding has stopped and there are no obstacles such as other injuries, raise the legs above the level of the heart (20-30 cm from the ground)
- Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
14
Q
Show the correct transport position for an unconscious state!
A
If the person is breathing normally and there is no suspection of a spinal injury:
Recovery position (stabile Seitenlage)
If a spinal injury is suspected: prone position (flat on the stomach)
Not breathing normally: supine position (flat on back on a hard surface)
15
Q
Stop the bleeding on the forearm with a compression bandage!
A
- Place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position and put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
- Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
- Secure the sterile compress with a bandage - wrap in circular turns around the wound, staring from below, overlapping each layer by 50% OR a triangular bandage (for large and awkward wounds): Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the wound, cross ends, tie securely
- Place another sterile dressing on top of the bandage to exert pressure on the wound itself (can be a rolled bandage or a handy tool like a stone / wood) and continue to secure it with the bandage
- Rip the bandage to make two strings and make the knot above the wound to exert pressure.
- Check the circulation (if the pressure is too strong, the skin turns pale / blue)
- If the wound is still bleeding, apply an additional compress and bandage
- Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
- If the bleeding has stopped and there are no obstacles such as other injuries, raise the legs above the level of the heart (20-30 cm from the ground)
- Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
16
Q
Immobilize the hand (choose an immobilization device) !
A
We immbolize when it is necessary to move and transport the injured person
1. The injured person should bend their arm in a right angle
2. Take a triangular scarf ( top end in the oppsotie direction of the hand) and take the edge that is hanging down towards their shoulder
3. Tie a doble knot with the two ends (that are hanging over the shoulder) on the side of the neck, push the lose ends under the scarf
4. Twist the lose first end and plug it under the scarf
5. Make sure the fingers of the hands are straight and diagonal to the body
6. Stay with the injured person, take care of any other injuries, protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (breathing, pulse, consciousness)
https://youtu.be/sUReDYqTDTw?si=pZ3J9-eIpfqagnWn
17
Q
Demonstrate stopping bleeding with direct pressure on the wound!
A
- Assess the situation (is it safe for me to provide help)
- Put on gloves or use a barrier (clean cloth)
- Expose the wound (remove or cut away clothing)
- Apply direct pressure (with my fingers/palm) for at least 5-10 min
- Place a clean cloth / gauze / sterile dressing over the wound and continue applying pressure
- Elevate the Wound, if possible, above the level of the heart
- After 10 min check if the bleeding has stopped, if yes, secure the dressing with a bandage / cloth if no, continue applying pressure
18
Q
Immobilize the lower leg (choose an immobilization device!)
A
We immbolize when it is necessary to move and transport the injured person
1. Place the injured person in a supine position (spine flat, face up)
2. Place something soft between the legs (jacket, etc.)
3. Bring the uninjured leg closer to the injured one and
4. Secure it with a wide folded triangular scarf (two at the ankle, feet, upper thigh, above the knee, knee), double knots are tied on the uninjured side
5. Stay with the injured person, take care of any other injuries, protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (breathing, pulse, consciousness)
https://youtu.be/y30bAPsUeeg?si=Tu8i_lo-ig-N0QSa
19
Q
Demonstrate how to determine if the injured person is breathing!
A
- Check for Responsiveness: gently tap the persons shoulder, or ask them if they are okay
- If there is no answer, I need to check if the person is breathing:
-place the person in their back on a firm, flat surface
-open the airway: tilt their head back slightly by placing one hand on their forehand and to fingers on their chin
-look, listen and feel for breathing: observe the chest for any rise or fall, place my ear close to the person’s moth and nose to hear any sounds, feel for breath on your hand
20
Q
Immobilize the cervical spine!
A
We immbolize when it is necessary to move and transport the injured person
Manual Stabilization:
1. The injured lies flat on the back, I kneel behind the person, place my hands on both sides of their head to hold it in a neutral position, avoid moving the neck
2. If available I use a cervical collar and slide the collar behind the neck while maintaining manual stabilization
3. Secure the Head and Torso- use rolled towels on either side of the head, secure it with tape / straps across the forehead and immobilize the torso with a backboard - roll the person like a log onto it - log roll technique / Lift and slide technique - multiple people are necessary
21
Q
Demonstrate artificial respiration “mouth-to-mouth”!
A
- Asses the situation (is it safe for me to provide help)
- Check if the person is conscious (thorugh tapping / talking to them)
- Open the Airway - place one hand on the forehand, two fingers on the chin and tilt the head slightly back
- Check the breathing - look, listen and feel for breaths
- Place a protective film over the mouth of the injured person
- Squeeze the soft part of the nose with the index finger and thumb of the hand holding the forehead
- Cover the victims mouth completely with my lips, blow in air and observe the rise of the chest
- Do 2 puffs (which last 1 sec)
- Close the mouth of the injured
22
Q
Immobilize the forearm (choose a means of immobilization)!
A
We immbolize when it is necessary to move and transport the injured person
1. The injured person should bend their arm in a right angle
2. Take a triangular scarf ( top end in the oppsotie direction of the hand) and take the edge that is hanging down towards their shoulder
3. Tie a doble knot with the two ends (that are hanging over the shoulder) on the side of the neck, push the lose ends under the scarf
4. Twist the lose first end and plug it under the scarf
5. Make sure the fingers of the hands are straight and diagonal to the body
6. Saty with the injured person, take care of any other injuries, protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (breathing, pulse, consciousness)
https://youtu.be/sUReDYqTDTw?si=pZ3J9-eIpfqagnWn
23
Q
Place sterile material on the head injury and secure it with a bandage or triangular bandage!
A
- Put on gloves.
- Place the sterile material on the injury.
- The injured person should hold the sterile material down.
- Take a triangular bandage and place it on the wound with the long side on the forehead.
- Take the two ends and tie a knot, tighten it around the head and tie another knot (Doppelknoten) with the extra material. Put the loose ends underneath the bandage.
- Secure the last end (behind the head) with a Band-Aid (pflaster)
(https://youtu.be/XPkZQ0mapoU?si=6bPU3F7y1_WDCp89)
24
Q
Stop the bleeding on the upper arm using a compressive bandage!
A
- Place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position and put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
- Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
- Secure the sterile compress with a bandage - wrap in circular turns around the wound, staring from below, overlapping each layer by 50% OR a triangular bandage (for large and awkward wounds): Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the wound, cross ends, tie securely
- Place another sterile dressing on top of the bandage to exert pressure on the wound itself (can be a rolled bandage or a handy tool like a stone / wood) and continue to secure it with the bandage
- Rip the bandage to make two strings and make the knot above the wound to exert pressure.
- Check the circulation (if the pressure is too strong, the skin turns pale / blue)
- If the wound is still bleeding, apply an additional compress and bandage
- Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
- If the bleeding has stopped and there are no obstacles such as other injuries, raise the legs above the level of the heart (20-30 cm from the ground)
- Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
25
Place sterile material on the chest injury and secure it with a bandage!
1. Place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position and put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
2. Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
3. Secure the sterile compress with a bandage - wrap in circular turns around the wound, staring from below, overlapping each layer by 50% OR a triangular bandage (for large and awkward wounds): Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the wound, cross ends, tie securely
4. Place another sterile dressing on top of the bandage to exert pressure on the wound itself (can be a rolled bandage or a handy tool like a stone / wood) and continue to secure it with the bandage
5. Rip the bandage to make two strings and make the knot above the wound to exert pressure.
6. Check the circulation (if the pressure is too strong, the skin turns pale / blue)
7. If the wound is still bleeding, apply an additional compress and bandage
8. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
9. If the bleeding has stopped and there are no obstacles such as other injuries, raise the legs above the level of the heart (20-30 cm from the ground)
10. Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
26
Immobilize the upper arm (choose a means of immobilization) !
We immbolize when it is necessary to move and transport the injured person
1. The injured person should bend their arm in a right angle
2. Take a triangular scarf ( top end in the oppsotie direction of the hand) and take the edge that is hanging down towards their shoulder
3. Tie a doble knot with the two ends (that are hanging over the shoulder) on the side of the neck, push the lose ends under the scarf
4. Twist the lose first end and plug it under the scarf
5. Make sure the fingers of the hands are straight and diagonal to the body
6. Take another triangular scarf and wrap it around the torso and tie a double knot on the back near the arm
7. Stay with the injured person, take care of any other injuries, protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (breathing, pulse, consciousness)
https://youtu.be/sUReDYqTDTw?si=pZ3J9-eIpfqagnWn
https://youtu.be/2_lv7jVHjBY?si=onDD6hUk53H2Cvjv
27
Immobilize the ankle (choose a means of immobilization) !
We immbolize when it is necessary to move and transport the injured person
1. Positon the injured flat on their back, legs straightened
2. Take a bandage / triangular scarf and wrap it around the foot, cross the ends, wrap it around the ankle and tie a double knot on the ankle
3. Take another bandage / triangular scarf and put in under the knee and ankle, take a stabilizing object (wood...) and put it on the sides of the injured leg
4. Tie the bandage / triangular scarf around the leg and the stabilizer and tie a double knot on the sides
5. Take another bandage / scarf and wrap it around the sole of the foot, cross the ends and wrap them around the ankle and tie a double knot on the side
6. Take another bandage / triangular scarf and wrap it arounf the lower leg and tie a double knot on the side
https://youtu.be/XasCVKpAIg4?si=v8k84te5TuNUKf9V
28
Place sterile material on the abdominal injury and secure it with a bandage!
1. Put on gloves and put the person in a supine position (spine flat, face up)
2. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
3. Assess the wound - protruding organs (do NOT put them back in) / heavy bleeding / signs of shock (pale skin, rapid pulse)
A) Standard Wounds: Cover the injury with sterile material (gauze) and add layers if the bleeding soaks through (pressure dressing (thick gauze) if bleeding)
B) Protruding Organs: Do not touch or reposition organs, use a saline-soaked (or clean water if unavailable) gauze on top of the wound without pressure to prevent drying, then place a dry and sterile pad on top
5. Secure with a Bandage (if organs are protruding, do NOT wrap tightly)
A) Roller Bandage: wrap in circular turns around the torso (start below the wound and wrap upward in spiral turns, overlapping each layer by 50%), covering the dressing (with 2-3 layers), tuck the end under the last turn and secure with tape or safety pin on the uninjured side and avoid restircting breathing (ask the injured to take a deep breath)
B) Triangular Bandage: Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the torso, cross ends behind the back around, tie securely on the uninjured side (avoid knots over the spine or wound)
6. Position the injured with bent legs (reduces abdominal tension)
7. Monitor for shock
29
Place sterile material on the shoulder injury and secure it with a bandage or triangular bandage!
1. Put on gloves
2. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
3. Cover the wound with sterile gauze, if bleeding add extra layers
4. Secure it with a triangular bandage and a normal bandage:
- one end towards the neck, other two are hanging down the sides
- wrap the two ends around the arm and tie them together with a double knot, tuck them in
- take a normal bandage and secure the end which is on the shoulder
- tie two knots under the armpit on the back and tuck the stray ends in
- fold the end on the neck from the triangular bandage towards the wound and secure it with tape
(https://youtu.be/EOWvoukyRDI?si=-PvksktuZn0LIvAh)
30
Place sterile material on the upper arm injury and secure with a bandage or triangular bandage!
1. Place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position and put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
2. Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
3. Secure the sterile compress with a bandage - wrap in circular turns around the wound, staring from below, overlapping each layer by 50% OR a triangular bandage (for large and awkward wounds): Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the wound, cross ends, tie securely
4. Place another sterile dressing on top of the bandage to exert pressure on the wound itself (can be a rolled bandage or a handy tool like a stone / wood) and continue to secure it with the bandage
5. Rip the bandage to make two strings and make the knot above the wound to exert pressure.
6. Check the circulation (if the pressure is too strong, the skin turns pale / blue)
7. If the wound is still bleeding, apply an additional compress and bandage
8. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
9. If the bleeding has stopped and there are no obstacles such as other injuries, raise the legs above the level of the heart (20-30 cm from the ground)
10. Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
31
Immobilize the collarbone!
We immbolize when it is necessary to move and transport the injured person
1. The injured person should bend their arm in a right angle
2. Take a triangular scarf ( top end in the oppsotie direction of the hand) and take the edge that is hanging down towards their shoulder
3. Tie a doble knot with the two ends (that are hanging over the shoulder) on the side of the neck, push the lose ends under the scarf
4. Twist the lose first end and plug it under the scarf
5. Make sure the fingers of the hands are straight and diagonal to the body
6. Saty with the injured person, take care of any other injuries, protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (breathing, pulse, consciousness)
https://youtu.be/sUReDYqTDTw?si=pZ3J9-eIpfqagnWn
32
Stop the bleeding by applying a tourniquet to the upper arm! / Stop bleeding by tying off the upper arm!
1. Put on gloves and place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position
2. Only use a tourniquet / tying off when direct pressure fails - for example arterial bleeding, amputation or massive traume
3. Place the torniquet 5-10 cm above the wound (never over a joint)
4. Wrap it around the arm and thread through the buckle, tighten until bleeding stops completely, secure the windlasse and note the time of application
IMPROVISED: fold a wide bandage (or beld) ober 4 cm wide to prevent tissue damage. tie a half-knot, place a stick / rod on top, then tie a full knot over it. Twist the stick to tighten it until bleeding stops and secure the stick in place
5. Never loosen once applied and do not cover the tourniquet with clothing, it must be visible
6. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
7. Monitor their condition (consciousness) and protect them from heat / cold
https://youtu.be/k98ilfQmUWw?si=gTKFEhquigKWK9Mm
33
Show how to determine if the injured person is breathing!
1. Open the Airway: place on hand on their forehead, use two fingers under the chin to tilt the head back slightly
2. Look for a rising / falling of the chest
3. Listen for breath sounds
4. Feel for air on your cheek
34
Show how to check the effectiveness of artificial respiration!
1. Observe if the chest rises / falls with each breath
2. Place your ear near the victim's mouth / nose so see if you hear / see air escaping during echalation
3. Monitor the victim: the skin should become pink (instead of blue / grey)
35
Show how to extract an injured person from a vehicle with suspected spinal injury!
1. Only move if it is absolutely necessary (immdediate danger like fire)
2. Stabilize the head ( kneel behind the victim & place both hands on either sode of their head to hold it neutral)
2. Drag the victim backwards by their clothing (under the armpits), move in a straight line, keep their head in line with the torso
Steady and support their head so that their head, neck, and spine are in a straight line to try and prevent further damage.
36
Show how to perform artificial respiration "mouth-to-nose"!
1. Open the Airway: place on hand on their forehead, use two fingers under the chin to tilt the head back slightly
2. Seal the mouth with your thumb to forve the air through the nose
3. Cover the nose completely with your mouth
4. blow steadily for 1 sec then pause, wait for 5 secs then again
5. Observe if the chest rises
37
Show how to transfer an injured person with suspected spinal injury!
We immbolize when it is necessary to move and transport the injured person
Manual Stabilization:
1. The injured lies flat on the back, I kneel behind the person, place my hands on both sides of their head to hold it in a neutral position, avoid moving the neck
2. If available I use a cervical collar and slide the collar behinf the neck while maintaining manual stabilization
3. Secure the Head and Torso- use rolled towels on either side of the head, secure it with tape / straps across the forehead and immobilize the torso with a backboard - roll the person like a log onto it - log roll technique / Lift and slide technique - multiple people are necessary
38
Show how to assess an injured person in a traffic accident!
1. Ensure safety (no potential dangers, fire, electric shock, possible leakages of dangerous substances)
2. Calmy approach the injured person and quickly determine their condition and injuries
3. Life-threatening injuries have prioritiy
4. A: Airway: is it obstructed? If yes, open the Airway
5. B: Does the injured breathe normally? Check breathing (Feel the breath, look for rising/falling, hear the breathing)
6. Circulation: is the injured bleeding? If yes apply direct pressure with sterile dressing - Check their pulse
39
Show how to extract an injured person from a vehicle!
1. Ensure safety (no potential dangers, fire, electric shock, possible leakages of dangerous substances)
2. Do not move the injured unless it is necessary (immediate danger / no pulse or breathing)
3. Open the door / break a window if needed
4. Support the head / neck with one hand, if unconscious: drag the victim out (straighten their legs/arms, graps under their armpits from behind, pull straight in line with their spine, if outside - sit the person up, graps them from behind at their forearm (your hands are on this forearm which is perpendicular to his stomach), put yourself in a squatting position, get as close as possible and straighten your back, press the hand of the injured person frimly against his chest and stand up & lift the injured person and pull him back)
4. If suspected spinal injury you need at least 3 people to do it properly- first person ensures that the head is kept in a neutral position, the second person puts their hands under the armpits and wraps one hand around the victims wrist and the other persons forearm, and the third person puts their hands under the pelvis and legs of the injured person
40
Show how to determine the death of an injured person!
1. Check for responsiveness - if not, proceed to ABC assessment (Airway, Breathing, Circulatino)
2. Assess breathing and pulse - look/listen/feel for a chest rise, check pulse - place the tips of three fingers on the inner side of the wrist / on the neck by placing two fingers between the large neck muscle and the trachea
3. Obvious signs of Death:
- Decapitation or massive truma incompatible with life
- Rigor mortis (stiffening of the muscles)
- Dependent lividity (purple skin poolinh)
- No pupil reaction to light (fixed and dilated)
41
Show how to place someone in the recovery position!
1. Ensure that they are lying on their back, take off thier glasses and remove all large and unnecessary items from their pockets and move away objects that are in the way.
We turn the injured person to the side that is not injured, except for ear and chest injuries.
Check their consciousness, open the airway and check breathing (10 sec).
2. Kneel beside the person and stretch out their arms diagonally to their body.
3. Place the arm that is closest to you at a right angle to the body, elbow bent, palm facing up.
4. Put the other hand of the victim on their cheek that is closest to you, palm facing outward and keep your hand pressed against their face.
5. Grab the leg that is farther away with your other hand and bend it at the knee, making sure that the foot is on the ground.
6. Pull the injured person toward you.
7. Adjust the leg that you have crossed so that the knee bends at a right angle.
8. Gently tilt the victims head back so that the airway remains open.
https://youtu.be/j5zEQwE5Qk8?si=c36bws3maPvdnqqu
42
Show how to clear the airway of an unconscious person!
1. Open the Airway: place on hand on their forehead, use two fingers under the chin to tilt the head back slightly
2. Check for obstructions: Look inside the mouth and use a finger sweep if needed (be careful to not push objects deeper)/ turn the head sideways to drain liquid or vomit
43
Show how to immobilize the pelvic bones!
Place the injured in a lying position with their legs flat against the floor and reduce movement as much as possible (possible internal bleeding)
We immbolize when it is necessary to move and transport the injured person
1. Place the injured person in a supine position (spine flat, face up)
2. Place something soft between the legs (jacket, etc.)
3. Bring the uninjured leg closer to the injured one and
4. Secure it with a wide folded triangular scarf (two at the ankle, feet, upper thigh, above the knee, knee), double knots are tied on the uninjured side
5. Stay with the injured person, take care of any other injuries, protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (breathing, pulse, consciousness)
https://youtu.be/y30bAPsUeeg?si=Tu8i_lo-ig-N0QSa
44
Show how to remove a protective helmet!
Two people are needed to properly remove a helmet - when taking off, we make sure that the head and neck are in a neutral position (must not hang / move)
1. The first person approaches from the front, grasps the side of the helmet and stabilizes it
2. The second person kneels behind the injured person and grasps the sides of the helmet at the level of the lower jaw and tucks his fingers under the rim.
3. The person in front can now open the protective glass and unclip / cut the strap under the chin
4. Person 1 places one hand with the thumb and finger in a V shape under the lower jaw, and the other hand under the neck for support at all times
5. Person 2 can now take the helmet off as far as possible, lift it over the chin and nose and gently pull it towards him (needs to be slightly lifted forward to free the back of the head.
6. Person 2 puts the helmet aside and places a pre-prepared insert under the head (folded vest/jacket) and then takes over holding his head in a neutral position by putting his forearms on the ground or his knees with his hands around the head (ear area, without covering)
(https://youtu.be/xJZznEryP-8?si=QWRN7eq4rlQsUxsP)
45
Perform external cardiac massage!
1. Check the safety of access, state of consciousness, open the airway, check breathing and call emergency medical services
2. Kneel next to the injured person, place the palm of one hand on the middle part of the chest and cover it with the palm of the other hand.
3. Intertwine the fingers, straighten the arms (elbows must be extended, shoulders must be vertical)
4. Start with the chest compressions 30 times, with a depth of 5 / 6 cm (1/3 of the chest) at a speed of 100 to 120 per minute
5. After 30 times, start artifical respiration and apply 2 puffs.
30/2 ratio
46
Show how to perform resuscitation!
1. Ensure safety and check reponsiveness (tap on the shoulder)
2. Open the Airway ( Head-tilt chin)
3. Check Breathing - look, listen feel (5-10s): gasping / no breathing, start CPR
4. Begin Cardiac message:
- Kneel next to the injured person, place the palm of one hand on the middle part of the chest and cover it with the palm of the other hand.
- Intertwine the fingers, straighten the arms (elbows must be extended, shoulders must be vertical)
- Start with the chest compressions 30 times, with a depth of 5 / 6 cm (1/3 of the chest) at a speed of 100 to 120 per minute
- After 30 times, start artifical respiration and apply 2 puffs.
30/2 ratio
5. Stop only if victim wakes up, medical staff arrives or I am exhausted.
47
Show how to examine an injured person in a traffic accident!
1. Ensure safety (no potential dangers, fire, electric shock, possible leakages of dangerous substances)
2. Calmy approach the injured person and quickly determine their condition and injuries
3. Life-threatening injuries have prioritiy
4. A: Airway: is it obstructed? If yes, open the Airway
5. B: Does the injured breathe normally? Check breathing (Feel the breath, look for rising/falling, hear the breathing)
6. Circulation: is the injured bleeding? If yes apply direct pressure with sterile dressing - Check their pulse
48
Determine if the heart is functioning!
1. Assess Breathing: Look for chest rise, listen for breath sounds at the nose/mouth, and feel for air on the cheek
2. Check for a Pulse: Place the tips of three fingers on the inner side of the wrist / on the neck by placing two fingers between the large neck muscle and the trachea
Normal Function: Pulse is present + some sort of breathing
No Function: No Pulse + no breathing or gasping breaths (could be cardiac arrest
49
Show how to stop bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound!
1. Put on gloves
2. Have the injured person sit or lie down to prevent fainting
3. Apply direct pressure using a gauze (or your hand if nothing is available)
4. Press firmly directly on the wound with the palm of your hand
5. Maintain steady pressure for at least 5-10 minutes
6. Add more layers if blood soaks through
7. Press harder if bleeding continues
8. Elevate the Wound (if no fracture or broken bone) above the heart level
9. When the bleeding slows, wrap with a bandage and check circulation
50
Apply sterile material to the hand injury and secure it with a bandage or triangular bandage!
1. Put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
2. Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
3. Get a triangular bandage and place the hand on the middle of it
4. Put one edge on the forearm, take the second and third one (hanging from the side) and pull them over, cross them and tie a double knot on the wrist
5. Pull the first edge down and tape it in place
6. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
7. Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
https://youtu.be/6qrdVZf7E1E?si=FMNLA3Z9dB-QLIDa
51
Apply sterile material to the forearm injury and secure it with a bandage or triangular bandage!
1. Place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position and put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
2. Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
3. Secure the sterile compress with a bandage - wrap in circular turns around the wound, staring from below, overlapping each layer by 50% OR a triangular bandage (for large and awkward wounds): Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the wound, cross ends, tie securely
4. Place another sterile dressing on top of the bandage to exert pressure on the wound itself (can be a rolled bandage or a handy tool like a stone / wood) and continue to secure it with the bandage
5. Rip the bandage to make two strings and make the knot above the wound to exert pressure.
6. Check the circulation (if the pressure is too strong, the skin turns pale / blue)
7. If the wound is still bleeding, apply an additional compress and bandage
8. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
9. If the bleeding has stopped and there are no obstacles such as other injuries, raise the legs above the level of the heart (20-30 cm from the ground)
10. Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
52
Show how to provide first aid for a deep penetrating chest wound!
1. Place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position and put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
2. Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
3. Secure the sterile compress with a triangular bandage: Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the wound
4. Place another sterile dressing on top of the triangular bandage to exert pressure on the wound itself (can be a rolled bandage or a handy tool like a stone / wood) and continue to secure it with the bandage
5. Cross the ends, tie securely and make the knot above the wound to exert pressure.
6. Check the circulation (if the pressure is too strong, the skin turns pale / blue)
7. If the wound is still bleeding, apply an additional compress and bandage
8. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
9. If the bleeding has stopped and there are no obstacles such as other injuries, raise the legs above the level of the heart (20-30 cm from the ground)
10. Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
53
Apply sterile material to the hip injury and secure it with a bandage or triangular bandage!
1. Place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position and put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
2. Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
3. Secure the sterile compress with a bandage - wrap in circular turns around the wound, staring from below, overlapping each layer by 50% OR a triangular bandage (for large and awkward wounds): Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the wound, cross ends, tie securely
4. Place another sterile dressing on top of the bandage to exert pressure on the wound itself (can be a rolled bandage or a handy tool like a stone / wood) and continue to secure it with the bandage
5. Rip the bandage to make two strings and make the knot above the wound to exert pressure.
6. Check the circulation (if the pressure is too strong, the skin turns pale / blue)
7. If the wound is still bleeding, apply an additional compress and bandage
8. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
9. If the bleeding has stopped and there are no obstacles such as other injuries, raise the legs above the level of the heart (20-30 cm from the ground)
10. Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
54
Apply sterile material to the thigh injury and secure it with a bandage or triangular bandage!
1. Place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position and put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
2. Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
3. Secure the sterile compress with a bandage - wrap in circular turns around the wound, staring from below, overlapping each layer by 50% OR a triangular bandage (for large and awkward wounds): Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the wound, cross ends, tie securely
4. Place another sterile dressing on top of the bandage to exert pressure on the wound itself (can be a rolled bandage or a handy tool like a stone / wood) and continue to secure it with the bandage
5. Rip the bandage to make two strings and make the knot above the wound to exert pressure.
6. Check the circulation (if the pressure is too strong, the skin turns pale / blue)
7. If the wound is still bleeding, apply an additional compress and bandage
8. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
9. If the bleeding has stopped and there are no obstacles such as other injuries, raise the legs above the level of the heart (20-30 cm from the ground)
10. Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
55
Apply sterile material to the knee injury and secure it with a bandage or triangular bandage!
1. Put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
2. Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
3. Get a triangular bandage and place it on the middle of the knee (one edge towards the hips)
4. Take the second and third edge (hanging from the side) and fold them inwards, pull them over, cross them and tie a double knot above the knee.
5. Pull the first edge down and tape it in place
6. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
7. Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
https://youtu.be/C-Z-tELvolk?si=zgVgWdE3fAOihbqE
56
Apply sterile material to the lower leg injury and secure it with a bandage or triangular bandage!
1. Place the person in a supine (spine flat, face up) position and put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
2. Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
3. Secure the sterile compress with a bandage - wrap in circular turns around the wound, staring from below, overlapping each layer by 50% OR a triangular bandage (for large and awkward wounds): Fold into a wide strip, place it (middle of the strip) over the dressing and wrap it around the wound, cross ends, tie securely
4. Place another sterile dressing on top of the bandage to exert pressure on the wound itself (can be a rolled bandage or a handy tool like a stone / wood) and continue to secure it with the bandage
5. Rip the bandage to make two strings and make the knot above the wound to exert pressure.
6. Check the circulation (if the pressure is too strong, the skin turns pale / blue)
7. If the wound is still bleeding, apply an additional compress and bandage
8. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
9. If the bleeding has stopped and there are no obstacles such as other injuries, raise the legs above the level of the heart (20-30 cm from the ground)
10. Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
57
Apply sterile material to the foot injury and secure it with a bandage or triangular bandage!
1. Put on gloves. Expose the wound (never pull fabric that is stuck to the wound)
2. Stop the bleeding by directly putting pressure on the wound with a sterile compress
3. Get a triangular bandage and place the foot on the middle of it
4. Put one edge on the lower leg, take the second and third one (hanging from the side) and pull them over, cross them and tie a double knot on the ankle
5. Pull the first edge down and tape it in place
6. Call emergency medical service (194 or 112 for EU)
7. Stay with the injured person, make sure to protect them from heat / cold and monitor their condition (level of consciousness, breathing, pulse) until the arrival of emergency medical services
https://youtu.be/6qrdVZf7E1E?si=FMNLA3Z9dB-QLIDa
