First Trimester

Question 1

Nuchal translucency

Answer 1

fluid collection vis. behind the fetal neck
most accurate from 11-14 wks
> 3mm is abnormal

Question 2

pseudocyesis

Answer 2

a psychological condition in which a pt. believes she is pregnant, when she isn’t

Question 3

hyperemesis

Answer 3

excessive vomiting that leads to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
assoc. with trophoblastic disease, multiple pregnancies, and ovarian hyperstimulation

Question 4

normal hCG levels

Answer 4

double every 30-48 hrs
peak at the 10th gest. wk
begin to decline until the 18th gest. wk
then level out for remainder of pregnancy

Question 5

gestational sac and yolk sac (should be measured how?)

Answer 5

inner to inner

Question 6

fertilization

Answer 6

mature ovum is released at Day 14

fertilization occures 1-2 days after ovulation

Question 7

decidual reaction “double decidua sign” (layers)

Answer 7

deciduas capsularis: covers blastocyst
decidual basalis: between conceptus and UT wall
decidual parietalis “decidua vera”: covers the rest of UT

Question 8

secondary yolk sac

Answer 8

seen w/i first trim.
produces AFP
transfers nutrients 
hematopoiesis
connected to fetus by vitelline/omphalomesenteric duct
becomes part of the primitive gut
liver takes over by 8th gest. wk.

Question 9

abnormal NT

Answer 9

> 3 mm
Indicates: Trisomy 21, 18, Turner’s Syndrome, congestive heart failure
measured inner to inner

Question 10

most common site for an ectopic

Answer 10

ampulla of the fallopian tube
(isthmus = 2nd most common site)
(interstitial = most dangerous)
Other locations: cervix, ovary, and fimbraie

Question 11

choriocarcinoma

Answer 11

most malignant form of trophoblastic disease with possible metastasis
result of malignant growth of hydatidiform molar pregnancy
common sites for metastasis = liver, lungs, and vagina

Question 12

threatened AB

Answer 12

presents as low FHR
vaginal bleeding before 20 wks gest.
closed cervix

Question 13

inevitable AB

Answer 13

presents with low-lying gest. sac and open internal os of cervix
vaginal bleeding with dilated cervix

Question 14

abnormal positions of the fetal heart

Answer 14

levocardiac = to left
mesocardiac = to right
dextrocardiac = heart lies in right side, with apex pointing towards the right

Question 15

mitral valve
vs.
tricuspid valve

Answer 15

left side
vs.
right side

Question 16

fetal hydronephrosis renal pelvis measurement

Answer 16

renal pelvis > 10 mm

Question 17

proximal tibial epiphysis

Answer 17

usually seen in the 37th wk.

Question 18

cases of heterotopic pregnancy occur in approximately 1 in how many?

Answer 18

1 in 30,000

Question 19

normal yolk sac measurement

Answer 19

= 6 mm

Question 20

prosencephalon

Answer 20

forebrain

Question 21

crainosyntosis

Answer 21

premature fusion of cranial bones/sutures

Question 22

bregma

Answer 22

anterior fontanelle when filled with bone

Question 23

lambda

Answer 23

posterior fontanelle when filled with bone

Question 24

function of the choroid plexus

Answer 24

mass of cells responsible for producing the Cerebrospinal fluid in the fetus

Question 25

mesocephalic

Answer 25

normal sized head

Question 26

atrial septum vs. ventricular septum

Answer 26

atrial septum is open to the foramen ovale vs. ventricular septum is uninterrupted

Question 27

fetal blood circulation

Answer 27

half of blood to liver via LPV/umbilical vein | half of blood shunted to IVC via ductus venosus (branch off umbilical vein)

Question 28

ductus venosum

Answer 28

takes blood from the umbilical vein to the right atrium

Question 29

the left ventricle connects to what major blood vessel

Answer 29

aorta

Question 30

the right ventricle connects to what major blood vessel

Answer 30

pulmonary artery

Question 31

fetal lung maturity can be assessed by using what ratio?

Answer 31

(L/S ratio) lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio tested by an amniocentesis mature lungs with show: increased lecithin and decreased sphingomyelin

Question 32

foramen ovale

Answer 32

shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

Question 33

ductus arteriosus

Answer 33

shunts blood from the pulmonary vein to the descending aorta

Question 34

what valve lies between the left atrium and ventricle?

Answer 34

mitral valve

Question 35

what valve lies between the right atrium and ventricle?

Answer 35

tricuspid valve

Question 36

what normal structure of the heart lies within the right ventricle?

Answer 36

moderator band

Question 37

transcerebellar measurement

Answer 37

correlates with gest. age | grows at a rate of 1 mm per wk. between 14-21 wks

Question 38

rhombencephalon

Answer 38

hindbrain | cystic structure seen within an embryo during the first trimester

Question 39

mesencephalon

Answer 39

midbrain

Question 40

normal NT measurements should not exceed

Answer 40

3 mm

Question 41

distal femoral epiphysis

Answer 41

seen at 32-33 wks. (not included in measurement)

Question 42

what anomaly is brachycephaly seen with?

Answer 42

trisomy 21

Question 43

what is dolicocephaly head shape seen with?

Answer 43

breech presentation

Question 44

cephalic index

Answer 44

devised to determine normality of fetal head shape

Question 45

missed AB

Answer 45

no FHR | fetal demise with retained fetus

Question 46

incomplete AB

Answer 46

presents as thickened and irregular endo and enlarged UT | part of the products of conception are expelled, part is retained within the UT

Question 47

complete/spontaneous AB

Answer 47

all products of conception are expelled

Question 48

gestational trophoblastic disease

Answer 48

hydatidiform mole molar pregnancy trophoblastic cells produce hCH bilateral theca lutein cysts typically seen

Question 49

human chorionic gonodotropin

Answer 49

hCG produced by the trophoblastic cells of the developing chorionic villi doubles every 30-48 hrs peaks at 10th gest. wk

Question 50

blastocyst

Answer 50

fluid rapidly enters the morula, forming the blastocyst ---> implants into the endo 5-7 days after fertilization

Question 51

morula

Answer 51

a solid mass of cells formed by the cleavage of a fertilized ovum (zygote)

Question 52

rhombencephalon within embryo

Answer 52

a normal cyst like structure seen within a first trimester embryo eventually contributes to the 4th ventricle, brain stem, and cerebellum

Question 53

implantation process

Answer 53

occurs within distal portion of fallopian tube cells of zygote multiply-->form a cluster of cells (morula)-->fluid fills the morula-->forming a blastocyst-->implants into the endometrium