First Lecture Flashcards by maryam maleki

The most external part of the eye which provides barrier for drugs

The Cornea

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The innermost layer of the eye

Retina

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Most exterior Lipophilic part of the cornea

Epithelium layer

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The layer of cornea which is the innermost and provides nutrients from internal to external part of the eye

Endothelium layer of Cornea

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Biggest layer of the Cornea which is hypophilic

Stroma

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Part of the eye that is responsible for accommodation for near reading

The lens accommodates for Near reading but relaxes for Far

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Part of the eye that helps with details or High definition

The Macula

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Which vessels in the eye carry the drugs systematically

Episcleral vessels which are in the Epithelium layer of sclera

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What happens when transcorneal absorption is increased?

Drug will stay around the cornea (anterior segment) longer

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What is diagnostic drugs used for

To diagnose for example: dilators

And also for anesthesia

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Glaucoma medications

GOTY: 
Green (Miotics)
Orange CAI's (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) 
Teal (Prostaglandins) 
Yellow or blue B-blockers

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Red cap medication

Mydriatics and Cyclopegics
Red means STOP and think whether patient really needs it because it will cause the patient to have low vision and discomfort

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Gray color cap

NSAIDS used for inflammation and pain management following a surgery

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Pink color caps

Steroids (Antibiotics)

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Brown color caps

Anti-infective used to treat infection

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Green cap

For Glaucoma and for accommodation problems

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Why does Glaucoma have such variety of medications

Because it’s a chronic eye disease and patient have to take life long

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What are important things to cover before giving a drug to a patient

Patient compliance, Cost, Systematic disease, pregnant women, pediatrics

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Drug discussion includes

Mechanism of action
clinical uses
Dosage
side effects
drug to drug interactions

Ideal characteristics of ophthalmic drug delivery system

Corneal Penetration
Maximized absorption 
Simple instillation 
Reduced frequency of administration 
Compliance
Low toxicity and side effects
Ideal concentrations

The viscous the medication the higher the —– and the slower—-through the cornea

The more viscous the drug the higher the bioavailability and the slower it takes to penetrate through the layers of the cornea and by the tissues

Steroids are what kind of topical drug

Suspension, particles are larger in size

What is the role of surfactants in topical medication

Stabilization and protects the medication from getting oxidized and go bad

Restasis is used for

Severe Dry eye

Most common mixtures of Emulsions

Glycerin Polysorbate 80 Caster oil

Examples of Emulsions

Restasis Refresh Endura

What type of topical medication is used for Corneal abrasion

Ointments like Erythromycin(antibiotic) Tobramycin(antibiotic) Tobradex(antibiotic with steroids) dual action drug

What topical medication is used for kids

Ointments and sprays (used as diagnostic drug for kids)

Examples of Gel form medications

Pilocarpine(pilopine HS)=carbopol gel Timoptic XE GenTeal (lubricant) over the counter

What is Timoptic XE

A B-blocker used for Glaucoma. Once the medication touches the cornea it will act as an ointment

What kind of drug application is used for Blepharitis

Lid Scrubs specifically Eyelid Cleansers

What are Filter paper strips used for?

``` Used for staining To disclose: Corneal injuries Herpes Simplex DES (dry eye syndrome) ``` In general to examine the anterior segment (cornea) of the eye.

What is pseudomonas aeroginosa

A pathogen that causes cornea lesion such as ulcers in patients with contact lens.

Sodium Fluorescein is used for

Cornea disclosure and to check the pressure of the eye

RGP fitting

We take a hard lens apply then Fluorescein to examine the pattern of the lens to see if its to flat or if there is good movement

What are some filter paper strips

Sodium Fluorescein Lissamine Green Rose Bengal

Difference between Lissamine Green and Rose Bengal

Rose Bengal causes more side effects like burning sensation

What method is used to treat cornea dystrophy, Corneal erosion, Epithelial defects and wounds after surgery

Contact lenses

Example of soft contact lenses used to help heal the cornea

Purevision | Acuvue oasys

Superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) is caused by

Dry eye Contact lens solution Medication toxicity

Corneal shields used for

Made of collagen to protect the cornea against scarring post surgery

Cornea shields are larger than soft lenses so they also cover the

The Conjuctiva

Artificial tear insert is used for

Severe DES

Artificial tear inserts once in the eye act as

Ointments

Artificial tear insert also called Lacrisert one advantage and disadvantage are

Advantage: Preservative free and one time apply Disadvantage: difficult application for elderly patients

What is Ocusert(pilocarpine) drug used for

Like a cotton pledge used for Glaucoma

What are Mydriatic drugs

A drug such as atropine or Phenylephrine that causes the pupil to dilate