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First World War Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

4 causes of WW1

A

nationalism, imperialism, alliances, militarism

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2
Q

trigger of WW1

A

assassination of Franz Ferdinand

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3
Q

nationalism

A

advocacy of or support for the political independence and sovereignty over their homeland of a particular nation or group of people

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4
Q

imperialism

A

extending a country’s power and influence through colonization

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5
Q

militarism

A

belief that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values

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6
Q

what kind of people were most people living in Bosnia? what were their opinions?

A

Serbian, Bosnian, Croat; many Serbs in particular wanted for Bosnia to leave Austria-Hungary and merge with Serbia to form a Greater Kingdom of Serbia

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7
Q

what was the terrorist organisation set up by some Bosnian Serbs called?

A

the Black Hand, in 1911

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8
Q

who killed Franz Ferdinand?

A

Gavrilo Princep

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9
Q

why did the Black Hand want to assassinate Franz Ferdinand?

A
  1. Franz suggested once he becomes king, Bosnia would gain a bit of independence by having its own parliament etc., so the Black Hands were afraid that would make less people want Bosnia to gain full independence
  2. to create chaos and make it harder for Austria-Hungary to control them
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10
Q

2 alliances

A

The Triple Alliance, formed in 1882: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

The Triple Entente, formed in 1907:
UK, France, Russia

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11
Q

how did Germany react to the assassination and the conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia?

A

gave full support for Austria-Hungary by giving them a “blank cheque” as they thought that it had to be done quickly before the other Greater Powers could react ->
moblise the army fully when the Russian army did, while writing to his cousin the Russian Tsar to ask for peace (but it was not a serious attempt) ->
move troops to the French border, ready to attack (offence is the best form of defence) ->
Schlieffen Plan

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12
Q

July Crisis

A

Germany gave A-H a blank cheque
A-H issued a harsh ultimatum to Serbia -> declared war
Russia began to mobilise troops
Germany declared war on Russia
Schlieffen Plan: Germany invaded Belgium and France
Britain declared war on Germany
A-H declared war on Russia
Britain and France declared war on A-H

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13
Q

why did Germany offer a blank cheque?

A

believes that A-H has to act quickly before the other Greater Powers could react
A-H collapsing would mean the isolation of Germany in Central Europe

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14
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

Germany planned to attack France through Belgium, then attack Russia since it’s larger and harder to mobilise

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15
Q

why did the Schlieffen Plan fail?

A
  • unrealistic plannings: soldiers would need to travel very quickly while having equipment and food supplied to them
  • unplanned strength and swiftness of the British, Belgian and French resistance: slowed German advance through Belgium and at the Battle of the Marne British and French forces were able to halt their advancement
  • alterations to the size of the german army (removed 1/2 million)
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16
Q

British army recruitment propaganda by Lord Kitchener

A
  • patriotic duty to defend Britain
  • duty to protect women and children
  • casting Germany as villainous
  • opportunity to learn new skills, to get decent pay, to ‘travel’ (appeals to many working-class young men in low-paying jobs with limited prospects)
  • comradery
  • shame, social pressure, accusations of cowardice
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17
Q

what was the problem with the main war strategies that led to a prolonged war?

A

defence was stronger than attack; defence was mechanised, attack was not; e.g. machine guns, trains, trenches

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18
Q

objectives of the gallipoli campaign (Churchill in support)

A
  • knock Ottoman Empire out of the war
  • control the Dardanelle Straits and thereby access to the Black Sea, helping to maintain supplies to Russia
  • have an army based in the Ottoman Empire near the Austrians
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19
Q

when was the gallipoli campaign?

A

april 25 1915 to january 9 1916

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20
Q

why did the gallipoli campaign fail?

Study These Flashcards
A

poor British leadership and planning
strength of the Turkish resistance
terrain of the Gallipoli peninsula

21
Q

expand on the poor British leadership and planning

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A
  • commander had little prior knowledge of the other army (estimated troop numbers were low) and battlefield landscape (used old tourist maps)
  • landing spot was not well-planned -> very easy target
  • poor communication between the army and central forces in the UK -> delayed action and wasted time awaiting for orders
22
Q

expand on the strength of Turkish resistance

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A

“Germanisation” of Turkish tactics, e.g. attack formations, discipline, scientifically posted machine guns and trenches

23
Q

expand on terrain of the gallipoli peninsula

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A
  • landings were narrow beaches with high cliffs that they had to climb up, making it easy for the Turkish to hide and fire
  • water was short, masses of flies, diseases
24
Q

casualties of gallipoli of allies

25
gallipoli effect on Australia and New Zealand
believed this was the war where the soldiers showed enough determination, initiative, endurance and "mateship", that they had the courage the believe they deserved independence from the British
26
revelation for Turks gallipoli effect
Mustafa Kemal (commander) became a war hero -> president in 1923-38 and was very influential and shaped Turkey
27
when was the battle of the somme?
july 1 to november 18 1916
28
aim of the battle of the somme
attempt at a breakthrough of the german trench lines
29
where is the somme river
northern france
30
casualties of the battle of somme
over 1.5 million casualties in total 1st day 60,000 British army casualties out of the 100,000 soldiers (bloodiest day in British history)
31
British commander for Battle of Somme
Douglas Haig
32
what was haig's main strategy?
intense artillery bombardment to achieve a complete breakthrough of the German trench lines
33
what did haig do to achieve this aim? and why were these unrealistic?
1. shelling/ bombs: waste of resources (out of 1.5 shells, 2/3 were shrapnel, 1/4 were duds, only 1/12 are real shells) 2. foot soldiers to secure access & cavalry (push through enemy lines so they retreat): soldiers and horse couldn't go through/over the thick and tangled barbed wire -> instead of using newer ideas like creeping barrage or sap trenches
34
how did haig defend himself?
1. he was under significant pressure from the french 2. the tanks ordered were not ready on the start of the offensive (out of the 49 that arrived in france only 18 worked at the start and 2 was fine in the end as the others broke down)
35
what about the pressure haig was under from the french?
in early 1916, haig was pressured by the french to launch a major offensive to force the germany troops away from verdun, where the french army was close to collapse although by october it was clear the french would hold at verdun, haig still persisted in breakthrough attemps on the somme
36
why was Germany defeated?
- failure of the Ludendoff Offensive on the Western Front - germany supplies were weakened by the allies naval blockade -> quality, supply, morale of troops; increased civilian strikes, the kaiser rathered a quick end to the war than risk revolution - bulgaria and turkey had collapsed and signed an armistice in october and early november
37
start and end of ww1
july 28 1914 11 nov 1918 (11am)
38
territorial terms of the treaty of versailles
- germany had to return alsace-lorraine (clemenceau's hometown) - the rhineland (middle of france and germany) remained german but should become a demilitarised zone - lost their overseas colonies to the international community as "mandates" via league of nations (aka just to other countries like britain and france to control) - banned from any future unions between germany and austria
39
prime minister/ president of france, usa, england
Clemenceau, Wilson, Lloyd George
40
interests of clemenceau
- most wars fought in france -> infrastructure damage - most lives lost within the three (1.4m), 24 billion pounds - harsh peace - have germany to pay france's debts and keep germany weak and unable to attack france again - split germany into smaller states and rhineland (on border) to become an independent state (rhineland was only disarmed)
41
interests of lloyd george (realist)
- 750k killed, 35billion pounds - the british people wanted harsh peace and compensation - justice, not revenge: lloyd george feared a harsh treaty would create future bitterness and potenial war and make germany too weak to resist communism - just wants to make sure no threat re-emerges - wanted to trade with germany asap to boost british economy - opposed self determination
42
interests of wilson (idealist)
- wanted self-determination (people ruling themselves) - wanted international cooperation and establishment of league of nations and fourteen points - make the world safer through international disarmament (in the end on happened to the losing side)
43
military terms of treaty of versailles
- germany military limited to 100,000 men - no submarines and no air force - max 6 battleships - no conscription (i.e. only volunteers)
44
economic terms of treaty of versailles
reparations of 6.6 billion in pounds and germany made the last payment in 2010
45
other point of treaty of versailles
war guilt: germany accepts the responsibility of germany and her allies causing all the loss and damage league of nations: first 26 articles was the covenant of the LoN which Germany was not invited to join until they had proven themselves to be a peace-loving country
46
when was the treaty of versailles signed?
28 june 1919
47
self-determination
people should have a right to decide their won political future/ should not be governed by another nation
48
international co-operation
settle disputes by peaceful means

History IGCSE (2 decks)

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