first lecture

Question 1

drug discovery is a

Answer 1

long process

Question 2

2 step process of drug discovery

Answer 2

molecule identification –> patient

Question 3

ways lead compound is found

Answer 3

novel molecule that possesses traits/interesting biological activity that could be biologically useful

novel molecule is designed in order to modify a target molecules (enzyme/receptor) activity

Question 4

what is a lead compound

Answer 4

compound that has biological activity that is likely to be therapeutically useful

may need to be modified first

Question 5

how do lead compounds turn into medicine

Answer 5

• identified
• developed through a long and expensive process

Question 6

1796 jenner

Answer 6

inoculated boy with cowpocks

lead to immunity against smallpocks

Question 7

1700 withering

Answer 7

extracted digitalis from foxglove for cardiac problems

Question 8

1864 pasteur

Answer 8

identified that microorganisms caused disease.

made vaccines using attenuated rabies

for rabies vaccines

Question 9

attenuated meaning

Answer 9

reduced in force
aka weaker

Question 10

1900s quinine

Answer 10

derived from cinchona tree bark

used to treat malaria

Question 11

1900s aspirin

Answer 11

extracted from willow tree bark

treats fever

Question 12

7 diff ways drugs come from

Answer 12

• nature
• animal
• microbial
• endogeous lead compound
• minerals
• synthesis
• serendipity

Question 13

drugs from nature eg

Answer 13

morphine (analgesic)
neem
rose
tobacco
lovastatin (hypolipidemic)

Question 14

drugs from animal sources eg

Answer 14

insulin - cows pancreas
pepsin - cow stomach

Question 15

drugs from microbial sources

Answer 15

penicillin (antibiotic)

Question 16

drugs from endogenous lead compounds eg

Answer 16

occur naturally in the body

histamine
adrenaline
salbutanol
ranitidine

Question 17

drugs from minerals eg

Answer 17

FeSO4 - anemia
MgSO4 - purgative
NaHCO3 - antacid

Question 18

drugs from syntheis eg

Answer 18

azo dyes + their antibac properties

phenazopyridine + urinary antiseptic

Question 19

drugs from serendipity eg

Answer 19

sildenafil - <3 and <3!

Question 20

Synthetic drugs can form from

Answer 20

scanning chemical libraries

these allow us to find lead compounds

made by chem synthesis to immitate a natural product

Question 21

2 diff drug types

Answer 21

small molecules
biologics

based on the size//weight of the active principle

Question 22

small molecules

Answer 22

MW < 900Da

Question 23

biologics

Answer 23

MW > 900

grown + purified from large scale cell cultures of bacteria, yeast, plant or animal cells

Question 24

small molecule examples

Answer 24

fatty acids
glucose
amino acids
cholesterol
secondary metabolites (lipids)

either synthesised in nature or extracted from plants

Question 25

biologics examples

Answer 25

vaccines, growth factors, immune modulators, monoclonal antibodies, products derived from human blood/plasma

Question 26

whats different about biological therapeutics

Answer 26

they are regulated, tested and controlled differently than other medicines (practive of treating disease from living organisms)