Fixed oils Flashcards by Jazmin Ann

Scientific names - castor oil

Ricinus communis, R. zanzibarinus

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Family - castor oil

Euphorbiaceae

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Variation of castor oil with high ricinoleic acid content

R. zanzibarinus

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R. zanzibarinus is the variation of castor oil with high ____ content

ricinoleic acid

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Synonym: castor oil

Tangan-tangan

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Significant lipid constituent/s: castor oil

Ricinoleic acid/ Triricinolein

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Obtained by decortications

Castor oil

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Castor oil is obtained by ____

decortications

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Pomade from ___ contains an allergen

castor

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___ from castor contains an allergen

pomade

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Pomade from castor contains an ___

allergen

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Main uses - castor oil (3)

Used as plasticizer in flexible collodion, stiffening agent, lubricant for combustion engines

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Addtl uses - castor oil (3)

Domestic purgative once

Cathartic for food poisoning and preliminary to intestinal examination (hospital use)

ion IV preparations which contain drugs of low aqueous solubility (Nonionic surfactants/polyethoxylated castor oils)

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All uses - castor oil (6)

Plasticizer in flexible collodion, stiffening agent, lubricant for combustion engines

Domestic purgative once

Cathartic for food poisoning and preliminary to intestinal examination (hospital use)

ion IV preparations which contain drugs of low aqueous solubility (Nonionic surfactants/polyethoxylated castor oils)

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domestic purgative once

CASTOR OIL

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Restricted to hospital use for administration as cathartic for food poisoning and preliminary to intestinal examination

CASTOR OIL

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CASTOR OIL: Restricted to hospital use for administration as __ for __ and preliminary to ___

cathartic for food poisoning and preliminary to intestinal examination

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used as ion IV preparations which contain drugs of low aqueous solubility

Nonionic surfactants (polyethoxylated castor oils)

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Nonionic surfactants (polyethoxylated castor oils) are used as ion IV preparations which contain drugs of ___

low aqueous solubility

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Contains toxic lectin known as ricin

CASTOR OIL

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poisonous at high amounts as it contains a toxic __ called __

castor oil, lectin, ricin

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Scientific name: cottonseed oil

Gossypium hirsutum

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Family - cottonseed oil

Malvaceae

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Significant lipid constituent/s: cottonseed oil (2)

Oleic and linoleic acid

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Uses - cottonseed oil (4)

Used for manufacture of soap Solvent for intramuscular injection Solvent for number of injections, hydrogenated used to make substitutes for lard

hydrogenated fixed oil

cottonseed oil

T or F: All IM inj solvents are non-drying

F: semi-drying

All __ are semi-drying

IM injection solvents

Cottonseed oil is used to make substitutes for __

lard

Addtl cons: COTTONSEED OIL

gossypol

All cons: cottonseed oil

Oleic and linoleic acid, gossypol

Cons of cottonseed oil used as male contraceptive in China

Gossypol

Scientific name: corn oil

Zea mays

Family - corn oil

Poaceae

Significant lipid constituent/s: corn oil (2)

Oleic and linoleic acid

Uses - corn oil (6)

Semi-drying oil for IM injections (2 of 4) High-calorie dietary supplement Baking (hydrogenated oil - semisolid) Used in salads Solvent for irradiated ergosterol Germ oil cake - cattlefeed

Hydrogenated oil is semisolid and used in baking

Corn oil

Used for germ oil cake

Corn oil

Germ oil cake is for ?

cattlefeed

Solvent for irradiated ergosterol

Corn oil

Used in salads

Corn oil

Synonyms: sesame oil (4)

Linga, Gingelly oil, Teel oil, Benne oil

Scientific name: sesame oil

Sesamum indicum

Family - sesame oil

Pedaliaceae

Significant lipid constituent/s: sesame oil. (2)

Oleic and linoleic acids

ID test for sesame oil

Baudoin test

Reagent for ID test for sesame oil, Baudoin test?

HCl containing 1% sucrose (with shaking)

What indicates the presence of sesame oil in Baudoin test? (+ result)

Pink

T or F: there is a current BP test for absence of sesame

Reagents for current BP test for absence of sesame (3)

acetic anhydride + furfuraldehyde + sulfuric acid

What (+) result indicates absence of sesame?

Bluish-green

Uses - sesame oil (7)

potential reduction in serum cholesterol and increased vitamin E activities (sesame lignans) synergist for pyrethrum insecticides (sesamolin) Semi-drying oil for intramuscular injection Nutritive, laxative, demulcent, and emollient

Addtl cons - sesame oil. (2)

Sesamolin, Sesame lignans

All cons - sesame oil (4)

Oleic and linoleic acids, Sesamolin, Sesame lignans

Cons of sesame oil used as synergist for pyrethrum insecticides

sesamolin

Cons of sesame oil that has potential reduction in serum cholesterol and increased vitamin E activities

sesame lignans

Sci name - peanut oil

Arachis hypogaea

Family - peanut oil

Fabaceae

Synonyms - peanut oil (2)

Groundnut oil, arachis oil

Significant lipid constituent/s: peanut oil (3)

Oleic (~50%), linoleic, arachidic

Uses - peanut oil (4)

Semi-drying oil for intramuscular injection (4 of 4) One of the most likely adulterants of other fixed oils (ex. olive) Used in production of margarine, cooking fats, etc. Lubricant, and forms excellent, firm, white soap

One of the most likely adulterants of other fixed oils (ex. olive)

Peanut oil

4 Semi-drying oil used as IM injection solvents?

Cottonseed oil Corn oil Sesame oil Peanut oil

Scientific name: almond oil (2)

Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis (sweet), var. amara (bitter)

Family - almond oil

Rosaceae

Significant lipid constituent/s: almond oil

Oleic acid (~60-80%)

Uses - almond oil (6)

Sweet almonds used as food, but bitter almonds are not Used for many toilet articles Vehicle for oily injections Internally, causes mild laxative action Emollient Ingredient in cosmetics

ALMOND OIL: __ and __ are separated by steam distillation

Benzaldehyde and HCN

ALMOND OIL: Benzaldehyde and HCN are separated by __

steam distillation

Scientific name: ETHIODIZED OIL

Papaver somniferum

Family - ethiodized oil

Papaveraceae

T or F: Bitter almonds used as food

F - sweet

T or F: Sweet almonds are not used as food

F - bitter

Iodine addition product of the ethyl ester of fatty acids of poppy seed oil

ETHIODIZED OIL

ETHIODIZED OIL: __ addition product of the __ of fatty acids of ___

iodine, ethyl esters, poppy seed oil

Decomposes when exposed to air and sunlight, becoming dark brown

ETHIODIZED OIL

ETHIODIZED OIL: Decomposes when exposed to air and sunlight, becoming __

dark brown

Uses - ethiodized oil

radiopaque used in hysterosalpingography and lymphography

Ex of ethiodized oil injection

Lipiodol

Sci name - olive oil

Olea europaea

Fam - olive oil

Oleaceae

Synonyms: Olive oil (2)

Salad oil, sweet oil

Significant lipid constituent/s: olive oil

Oleic acid

Odor is due to C6 alcohols like hexanol and hexenols

Olive oil

Olive oil: Odor is due to __ alcohols like __ and __

C6, hexanol and hexenols

First oil, hence aka “virgin oil”

Olive oi

Olive oil aka __

virgin oil

Subsequently expressed oils are of lower quality

Olive oil

Olive oil: Subsequently expressed oils are of __ quality

lower

Olive oil: 5 pressed oils

virgin oil, second grade, technical oil, sulfur olive oil, tournant oil

Olive oil: 5 pressed oils - gently pressed

Virgin oil

Olive oil: 5 pressed oils - more pressure

second gradr

Olive oil: 5 pressed oils - uses hot water

technical oil

Olive oil: 5 pressed oils - uses carbon disulfide (CS2)

sulfur olive oil

Olive oil: 5 pressed oils - from refuse olives

tournant oil

Uses - olive oil (6)

Used in preparation of soaps, plastics, salads Retardant for dental cements preparation of soaps, plasters, and liniments Demulcent, emollient, laxative

Retardant for dental cements

Olive oil

Scientific name: Palm kernel oil

Elaeis guineensis

Fam - palm kernel oil

Areceae

Significant lipid constituent/s: PALM KERNEL OIL. (2)

Palmitic acid, oleic acid

Use - palm kernel oil

Used as cooking oil

obtained by heating separated seeds for 4-6 hours, then cracked and kernels removed

palm kernel

palm kernel oil: obtained by __ separated seeds for __ hours, then __ and __ removed

heating, 4-6 hrs, cracked, kernels

Significant lipid constituent/s: soybean oil (2)

Linoleic and oleic acids

Uses - soybean oil (3)

Varnish, insulator, other products

T or F: soybean oil is useful as cooking oil

F - not useful

Sterol components of soybean oil

Stigmasterol, sitosterol

All cons - soybean oil

Linoleic and oleic acids, Stigmasterol, sitosterol

Preparations from soybean oil (4)

lecithin Partially hydrogenation soybean oil Soybean cake Soybean meal

Preps soybean oil - for deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolism

lecithin

Lecithin is for deranged __ and __ metabolism

lipid, cholesterol

Preps soybean oil: for oral preps

Partially hydrogenation soybean oil

T or F: Partially hydrogenation soybean oil is for oral preps

Preps soybean oil: as livestock food

Soybean cake

Preps soybean oil: used for detection of urea nitrogen in blood serum (as soybean contains urease)

Soybean meal

Soybean meal is used used for detection of __ in blood serum (soybean contains __)

urea nitrogen, urease

Cons of soybean oil: precursor for steroidal hormones

stigmasterol, sitosterol

Linseed oil aka __

Flaxseed oil

Significant lipid constituent/s: LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL

Linolenic acid

Scientific name: LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL

Linus usitatissimum

Family - LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL

Linaceae

High iodine value (~175)

LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL

iodine value of linseed oil

175

has high iodine value hence a drying oil

LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL

On exposure to air it thickens and forms hard varnish

LINSEED/ FLAXSEED OIL

For use in paint, it was boiled with 'driers' like litharge or manganese resinate

LINSEED OIL

For use in paint, linseed oil was boiled with '__' like __ or __

driers, litharge, manganese resinate

Linseed oil prep: used as poultice

Crushed linseed

Linseed oil prep: demulcents for gouty and rheumatic swellings

whole seeds

Crushed linseed used as _

poultice

whole seeds of __for demulcents for gouty and rheumatic swellings

linseed

whole seeds of linseeds are used as __ for __ and __

demulcents for gouty and rheumatic swellings

Linseed oil prep - valuable cattle food

Linseed cake

Scientific name: SAFFLOWER SEED OIL

Carthamus tinctorius

Fam: SAFFLOWER SEED OIL

Asteraceae

Significant lipid constituent/s: SAFFLOWER SEED OIL (2)

Oleic acid, linolenic (almost 90%, one of the highest in oils ever)

How much linolenic acid is in safflower seed oil?

almost 90%, one of the highest in oils ever

2 types of safflower seed oil and their cons

Type 1- original species (8-12% oleic) Type 2 - hybrid forms (70-84% oleic)

Uses - safflower seed oil (3)

The high levels of PUFA decreases blood cholesterol levels 50% oil emulsion - high-calorie dietary supplement Varnish or waterproofing material

T or F: The high levels of PUFA in safflower seed oil increases blood cholesterol levels

F - decreases

The high levels of PUFA decreases blood __ levels

cholesterol

form of safflower seed oil used as high-calorie dietary supplement

50% oil emulsion

Scientific name: EVENING PRIMROSE OIL

Oenothera biennis

Family - EVENING PRIMROSE OIL

Onagraceae

Cons - EVENING PRIMROSE OIL

omega-6 gamma-linoleic acid (GLA)

EVENING PRIMROSE OIL is an important source of the ?

omega-6 gamma-linoleic acid (GLA)

T or F: gamma-linoleic acid (GLA) is the same as the usual alpha-linolenic acid

F - alpha-linolenic acid is omega-3, while GLA is omega-6

Precursor of prostaglandins for individuals whose enzymic conversion of linoleic acid to GLA is deficient

EVENING PRIMROSE OIL

EVENING PRIMROSE OIL: Precursor of __ for individuals whose __ conversion of __ to __ is deficient

prostaglandins, enzymic, linoleic acid to GLA

Uses - EVENING PRIMROSE OIL (3)

Dietary supplement for cosmetic purposes treatment of atopic eczema and premenstrual syndrome

EPO: Other sources of GLA and sci names (3)

Black currant (Ribes nigrum) starflower (Borago officinalis) comfrey (Symphytum officinalis)

Scientific name: coconut oil

Cocos nucifera

Family: coconut oil

Arecaceae

Significant lipid constituent/s: coconut oil

85% saturated (primarily lauric acid & myristic acid)

Lowest iodine value and highest saponification value among common fixed oils

COCONUT OIL

T or F: coconut oil has highest IV and lowest SV among common fixed oils

False - Lowest IV and highest SV

Semisold at 20 deg. Celsius

COCONUT OIL

COCONUT OIL: Semisold at __ deg. Celsius

Coconut oil: __ at 20C

semisolid

Easily absorbed from the GIT, which makes it of dietary value to patients with fat absorption problems

Coconut oil

Coconut oil: Easily absorbed from the GIT, which makes it of __ value to patients with __ problems

dietary, fat absorption

Short (6-8) and medium (10-14) chain fatty acids are used when conventional fats are not digested

COCONUT OIL

COCONUT OIL: __ and __ chain fatty acids are used when __ fats are not digested

Short (6-8) and medium (10-14) chain, conventional fats

Uses - coconut oil (3)

weight loss, ease digestion, boosts metabolism

Contains 82% saturated fat (not good fat)

Coconut oil

Sci name - CHAULMOOGRA OIL

Hydnocarpus wightiana

Family - CHAULMOOGRA OIL

Achariaceae

Cons - CHAULMOOGRA OIL (4)

hydnocarpic acid, chaulmoogric acid, gorlic and other acids

Strongly bactericidal towards leprosy micrococcus

CHAULMOOGRA OIL

CHAULMOOGRA OIL: Strongly bactericidal towards __

leprosy micrococcus

T or F: CHAULMOOGRA OIL is Strongly bacteriostatic towards leprosy micrococcus

F - bacteriostatic

Replaced by ethyl esters and salts of hydnocarpic and chaulmoogric acid

CHAULMOOGRA OIL

CHAULMOOGRA OIL: Replaced by ethyl esters and salts of __ and __ acid

hydnocarpic and chaulmoogric acid

Sci name - Persic oil (2)

Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus persica (peach)

Lipid constituent/s: persic oil

Oleic

Uses - persic oil (2)

Vehicle and pharmaceutic necessity

Sci name - sunflower oil

Helianthus annuus

Fam - sunflower oil

Asteraceae

Lipid constituent/s: sunflower oil (3)

Linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids

Uses: sunflower oil (2)

Alternative to corn and safflower oils for culinary purposes

Rapeseed aka ?

Canola

sci name- RAPESEED/ CANOLA (2)

Brassica napus and B. campestris

fam - RAPESEED/ CANOLA

Brassicaceae

Lipid constituent/s: RAPESEED/ CANOLA (3)

Oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids

Use: RAPESEED/ CANOLA

Used for cooking

All cons: RAPESEED/ CANOLA

Oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids, erucic acid

Cons of rapeseed/canola, significant intake of which increases cardiovascular risk

erucic acid

Cons of rapeseed/canola: significant intake of erucic acid increases __

cardiovascular risk

Cons of rapeseed/canola: limit of erucic acid in oil

2.0%

Sci name - saw palmetto

Serrenoa repens

Family - saw palmetto

Arecaceae

Lipid constituent/s: saw palmetto

Lauric

Other metabolite cons - saw palmetto (2)

flavonoids and phytosterols

All cons - saw palmetto (3)

Lauric, Also contains flavonoids and phytosterols

Can inhibit 5α-reductase

saw palmetto

Saw palmetto can inhibit this enzyme and hence can treat __ and __

5α-reductase benign prostatic hyperplasia, androgenetic alopecia

Saw palmetto can inhibit this enzyme, preventing the conversion of __ to __

5α-reductase Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone

Used for BPH (comparable activity to saw palmetto)

Pygeum bark

Sci name - Pygeum bark

Prunus africana

Pygeum bark has __ fatty acids

C12-C24 fatty acids

Pygeum bark is used for __ hence having comparable activity to __

BPH, saw palmetto

Triglycerides of stearic and palmitic acids from different plant sources

HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL

HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL; __ of __ and __ acids from different plant sources

Triglycerides of stearic and palmitic acids

Melts between 61 and 66 deg. Celsius to give a pale, yellow liquid

HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL

HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL: Melts between __ and __ deg. Celsius to give a __

61 and 66 deg. Celsius to give a pale, yellow liquid

Test for animal oil adulterants in hydrogenated vegetable oil

Serger test

Serger test is a test for __ in __

animal oil adulterants, hydrogenated vegetable oil

+ Result that indicates the presence of animal oil adulterants in HVO

blue or yellow color

Use: HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL (2)

Used as tablet lubricant Abundant in packaged food products (chips, chocolates, etc.)

Abundant in packaged food products (chips, chocolates, etc.)

HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL

This potentially contains __ (by- products of the hydrogenation process)

HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL, trans fats

HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL potentially contains trans-fats (by-products of the __ process)

hydrogenation