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BIOL 2325 > first quiz info > Flashcards

first quiz info Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hydroxyl group and what is the suffix

A

-OH, adds cohol

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2
Q

what is a carbonyl group and what is the suffix

A

–O, aldehyde if at the end (-hyde) and ketone if in the middle (-tone)

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3
Q

what is a carboxyl group and what is the suffix

A

-ooh, adds acid

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4
Q

what is an amine group

A

-NH2

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5
Q

what is a phosphate group

A

POOOO with one double bond

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6
Q

what is a sulfhydryl group

A

SH, thiols

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7
Q

what are isomers and what are the different kinds

A

molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula but different molecular structures. Structural isomer have a different arrangement of atoms, while stereoisomers differ in how groups atached. Enantiomers are mirror image molecules like chiral carbon or d-sugars and L-sugars

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8
Q

Whats the difference between glucose and fructose

A

Glucose is an aldehyde while fructose is a ketone

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9
Q

Whats the difference in Glucose and Galactose

A

Hydroxyl group on 4th carbon on glucose is below the plane while above the plane for galactose

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10
Q

what kind of isomer is glucose/fructose. How about glucose/galactose

A

Structural isomer, stereo isomer

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11
Q

What is a polymer

A

Linking monomers

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12
Q

What are monomers

A

small, simliar chemical subunits

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13
Q

What is dehydration synthesis

A

Formation of large molecules by removal of water, monomer –> polymer

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14
Q

What is Hydrolysis

A

breakdown of large molecules by addition of water, polymer–> monomer

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15
Q

If you have 10 monosaccharides, how many waters will come out through dehydration synthesis

A

9 waters

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16
Q

if you have 5 linking saccharides to make a polysaccharide, how many water molecules do you need to break them all apart

A

4 waters

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17
Q

What is the usual ratio for carbohydrates

A

1:2:1 carbon hydrogen oxygen (CH2O)

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18
Q

Do CH covalent bonds hold much energy

A

yes

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19
Q

How many carbons does a monosaccharide typically have

A

3-7 carbons

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20
Q

how many monosaccharides to make a disaccharide, how about polysaccharide?

A

2 then 10+

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21
Q

What polysaccharides are we responsible for knowing and what are the function. What are their linkages?

A

glycogen in animal (alpha 1 –>4 and 1–>6) and starch (amylose) in plants (alpha 1.4), for energy. Cellulose in plants and chitin for fungi and arthropods for structural support (both beta 1,4)

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22
Q

what are the 3 common monosaccharide that we need to know

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

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23
Q

What can monosaccharides with 5+ carbons do

A

Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbon like glucose can fold back on themselves and through a reaction between 2 functional groups, can make a ring form

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24
Q

What are the two different enantiomers for glucose

A

alpha glucose has the OH group of the first carbon below the plane while beta glucose has it above the plane

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25
Q

What kind of bond is made to link carbohydrates

A

glycosdic bond

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26
Q

What monosaccharides make maltose and what kind of bond

A

glucose and glucose, alpha (1–>4) linkage

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27
Q

what monosaccharides make sucrose and what kind of bond

A

glucose and fructose, alpha (1–>2)

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28
Q

what monosaccharide makes lactose and what kind of bond

A

glucose and galactose, beta (1–>4)

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29
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

linked monosaccharides. May be linear,unbranched or branched

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30
Q

What kind of bond are linear, unbranched polysaccharides

A

alpha (1–>4)

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31
Q

what kind of linkages are branch polysaccharide and which polysaccharide branches?

A

glycogen, alpha (1–>4) linear and alpha (1–>6) when branching

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32
Q

For cellulose and chitin, what kind of bond

A

beta (1–>4)

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33
Q

What are the different kinds of lipids and their main function

A

neutral lipids store energy, phospholipids for cell membrane, steroids for hormones

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34
Q

What are fatty acids

A

a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end

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35
Q

what are the two types of neutral lipids

A

oils which are liquid at biological temp and fats that are semi solid

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36
Q

What are triglycerides and how many waters are made from forming one

A

they have a 3 carbon glycerol and 3 fatty acid side chains, so 3 waters produced

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37
Q

Are triglycerides polar and why or why not

A

no because dehydration synthesis eliminates the polar groups of the glycerol

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38
Q

What kind of covalent bond for triglyeride formation and of what functional groups

A

ester linkage between COOH of the fatty acid and the OH of the glycerol

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39
Q

What are the functions of triglycerides (3)

A

energy reserve for animals, insulation for mammals and bird, also make bird feather waterproof

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40
Q

whats a saturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid with max number of hydrogen atoms, so only single bonds and no rings

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41
Q

fatty acid with one double bond are called what, what if it has more

A

monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

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42
Q

why are unsaturated fats liquid

A

since there are double bonds, then there are kinks and can’t stack nicely so are liquid at room temp

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43
Q

what kind of enzyme do you need to digest lactose? sucrose?

A

lactase and sucrase

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44
Q

what kind of bonds are in trans fat

A

double bonds, also its tastier

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45
Q

What are phospholipids composed of

A

glycerol, 2 fatty acid (non-polar tails) and a phosphate group (polar head)

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46
Q

what are the four types of phospholipids we need to know

A

phosphatidyl serine, ethanolamine, choline, inositol

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47
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer and how are the two ends different

A

phospholipids make a bilayer (or circle micelles) where the phosphate head faces the water and the fatty acid non polar tail forms a hydrophobic inside layer

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48
Q

How are waxes formed

A

Fatty acids combine with long chain alcohols or hydrocarbon structures

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49
Q

What do steroids look lke

A

3 hexose rings and 1 pentose ring

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50
Q

What are sterols and what are some examples

A

common steroids with a single polar OH grouped linked at one hexose end a nonpolar complex hydrocarbon chain on the pentose end (like cholesterol or phytosterol)

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51
Q

How are testosterone and estradiol different in molecular formula

A

testosterone has a CH3 and –O while estradiol has an OH

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52
Q

What are some other lipids in plants that absorb light and convert it to chemical energy

A

chlorophyll and carotenoids

53
Q

What do lipids and carbohydrates form? Lipids and proteins?

A

glycolipids, lipoproteins

54
Q

What are the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids and how are they bonded

A

Nucleotides, Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), phosphodiester bonds

55
Q

what are nucleotides made of

A

5 carbon Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

56
Q

how do nucleosides and nucleotides differ

A

nucleosides are sugar and nitrogenous base while nucleotides have phosphate

57
Q

What are the sugar names for DNA and RNA

A

deoxyribose and ribose

58
Q

What are the purines and how do you identify them

A

Adenine and guanine, 2 rings

59
Q

What are the pyrimidines and how do you identify them

A

thymine, cytosine, uracil and 1 ring

60
Q

What is the name of a 1 phosphate nucleotide? 2? 3?

A

adenosine monophosphate (AMP), ADP, ATP

61
Q

How many bonds for AT or AU. How about CG

A

2 hydrogen bonds, 3 H bonds

62
Q

How does deoxyribose from ribose in its molecular formula

A

Theres an OH in the 2’ carbon in RNA, H in DNA

63
Q

which carbon are the phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon sugar

A

5’ carbon

64
Q

What are the base pairing rules

A

AT in DNA, AU in RNA, CG in both

65
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

encodes information for amino acid sequence of proteins, sequence of bases

66
Q

What carbons of the sugar backbone connect to the phosphate

A

5’carbon and 3’ carbon

67
Q

How does a chain make a template for DNA replication

A

The 2 chains that make up DNA split up and each chain can make another chain thanks to base pairing rules, therefore making 2 new chains from one double helix

68
Q

How does RNA molecules make double helical regions

A

Even though they are single polynucleotide chains, they can fold back on themselves

69
Q

What are hybrid double helices

A

An RNA chain paired with a DNA chain when RNA copies DNA

70
Q

What are some other nucleotides that aren’t ATCGU that we need to know and what are their functions

A

ATP which is the primary energy currency of the cell, and NAD+ and FAD+ which are electron carriers for many cellular reactions

71
Q

How do you determine which is the 5’ chain and the 3’ chain of DNA

A

5’ is phosphate end while 3’ is hydroxyl end

72
Q

What are some functions of proteins

A

Structural support, enzymes, movement, transport, recognition and receptor molecules, regulation of proteins and dna, hormones, antibodies, toxins and vemons

73
Q

What are the polymers of proteins and monomers

A

polymer is protein, monomer is amino acid which contains both an amine and carboxyl group

74
Q

What are the non polar amino acids

A

Alanine, leucine, isoleucine, glycine, phenylalanine, methionine

75
Q

what are the polar uncharged amino acids

A

threosine, tyrosine

76
Q

what are the negatively charged amino acids

A

aspartic acid

77
Q

what are the positively charged amino acid

A

lycine

78
Q

What amino acid has a sulfhydryl group and what kind of linkage can it produce

A

cysteine and disulfide linkage

79
Q

How is proline different

A

it has a ring structure that includes a central carbon atom that bonds to a COOH group and –NH on the other side

80
Q

Can all amino acids act as acid or base?

A

yes, Base by accepting an H+ o the amino group and acid by donating an H+ on the carboxyl group

81
Q

What kind of bonds do proteins use

A

covalent peptide bonds

82
Q

What is an Nterminal end and a Cterminal end and which end do new amino acids add onto

A

N-terminal has an amino group while C-terminal is carboxyl group. New amino acids are added onto c-terminal

83
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

84
Q

whats the difference between cystine and cysteine

A

cystine is made by the combination of two cysteine

85
Q

what is a primary structure

A

the precise sequence in which amino acids are linked.

86
Q

How much does a change in primary structure affect the other levels

A

a single alter will change secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures which can destroy the function of a protein.

87
Q

what is a secondary structure of a protein

A

the amino acid chain (primary structure) folded.

88
Q

what is the alpha helix of a secondary structure protein

A

amino acid twisted into a regular right hand spirals, spaced regularly by hydrogen bonds and forms rod like structures

89
Q

what is the beta strand/sheet of a secondary structure protein

A

the amino acid chain zigzags in a flat plane, either anti parallel or parallel, regularly spaced with hydrogen bonds

90
Q

What does a random coil do for alpha helix or beta strands

A

random coils are irregular folded arrangement which allow alpha and beta to fold back on themselves and act as hinges

91
Q

what is tertiary structure of a protein and what bonds does it use

A

3d shape by conformation, use disulfide linkage, hydrogen bonds.

92
Q

What does the tertiary structure determine

A

its function and solubility (depends on arrangement of polar and nonpolar segments)

93
Q

what is denaturation and what can cause it. Also what is it called if its reversibile

A

unfolding a protein which loses its structure and function. Caused by change in pH, chemicals, or high temps. Renaturation

94
Q

what are guide proteins called and what is their purpose

A

Chaperone proteins aka chaperonins bind temporarily with new proteins and help conform them into their tertiary structure

95
Q

what are quaternary structures and what bonds do they use

A

the arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains. Use hydrogen bonds, polar and nonpolar attractions, disulfide linkages. Also chaperonin are involved

96
Q

what are functional domains

A

subdivisions in folding amino acid chains that have individual functions in a protein that has multiple functions

97
Q

what are motifs in domains

A

3d arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domains and are highly specialized regions.

98
Q

what do proteins and lipids make and their function

A

lipoproteins, part of cell membrane

99
Q

what do proteins and carbohydrates make and their function

A

glycoproteins.Enzymes, antibodies, recognition, receptor molecules and parts of extracellular supports

100
Q

what do proteins and nucleic acids make and what are their function

A

nucleoproteins and form structures such as chromosomes

101
Q

Do most proteins have an alpha helix and beta sheet?

A

yes

102
Q

What are the three parts of cell theory

A

all organisms are composed of one or more cells
cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms
cells arise by division of the previous cell

103
Q

How are cells limited

A

limited to surface area to volume ratio since if you double surface area, you 4x volume

104
Q

What are some examples of lipoproteins

A

LDL and HDL

105
Q

what are the two type of microscopes

A

light and electron

106
Q

how do some cells increase surface area without increasing much volume

A

extensions or folds

107
Q

what is the plasma membrane made out of

A

phospholipids and protein molecules (transport protein channel)

108
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain and where is it

A

cytosol and cytoskeleton and its between the plasma membrane and central region

109
Q

what is the cytosol

A

the aqueous solution containing ions, organelles and organic molecules

110
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

it maintains cell shape and play key roles in cell division and chromosome segregation

111
Q

What domains are prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and Archaea

112
Q

What domain is eukaryotes

A

Eukarya

113
Q

what is the plasma membrane surrounded by in prokaryote

A

a rigid cell wall coated with polysaccharide (glycocalyx)

114
Q

what is glycocalyx

A

a slime layer but when firmly attached it is a capsule

115
Q

what does the plasma membrane of a prokaryote contain

A

molecular systems that metabolize food molecules (or light energy) into the chemical energy of ATP

116
Q

what is the function of flagella in prokaryote

A

it rotates through a socket and pushes the cell

117
Q

what is the function of pili

A

it attaches the prokaryotic cell onto other cell, sex pilus for mating (conjugation)

118
Q

what are the three common shapes of prokaryotes

A

spherical, rod like and spiral.

119
Q

Describe the DNA in a prokaryote

A

a prokaryotic chromosome is a single circular molecule located in the nucleoid

120
Q

describe how proteins are made in prokaryotes

A

DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) and then carried to ribosomes into cytoplasm which assemble amino acids into proteins

121
Q

How is the eukaryotic nucleus different from the prokaryote nucleus

A

it has a bounded membrane nucleus. Has a nuclear envelop and much more information and is divided into multiple linear chromosomes

122
Q

what is the nucleolus and where is it located

A

it is found within the nucleus and it is where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place. Ribosomal subunits are formed here and exit through the nuclear pores

123
Q

how many bilayers does the nuclear envelop have

A

2 phospholipid bilayers

124
Q

what are lamins

A

a network of protein filaments that reinforce the nuclear envelope

125
Q

what do nuclear pores do

A

they control and regulate the passage of molecules in and out

126
Q

how many chromosomes does a eukaryotic cell have

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

127
Q

what is the liquid in the nucleus called

A

nucleoplasm

128
Q

what is chromatin and where is it located

A

A combination of DNA and proteins and inside nucleus

129
Q

How do proteins know where to go

A

localization signal

BIOL 2325 (9 decks)

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