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1
Q

What is a control in an experiment?

A

A control is used to provide a comparison or standard against which the actual experiment can be judged.

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2
Q

What is excretion?

A

Excretion is the removal from the body of metabolic waste products made in the body.

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3
Q

What is egestion?

A

Egestion is the removal of unabsorbed waste from the digestive system.

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4
Q

What is a population?

A

A population is all the members of the same species living in an area.

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5
Q

What is a community?

A

A community is all the different populations in an area.

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6
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Parasitism is when two organisms of different species live in close association and one organism (the parasite) obtains its food from the second organism (the host), causing harm.

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7
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells that are modified to carry out the same function.

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8
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up in the reaction.

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9
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism.

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10
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration is the controlled release of energy from glucose using oxygen.

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11
Q

What is turgor?

A

Turgor is the outward pressure of the cytoplasm and vacuole against the cell wall of a plant.

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12
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

A homologous pair is two chromosomes of similar size with the same sequence of genes.

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13
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is a group of disorders in which certain cells lose their ability to control both the rate of mitosis and the number of times mitosis takes place.

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14
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alleles are different forms of the same gene.

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15
Q

What is genotype?

A

Genotype is the genetic make-up of an organism.

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16
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Phenotype is the physical appearance of an organism.

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17
Q

What is the Law of Segregation?

A

The Law of Segregation states that inherited characteristics are controlled by pairs of alleles. These alleles separate from each other at gamete formation with only one member of each pair being found in each gamete.

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18
Q

What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

A

The Law of Independent Assortment states that when gametes are formed, either of a pair of alleles is equally likely to combine with either of another pair of alleles.

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19
Q

What is a gene/point mutation?

A

A gene/point mutation is a change in a single gene.

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20
Q

What is a chromosome mutation?

A

A chromosome mutation is a large change in the structure or number of one or more chromosomes.

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21
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Natural selection is the process by which organisms with genetically controlled characteristics that allow them to be well adapted to their environment will survive and reproduce to pass on their genes to following generations.

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22
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation or alteration of genes.

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23
Q

What is an autotrophic organism?

A

An autotrophic organism makes its own food.

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24
Q

What is a heterotrophic organism?

A

A heterotrophic organism takes in food.

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25
What is a meristem?
A meristem is plant tissue capable of mitosis.
26
What is a lenticel?
A lenticel is an opening on a stem for gas exchange.
27
What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is the force the blood exerts against the walls of a blood vessel.
28
What is a portal system?
A portal system is a blood pathway that begins and ends in capillaries.
29
What is pulse?
Pulse is the alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries.
30
What is digestion?
Digestion is the physical and chemical breakdown of food from large insoluble pieces to small soluble pieces.
31
What is peristalsis?
Peristalsis is a wave of muscular action in the walls of the alimentary canal which moves the contents along.
32
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
33
What is reabsorption?
Reabsorption is when molecules pass from the nephron back into the blood.
34
What is a growth regulator?
A growth regulator is a chemical that controls the growth of a plant part.
35
What is a synaptic cleft?
A synaptic cleft is a tiny gap between two neurons that are in close contact.
36
What is a synapse?
A synapse is the region where two neurons come into close contact.
37
What is a hormone?
A hormone is a chemical messenger produced by an endocrine gland and carried in the bloodstream to another part of the body where it has a specific effect.
38
What is an osteoblast?
An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell.
39
What is an osteoclast?
An osteoclast is a bone-digesting cell.
40
What are ligaments?
Ligaments connect bone to bone.
41
What are tendons?
Tendons connect muscle to bone.
42
What is vaccination?
Vaccination is the administration of a non-disease-causing dose of a pathogen or its toxin to stimulate the production of antibodies.
43
What is pollination?
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a flower from the same species.
44
What is fertilisation?
Fertilisation is the union of female and male gametes to form a diploid zygote.
45
What is implantation?
Implantation is the embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus.
46
What are germ layers?
Germ layers are the basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which all adult organs and tissues will form.
47
What is contest competition?
Contest competition is an active physical fight between 2 individual organisms, with the winner getting all of the resources being fought for (e.g. a mate, a habitat etc.).
48
What is scramble competition?
All of the participating individuals get some of the resource (e.g. seedlings in a flower bed competing for light).
49
What is inter-specific competition?
Competition that occurs between members of different species.
50
What is intra-specific competition?
Competition that occurs between members of the same species.
51
What is secretion?
Substances pass from the blood into the nephron (e.g. hydrogen and potassium ions).
52
What is vegetative propagation?
Asexual reproduction in plants.
53
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
Features that distinguish males from females apart from the sex organs.
54
What is a gonad?
An organ that produces sex cells in animals.
55
What is a gamete?
Haploid cells capable of fusion with another haploid cell to form a diploid zygote.
56
What does haploid mean?
Has only one set of chromosomes.
57
What does diploid mean?
Has two sets of chromosomes.
58
What is fruit?
A developed ovary.
59
What is a ganglion?
A group of cell bodies located outside the CNS.
60
What is nitrification?
The conversion of ammonia and ammonium compounds to nitrates and then nitrites.
61
What is nitrogen fixation?
The conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia, ammonium or nitrates.
62
What is denitrification?
The conversion of nitrates to nitrogen gas.
63
What is interphase?
The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing.
64
What is a saprophyte?
An organism that takes in food from dead organic matter.
65
What is a qualitative study?
Records the presence or absence of an organism.
66
What is a quantitative study?
Records the number of organisms present (think quantity = numbers).
67
What are purines?
Double ring molecules adenine and guanine.
68
What are pyrimidines?
Single ring molecules cytosine and thymine.
69
What are eukaryotic cells?
Cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
70
What are prokaryotic cells?
Cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
71
What is symbiosis?
Occurs when two organisms of different species live in close association and at least one of them benefits.
72
What is the all-or-nothing law?
If the threshold is reached, an impulse is carried; if the threshold is not reached, no impulse is carried along the neuron.
73
What is a threshold?
Minimum stimulus needed to cause an impulse to be carried in a neuron.
74
What is diastole?
When the heart chambers relax.
75
What is systole?
When the heart chambers contract.
76
What is a motor/efferent neuron?
Takes a message from the CNS to a muscle or gland.
77
What is a sensory/afferent neuron?
Takes a message from a sense organ into the CNS.
78
What is an interneuron/associative neuron?
Carries messages between sensory and motor neurons.
79
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of a constant internal environment.
80
What is an ectotherm?
Gains or loses heat from or to their external environment.
81
What is an endotherm?
Generates their own heat from metabolic reactions.
82
What is an endocrine gland?
A ductless gland that produces hormones which are released directly into the bloodstream.
83
What is a morula?
A solid ball of cells formed from a zygote by mitosis.
84
What is a blastocyst?
A hollow ball of cells formed from a morula.
85
What is serum?
Plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed.
86
What is a hypha?
Tube or filament in a fungus.
87
What is mycelium?
Large, usually visible, mass of hyphae.
88
What is fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration.
89
What is a niche?
The functional role an organism plays in its community.
90
What is a plumule?
The part of the plant embryo that develops into the shoot.
91
What is a radicle?
The part of the plant embryo that develops into the root.
92
What is a double blind study?
Both the investigator and the participant are unaware of the nature of the treatment the participant is receiving.
93
What are antibiotics?
Chemicals produced by micro-organisms that kill or stop the growth of other micro-organisms without damaging human tissue.
94
What is the axial skeleton?
Ribs, skull, spine, sternum.
95
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle.
96
What is a bioreactor?
A vessel in which living things and their products are used to make a product.
97
What is a DNA profile?
A method of making a unique pattern of bands from the DNA of a person which can then be used to compare with the DNA profile of another person.
98
What is immunity?
Ability to resist infection.
99
What is artificial active immunity?
Occurs when pathogens are medically introduced to the body, and the body produces its own antibodies.
100
What is artificial passive immunity?
Occurs when a person is given an injection containing antibodies made by another organism.
101
What is natural active immunity?
Occurs when a pathogen enters the body in the normal way, i.e., when you pick up an infection.
102
What is natural passive immunity?
Occurs when a child gets antibodies from its mother.
103
What is dormancy in seeds?
A period of rest during which seeds undergo no growth and have reduced cell activity/metabolism.
104
What is a refractory period?
A short time span after a neuron has carried an impulse during which a stimulus cannot stimulate another impulse to be carried.
105
What is transpiration?
The loss by evaporation of water vapour from the leaves and other aerial parts of a plant.

Bio exams (4 decks)

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