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Nuc med > flash cards by mikayla > Flashcards

flash cards by mikayla

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What other names is there for nuclear medicine?

A 
Nuclear Medicine
Radionuclide Imaging
Scintigraphy
Unclear Medicine
Molecular Imaging
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2
Q

What is nuclear medicine?

A

A modality which images the relative distribution of a radiopharmaceutical in the body or a particular organ

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3
Q

Steps in producing a Scintigram?

A

Select a suitable tracer (Radiopharmaceutical)
Administer to patient.
Acquire images with a GAMMA CAMERA
Process images with computer to give functional information.

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4
Q

What is Gamma Camera?

A

An instrument that produces quantitative images of the distribution of gamma emitting tracers within a patient.

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5
Q

A Scintigram can be in the form of:

A

Static images that reflect the uptake and therefore function of an organ.
Movie images that show the distribution of tracer as time passes.
Quantitative information e.g. graphs and uptake values.

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6
Q

Advantages of Nuc med:

A

Sensitive
Functional information
Low patient dose

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7
Q

Disadvantages of Nuc med:

A

Low specificity
Poor anatomical detail
Slow

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8
Q

With reference to the gamma camera:i.) What is the crystal made from?

A

Sodium Iodide

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9
Q

What is added to the crystal and why?

A

Thallium added to ensure that the scintillations are at the blue end of the visible spectrum.

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10
Q

iii) What is the relationship between the energy of a gamma ray and the size of the scintillation it produces.

A

The quantity of light being proportional to the energy of the incident photon. (unsure if correct)

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11
Q

Photons striking _____ interact by _____ or ______. Produce a ________: ____/UV light

A

Photons striking CRYSTAL interact by COMPTON or PE. Produce a scintillation: BLUE/UV light

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12
Q

What does a Light Guide do?

A

Provides optical coupling

between crystal and PM tubes

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13
Q

What are Photo Multiplier Tubes

A

Several PM tubes will detect each scintillation
Produce small electrical signal from each scintillation
Amplify it maintaining proportionality

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14
Q

What does a position computer do?

A

Produces x and y signals corresponding to the position of the event.

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15
Q

What does Pulse Height Analyser look at?

A

PHA “looks” at the z pulse corresponding

to each scintillation

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16
Q

ADC does what?

A

ADC processes the signal

into digital form

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17
Q

Information density means..

A

number of photons collected over region of interest

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18
Q

Spatial Resolution, what is it?

A

Ability to image two adjacent point sources

as separate points

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19
Q

What is it dependent on?

A

Dependent on:
Intrinsic resolution (Ri)
Collimator (Rc)
Scatter component (Rsc)

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20
Q

Scatter…..

A

Surrounding tissue produces Compton scatter
Some scattered photons will reach crystal.
Some will be within the 20% energy window.
Degrades the image
Worse at increasing depth

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21
Q

SPECT what is it? What is it?

What problem does it solve?

A

Problem-background activity in surrounding tissues and the increased amount of scatter limits the resolution and target to background ratio of the organ being imaged.

Solution-SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) Reconstruct using filtered back projection

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22
Q

Advantages of SPECT

A

Increased “pick up” of deep lesions
Localisation
Correlate with CT
Estimate volumes

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23
Q

Disadvantages of SPECT

A 
Requires special equipment
Careful setting up
Strict QC
Patient Co-operation
Acquisition times 15-30 minutes
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24
Q

Uses for SPECT

A 
Cardiac (myocardial Perfusion)
Brain
Bone-Hips-Spine
Kidney (DMSA)
Liver
Other
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25
Gamma Camera Q.C. 3 parts;
Field Uniformity Field Linearity Centre of Rotation
26
What is Field Uniformity?
Field uniformity Uniform response over whole field of view Intrinsic (without collimator) Extrinsic (with collimator)
27
Whats linearity?
Linearity:Ability of a gamma camera to image a straight line in x and y planes
28
QC of centre of rotation
To ensure that the mechanical centre of rotation and the co-ordinates stored in the computer are the same.
29
Types of collimators? What are they called (2)?
High resolution & | High Sensitivity collimators.
30
Give one reason when you would use;i. High Resolutionii. High Sensitivity
- Hi Resolution……..Bone scans, SPECT- Hi Sensitivity…….Dynamic/ short frame times
31
Explain the term:Atomic mass
The number of amount of nucleons
32
Atomic number- what does it mean?
number of protons
33
What are isotopes?
Nuclides with same Z (element) , different N
34
WHAT IS BINDING ENERGY?
The amount of energy needed to eject an electron from its shell.
35
Explain how ionisation works?
An orbital electron is given enough energy to be ejected from the atom. It leaves a vacancy which is filled from the next shell out. This gives rise to characteristic radiation.
36
EXPLAIN EXCITATION.
When an orbital electron is given enough energy to be ejected from its shell but not enough to leave the atom. It moves up to a outer orbit then drops back. Gives the extra energy as characteristic radiation. (usually low energy e.g. heat or light).
37
Describe how atom with an excess of neutrons in it’s nucleus will decay to a stable state.
Decay by emitting particles and gamma rays till a stable proton : neutron ratio is reached.
38
Explain what Fission Produced Radionuclides are..
It has an unstable nucleus and emits neutrons and other particles.
39
Nuclides with too few Neutrons can decay how…
Can decay by : Electron Capture or Positron Emission Are produced using a cyclotron
40
The Cyclotro, does what?
Uses an oscillating magnetic field to accelerate positively charged particles
41
Electron Capture
An electron (k shell) passing close to the nucleus is “captured”
42
Max no of electrons in shell:
Max no of electrons in shell (n) =2n2
43
Max no of electrons in shell:
Max no of electrons in shell (n) =2n2
44
Radioactive (physical) Half Life?
THE TIME TAKEN FOR THE ACTIVITY OF A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT TO FALL TO ONE HALF ITS ORIGINAL VALUE DUE TO THE PROCESS OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY.
45
Interaction of x - rays and gamma rays with matter- types
Scattering – elastic Scattering – inelastic (Compton) Absorption – Photoelectric effect Absorption – Pair Production
46
The Radiopharmaceutical consists of what two parts?
Radioactive element that will emit radiation which can be detected by a gamma camera and produce an image of the radio-pharmaceutical distribution in the body. Pharmaceutical or chemical compound that will localise in a particular organ or be excreted via a particular pathway
47
Most Radiopharmaceuticals used today for imaging are based on what?
99mTechnetium (99mTc)
48
99mTechnetium;____ based.How does it decay?___ Gamma rays½ life?
Generator based Decays by isomeric transition 140 kev gamma rays. Physical half life of 6 hours
49
99Mo/99mTc Generator- if not/so why?
The relatively short half life of 99mTc means that there is no practical way of delivering it to departments in this form. A generator system has therefore been developed.
50
Factors of Radioactive Concentration
Activity per unit volume MBq per ml If elution volume constant then r.c. decreases with time.
51
99mTc Radiopharmaceuticals- when would you use the following: 99mTc DTPA
Brain, Renogram, lung ventilation.
52
99mTc DMSA
Renal scan.
53
99mTc HIDA
Biliary scan
54
99mTc HMPAO
Brain perfusion
55
99mTc MAA
Lung perfusion
56
99mTc MDP
Bone scan.
57
9999mTc colloid
Liver scan
58
67 Ga Gallium Citrate.
-Tumour, infection, inflammation.
59
201Tl Thallous chloride
Myocardial perfusion, parathyroid glands.
60
131I Sodium Iodide
Thyroid
61
111 In Indium oxine
Labelled white blood cells.

Nuc med (1 decks)

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