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Sociology 101 > First Exam- Questions from Notes > Flashcards

First Exam- Questions from Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is communism?

A

The idea of a classless society

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2
Q

What is socialism?

A

A less extreme form of communism where companies are democratically owned

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3
Q

What are the two levels of analysis of the sociology theories and frameworks?

A

Micro and macro

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4
Q

What is a theory?

A

A way of predicting how, why, and what

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5
Q

Who are the three main people that created the theories of sociology?

A

August Comte, Harriet Martineau, and Herbert Spencer

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6
Q

What theory did August Comte develop?

A

The theory that stated that the scientific method should be used to study social behavior

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7
Q

What theory did Harriet Martineau develop?

A

The theory that stated that sociology is not a black-and-white issue; it should be studied deeper

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8
Q

What theory did Herbert Spencer develop?

A

Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest)

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9
Q

What is the basic explanation of structural functionalism?

A

Society is a unified whole that works from its separate parts

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10
Q

What is the goal of structural functionalism?

A

Equilibrium

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11
Q

What are dysfunctions?

A

Unwanted consequences within the social system

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12
Q

Who founded structural functionalism?

A

Emile Durkheim

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13
Q

How can social facts be explained?

A

Looking at the relation to production and sustainment of social solidarity

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14
Q

What is an anomie?

A

Alienation and loss of purpose that results from weakened bonds and norms socially

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15
Q

What does the conflict theory state?

A

Society is in a state of conflict; there are hidden advantages, penalties, and systems that are framed as fair

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16
Q

What are the two social classes that arise from the conflict theory?

A

The bourgeoisie (haves) and the proletariat (have-nots)

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17
Q

What is hegemony?

A

The ideological component to domination that involves those who give voluntary consent

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of hegemony?

A
  • Favors the bourgeoisie
  • Not changed to be more even out of laziness
  • Allows the elite to also have social and political power
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19
Q

What are false consciousness and class consciousness?

A

False- workers do not realize that they are being exploited

Class- oppressed workers realize their exploitation

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20
Q

What is another word for capitalist exploiters?

A

Praxis

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21
Q

Who created communism?

A

Karl Marx

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22
Q

What were Max Veber’s beliefs regarding sociology?

A

Focused on how rational economic logic was being applied to all human activity

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23
Q

What are bureaucracies?

A

form of rational organization with characteristics such as specialization, hierarchies, formal rules, and impersonality

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24
Q

What is an iron cage society?

A

When a society is nothing but a bureaucracy

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25
What is symbolic interactionism?
A micro level theory that states that social interaction is central to society
26
What did Herbert Blumer believe?
One should act towards things on basis of assigned meanings (coincides with symbolic interactionism)
27
What did George Herbert Mead believe?
All work is traced back to social interaction (big believer in symbolic interactionism)
28
What are the steps of the scientific method?
- Identify a problem - Formulate a hypothesis - Choose a research method - Collect the data - Interpret/Analyze data - Share the findings
29
Explain the two different types of research methods.
Quantitative- utilizes numbers | Qualitative- utilizes observations
30
What organization must approve all social research?
IRB (Institutional Research Board)
31
What is the definition of culture?
the entire way of life of a group of people
32
What makes up culture?
Interests, morals, values, language, food, music, clothes, gestures, symbols, products
33
How is culture learned?
Communication and interaction
34
What are the two components of culture?
Material- physical objects that are part of culture | Symbolic- ideas and beliefs that are part of culture
35
What is the Sapir-Wharf Hypothesis?
The idea that language is the most important part of culture
36
What are values?
A set of shared beliefs and behaviors that a group consider to be worthwhile and desirable
37
What are norms?
Rules and guidelines regarding behaviors
38
What is the difference between formal and informal norms?
Formal- codified into laws | Informal- implicit and unspoken
39
What are sanctions?
The way that norms are enforced
40
What are the three levels of culture?
Dominant/Mainstream- values, norms, and practices of the most powerful groups Subculture- culture within a culture; distinct norms and practices Counterculture- group within a society that openly rejects/opposes other cultures
41
What is ethnocentrism?
When a person uses their own culture as a standard to evaluate another group/culture
42
What is cultural relativism?
Understanding of cultures without picking favorites
43
What is multiculturalism?
Honoring or placing value on divers backgrounds and encouraging the retention of different cultural values
44
What is culture shock?
Sense of disorientation when you enter a radically new social or cultural environment
45
What are culture wars?
Clashes in the mainstream over values and norms that should be upheld
46
What is technological determination?
Technology and mass communication is defining who we are/how we think/why we act
47
What is the self?
The conscious experience of a distinct, real, and personal identification that is separate and different from all other people
48
What is the Looking-Glass Self?
The self develops through our perception of other people's evaluations and appraisals
49
Who developed the Looking-Glass Self theory?
Cooley
50
What is the dramaturgy theory?
The theory that states that social life in terms of similarities to a theatrical performance
51
Who created the dramturgy theory?
Goffman
52
What is impression management?
The effort to regulate or control info during an interaction so people have a desirable impression of us
53
What are roles?
The idea of multiple selves
54
What is the backstage and frontstage when referring to the dramaturgy theory?
The backstage is where we prepare for our performances, which are on the frontstage
55
What is the Thomas Theorem?
The theory that states that if people define situations as real if they are real in their consequences
56
What are statuses?
A position in a social hierarchy that comes with expectations
57
Explain the two types of statuses.
Achieved- statuses earned through effort, accomplishment, or imposition Ascribed- inborn studios
58
What is the status that is almost always relevant and overrides all statuses we have?
The master status
59
What do stereotypes come from?
Generalizations regarding master status
60
What is a role?
Set of behaviors expected from a particular status position, which gives us a script to follow
61
What is socialization?
Process where society, culture, or group teaches us to become functioning members
62
When does socialization impact us?
Forever
63
What are agents of socialization?
Social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured socialization
64
What are the four main agents of socialization?
Family, schools, peers, and media
65
What is our first agent of socialization?
Family
66
What is re-socialization?
Replacement of previous norms and values with different ones as part of a transition in life
67
What is a total institution?
A formalized institution where all norms and values are removed and replaced
68
What is an agency?
The ability to act freely and independently
69
What are the two forms of social groups?
Primary- intimately associated with other members | Secondary- people designated for formal or purposeful reasons
70
What is a social network?
A web of direct and indirect social ties connecting an individual to other people
71
What does group size mean regarding social interaction?
The more people in an event, the less personal interactions
72
What is social loafing?
The idea that the more people that are added to an event, each one does less
73
What is group cohesion?
A sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel towards the group that they belong to
74
What is groupthink?
Highly cohesive groups that may demand absolute conformity and punish those who threaten to undermine the consensus
75
What are in-groups and out-groups
In-groups- feels that one identifies with and feels loyalty towards Out-groups- feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility towards
76
What are the three levels of conformity?
Compliance- going along with something to gain rewards and avoid punishments Identification- person's desire to establish/maintain a relationship with a person or group Internalization- an individual adopts beliefs or actions of other groups and makes it own
77
What is power?
The ability to control the actions of others, even when it may not be in best interests
78
What is authority?
The legitimate right to wield power
79
What are the three forms of authority?
Traditional Legal/rational Charismatic
80
What is deviance?
A behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction
81
What is structural functionalism when regarding deviance?
Deviance tests the importance of our norms
82
What is structural strain?
The idea that we have socially approved goals through socially approved means that will lead to deviant behavior
83
What is the conflict theory in relation to deviance?
Punishments are applied unequally because the powerful criminalize threats
84
What is a stigma?
Any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and may exclude them from interactions
85
What is crime?
Violation of a norm that has been codified into law
86
What are the three forms of punishing crime?
Deterrance- threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes Incapacitation- removing criminals from society by imprisoning them or executing them Rehabilitation- reforming criminals so they can re-enter society

Sociology 101 (3 decks)

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