Flashcards
Learn (190 cards)
1
Q
which of the following is not one of the 3 main multicellular kingdoms
a. fungi
b. plants
c. protists
d. animals
A
C
2
Q
Which of the following refers to the main body of a fungus
A. Hyphae
B. Mycelium
C. Filament
D. Collagen
A
B
3
Q
True or False
all plants are green due to the fact that photosynthesis always use a green pigment
A
False
not all plants are green
however, photosynthesis does always use a green pigment
4
Q
true or false
most animals are not vertebrates
A
True
5
Q
which of the following is a unicellular fungus
A. hyphae
B. Mycelium
C. Yeast
D. All of the Above
A
C
6
Q
Pollen can be described as a
A. mutlicellular diploid plant
b. unicellular haploid plant
c. unicellular diploid plant
d. N.O.T.A.
A
D
pollen is a multicellular haploid plant
7
Q
Which one is not a characteristic of a plant
A. Photosynthetic Heterotroph
B. Cell Walls Made of Cellulose
C. Life Cycle: Alternation of Multicellular Generations
D. Apical Meristem
A
A
Plants are Photosynthetic Autotrophs
8
Q
Which of the following is where Plant Cells are formed.
A. Meristems
B. Roots
C. Stems
D. Underground
A
A
9
Q
Which ones are characteristics of an animal
A. Heterotrophs
B. External Digestion
C. Cell Walls
D. Structural Protein
A
A and D
10
Q
What is the name of the structural protein in an animal
A. Gastrula
B. Meristem
C. Chitin
D. N.O.T.A.
A
D.
Collagen is the name
11
Q
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a fungus
A. Prokaryote
B. Eukaryote
C. Heterotrophic
D. Cell Walls made of Chitin
A
A
12
Q
How do animals deal with different environments
A
they move
13
Q
How do plants deal with different environments
A
move as population
change morphology/behavior
14
Q
What were the 7 ways listed in class that fungi impact humans
A
Decomposes Waste Edible Medicine Pathogens Biochemists Plant Growth Fungal Mycorrhiaze
15
Q
What is homeostasis
A
Active Maintenance of a stable internal environment
16
Q
How do various cells take up glucose
A
Diffusion
17
Q
Homeostasis is an example of
A. Facilitated Diffusion
B. A Negative Feedback Loop
C. A Positive Feedback Loop
D. None of the Above
A
B
18
Q
What is Osmosis
A
the passive diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
19
Q
Where does water move in osmosis
A
to the area with the highest level of concentration
20
Q
How do cells actively control the movement of water
A
By using active transport to transport solutes across the membrane
21
Q
What do land plants have that conserves water
A
Waxy Cuticle
22
Q
What do plants have that controls water loss
A
Stomata
23
Q
What would you expect to happen if you blocked all the stomata on a plant
A
Photosynthesis would decrease because the leaf would no longer have a supply of carbon dioxide
24
Q
Which of the following is TRUE regarding seeds?
A) Seeds are only produced by gymnosperms.
B) Seed coats enclose a male gametophyte.
C) Seeds always require an external food source to germinate.
D) Seed coats protect a young sporophyte.
E) Seeds are often produced on the undersides of fern leaves.
A
D
25
You find a new species. After a check under a microscope, you see that it has cell walls. It is a complex, multicellular individual. To which of the following groups could it belong?
```
A) Animals
B) Plants
C) Prokaryotes
D) Protozoa
E) Mollusca
```
B
26
What is unique to the fungal life cycle compared to plants and animals?
A) There is a multicellular gametophyte and multicellular sporophyte.
B) Fertilization causes a change from the haploid phase of the life cycle to the diploid phase.
C) Meiosis causes a change from the diploid phase to the haploid phase of the life cycle.
D) Fertilization is divided into two stages, with the first stage resulting in cells with two haploid (unfused) nuclei.
E) All of the above are unique to fungi.
D
27
If you have been exercising for an hour and have not had anything to eat for a while, which of the following would help return your blood sugar levels to the correct (balanced) concentration?
A) Removal of the pancreas.
B) Adding the hormone insulin to the blood, to trigger various cells in the body to take up glucose.
C) Adding the hormone glucagon to the blood, to trigger the breakdown of polysaccharides in the muscles and liver.
D) Avoiding eating for several more hours.
E) All of the above.
C
28
Which of the following is characteristic of growth in plants?
A) The movement of cells relative to each other to form a gastrula.
B) The continual production of new cells that can potentially develop into any cell type.
C) The flexible growth of an individual's body, where a given adult can end up being many different shapes or sizes depending on the environment.
D) A & B
E) B & C
E
29
```
Which of the following groups is most closely related to ferns?
A) Lycophytes
B) Angiosperms
C) Gymnosperms
D) The seed plant clade
E) Mosses
```
D
30
```
Which of the following groups is most closely related to Angiosperms?
A) Lycophytes
B) Angiosperms
C) Gymnosperms
D) The seed plant clade
E) Mosses
```
C
31
```
Which of the following groups is most closely related to gymnosperms?
A) Lycophytes
B) Angiosperms
C) Gymnosperms
D) The seed plant clade
E) Mosses
```
B
32
```
What plant group is most distantly related to the rest of the plants?
A) Lycophytes
B) Angiosperms
C) Gymnosperms
D) Mosses
E) Ferns
```
D
33
```
What plant group is the 2nd most distantly related to the rest of the plants?
A) Lycophytes
B) Angiosperms
C) Gymnosperms
D) Mosses
E) Ferns
```
A
34
Which of the following correctly matches a type of symmetry with a scenario in which it would likely be adaptive?
A) Bilateral - Capturing small sources of food out of the water by searching the water all around your body simultaneously.
B) Bilateral - Following prey using your excellent eyesight.
C) Bilateral - Being a jellyfish or sea anemone.
D) Radial - Running quickly in one direction.
E) Radial - Being a clam or squid
B
35
Multicellular organisms cannot rely on diffusion for all of the transportation of molecules within their bodies. Why?
A) Diffusion cannot occur between cells.
B) Diffusion only takes place through proteins imbedded in cellular membranes, and those proteins do not occur in multicellular organisms.
C) Diffusion is a relatively slow process.
D) The surface area of multicellular organisms is too large.
E) The energy required for diffusion is too high.
C
36
You are trying to identify an annoying weed in your garden in Kansas. It is 10 feet tall and is blocking your view. To which of the following groups might it belong?
```
A) Vascular plants
B) Mosses or other bryophytes
C) Algae
D) None of the above
E) All of the above
```
A
37
Which of the following is TRUE regarding movement in multicellular eukaryotes?
A) Only animal populations can move into new habitats. B) Some plant cells can change shape depending on the amount of water in the cells, resulting in quick movements of parts of the plant.
C) It is generally NOT adaptive for offspring to disperse away from their parents.
D) There is no stage in the fungal life cycle that is able to disperse.
E) Only protist individuals are able to move their entire bodies using their own power (that is, not being moved by the wind, etc.).
B
38
```
Which of the following are arthropods?
A) Bees
B) Lobsters
C) Spiders
D) None of the above
E) All of the above
```
E
39
What are the two types of vascular tissue
Xylem
| Pholem
40
This type of vascular tissue moves water and dissolved minerals
Xylem
41
This type of vascular tissue moves food
Pholem
42
green algae is sister to what group
land plants
43
What is a seed
an embryo (baby sporophyte) and nutrients protected by a seed coat
44
what is an embryo
baby sporophyte
45
what is the importance of seed plants (3 things listed in lecture)
allow existence of most animals today
influence climate
products for people
46
what do all angiosperms have that gymnosperms do not have
fruits
47
In gymnosperms, what does the female gametophyte do
germinate inside protective layers
48
What is the animal listed in the porifera group on the slide presented in class
Sponges
49
Which of the following do porifera have
```
A. Muscles
B. Nerves
C. Tissue
D. All of the Above
E. None of the Above
```
E
50
True or false
All animals have a nervous system
False
Most animals have a nervous system
51
What four things can nerves sense that Dr. Archibald listed in class
Temperature
Odors
Physical Forces
Light
52
What three things do nerves cue movement for that Dr. Archibald listed in class
obtaining food
finding mate
choosing habitat
53
Which two animals were listed next to the cnidarian group when Dr. Archibald introduced the group in class
jellyfish and corals
54
Which of the following do animals in the cnidarian group have
```
A. 2 Openings, no digestive cavity
B. 1 Opening, no digestive cavity
C. 2 Openings, digestive cavity
D. No Openings, digestive cavity
E. None of the above
```
E
1 Opening and a digestive cavity
55
a feature of animals in the cnidarian group is that they have cnidocytes. What are cnidocytes
cells that are triggered by touch
56
True or False
some cnidocytes can inject toxins
True
57
how many times can you cut a cnidarian into equal halves
many times
58
What does bilateral symmetry enable. (Dr. Archibald listed two things in class)
Directional movement
| Specialized sensory organs at front
59
how many holes do bilaterians have
at least 2
60
In bilaterians, where does the 1st hole form
the gastrula
61
What does protosomes mean
First mouth
62
There are four major groups of arthropods, what are they
Spiders and Allies
Centipedes and Millipedes
Shrimps
Insects
63
Are arachnids part of arthropods
Yes
64
Are crustaceans part of arthropods
Yes
65
In the animal phylogeny, what do Annelida, Mollusca, and arthropods all have in common
Gastrula Pore becomes mouth
66
What 3 animals were listed as arachnids in lecture
spiders
mites
scorpions
67
What 3 animals were listed as crustaceans in lecture
Shrimp
Lobster
Crabs
68
What 3 animals were listed as Mollusca in lecture
Clams
Squids
Snails
69
What do all animals in the chordata group have that none of the 6 other groups have
notochords
70
What is a pathogen
something that can make you sick
71
Which of the following could be considered pathogens
```
A. Viruses
B. Bacteria
C. Fungi
D. Protists
E. All of the above
```
E
72
There was 2 major forms of immune systems within our immune system that were mentioned in lecture, what were they
Innate Immune System
| Adaptive Immune System
73
What were the 2 major characteristics of the innate immune system that were mentioned in class
rapid response
| Non-specific Defense
74
What were the 2 major characteristics of the adaptive immune system that were mentioned in class
specific defense
| slow response to the first exposure, but long term memory(remembers what you're exposed to)
75
What is the 1st line of defense that our immune system has
Physical Barriers
76
what is the most important barrier that our immune system has
Skin
77
What do phagocytes do
Engulf and destroy pathogens
78
What are 2 things mast cells do that were talked about in lecture
help to trigger inflammation
| release histamine
79
Why is it important for mast cells to release histamine
causes blood vessels to widen, increasing blood flow, and become leaky, other chemical signals recruit more phagocytes. Phagocytes enter the infected site and remove pathogens
80
How does your immune system recognize a pathogen
Self vs. Non-self
| Harmless vs. Pathogen
81
True or False
Immune Cells do not have Antigen Binding Receptors
False
82
What is an antigen
a molecule capable of triggering an immune response
83
In the innate immune system, receptors bind molecules shared by ___ pathogens
many
84
In the adaptive immune system, receptors bind to molecules found on a ______ pathogen
particular
| specific
85
What happens when an antibody binds to it's antigen
neutralizes the pathogen, marks it for destruction
86
What is an activated B Cell
A B Cell that recognizes and is similar to an antigen and bounds to it.
87
What happens when a B Cell is activated
It will start to attack and divide
88
True or False
Like B Cells, each T Cell has a unique antigen binding receptor
True
89
True or False
Unlike B Cells, T cells do not undergo selection or cell division
False
Like B Cells, T Cells undergo selection and cell division
90
True or False
T Cells do not form memory cells
False
Some T Cells form memory cells
91
What is the main function of Helper T cells
stimulate activity of other immune cells
92
What is the main function of Cytotoxic T cells
Kill infected cells
93
What is a virus
A living chemical
94
How long has smallpox been present in populations
Since 10000 BC
95
True or False
Smallpox has a low mortality rate
False
High mortality rate
96
True or False
Smallpox survivors do not get reinfected
True
97
Why did exposure to cowpox work to protect people from smallpox
They are related viruses, and antibodies to cowpox also binds to smallpox
98
Where does the word vaccination come from
the Latin Word for Cow
99
What occurs during a vaccination
your body is safely exposed to antigen
100
During a vaccination, an ____ response is activated and ___ cells are made, a vaccinated person is _____ to later infection
immune
memory
immune
101
safe antigen equals _____ pathogen
inactivated
102
Community level protection from the spread of a disease
Herd Immunity
103
What groups of people are helped from herd immunity(3 listed in lecture)
Old People
Babies
Weak Immune System People
104
A Basic Building block of life
| Primary Component of most molecules in the body
Carbon
105
The Process by which carbon is moved throughout our global system
Cycles carbon and water
Regulates global temp
Regulates pH of water
Developed early in Earth’s history; prior to terrestrial plants
The evolution of biodiversity on the planet can be linked to patterns in the _____ _____ over time
involves short and long term processes
Carbon Cycle
106
What 3 ways do we put carbon into the atmosphere
Cellular Respiration
Decomposition
Burning of Fossil Fuels
107
How do we remove carbon from the atmosphere
Photosynthesis
108
biological processes carried out on a daily, seasonal basis
photosynthesis and respiration
"Short Term" Cycle
109
carbon is released and stored in one place (such as the ocean), often a reservoir--geographical and physical processes and C reservoirs
"Long Term" Cycle
110
the carbon cycle is an example of a _____ _____ _____ (always has to be balancing itself)
negative feedback loop
111
Atmospheric Carbon is a _____ ____
greenhouse gas
112
holds in heat in the atmosphere that would otherwise radiate back out into space
prevents surface temperatures from dropping
greenhouse gas
113
____ cycles up and down during the year, but there has been an increase in our atmosphere
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
114
there is a correlation between rising ___ levels and human activities
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
115
only ___ ____ have the right ratio to account for the pattern of isotopic change in the atmospheric C02
fossil fuels
116
True or False
Correlation implies causation
False
Correlation does not causation
117
releasing too much extra ____ into the atmosphere leads to changes in climate
carbon
118
Short term changes in the atmosphere
Weather
119
long-term pattern of weather in a place for a long period of time
Climate
120
_____ is studied using geological and biological processes, instruments, and computer models that tell us about past climate, current state of the atmosphere and the future climate
Climate
121
Climate is controlled by 5 things, what at they
```
insolation
albedo
greenhouse effect
ocean and atmospheric circulation
physical geography
```
122
Climate responds to two things, what are they
external forcing
| internal interactions and feedback
123
There are two things that climate responds to, one of them is external forcing. Within external forcing, there were four things listed. What were they
Insolation
Geological Processes
Asteroid Impacts
Behavior of Living Organisms
124
alteration of climate patterns as a result of human activities (ex: burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, agriculture)
observed at seasonal and year-to-ear scales; local, regional continental, and global scales
Anthropogenic Climate Change
125
increase in earth’s mean surface and oceanic temperatures
signs: changes in temperature and precipitation
results: increased flooding and drought and other natural events
Global Warming
126
_____ help recreate past climates
Proxies
127
Key seasonal changes in animals from year to year
Phenology
128
The rate of change of carbon between atmosphere and reservoir
flux
129
This term refers to plates of the earth sliding together
Subduction
130
Everything on Earth that is frozen is part of the _____
Cryosphere
131
Humans add an excess of ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ to the atmosphere annually
16 Billion Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
132
What is climate
How the atmosphere behaves over relatively long periods of time
133
Does the correlation between the ice core data establish a causal relationship between human activities and the increase in the atmospheric CO2 noted by Keeling
No
134
Why do scientists use the phrase "climate change" instead of global warming
climate change implies a complex process of which global warming is only one aspect
135
What are the signs of global warming that were listed in lecture
changes in temperature and precipitation
136
What are the results of global warming that were listed in lecture
increased flooding and drought and other natural events
137
What were the things that meltwaters impact that were listed in lecture
salinity
currents
ocean circulation
increased sea level rise
138
What was the effect of meltwaters that was given in lecture
increased absorption in the atmosphere
139
Sea Level Rise depends on 5 things that were listed in lecture, what are those 5 things
```
local changes in currents
winds
salinity
water temperatures
proximity to thinning ice sheets
```
140
There were 4 results of Sea Levels Rising listed in lecture, what were they
saltwater inundation
altered coastlines
flooding
habitat loss
141
In this process, C02 combines with water to form a weak acid, this reduces seawater pH
reduces the ability of some marine organisms to build calcium carbonate skeletons
Ocean Acidification
142
_____ _____ leads to range shifts and changes in timing of seasonal life cycle events (phenology, shifts in migration timing/pattern)
Climate Change
143
Climate Change leads to two things, one of which was changes in the timing of seasonal life cycle events. Within that, there were two things listed, what were they
phenology
| shifts in migration timing/pattern
144
In this process, corals expel symbiotic algae in their tissues in response to stress from changes in conditions
Coral Bleaching
145
changing rainfall patterns and glacial retreat will jeopardize water supplies to _____ of _____ of people (affects 4/10 people globally)
Hundreds
| Millions
146
increasing _____ on the planet and more variable _____ are expected to reduce cop yields in many tropical developing regions, where food security is already a problem
temperatures
| rainfalls
147
climate change affects major social and environmental determinants of health, what were the 5 determinants listed in lecture
```
availability and quality of drinking water
ecosystems
agriculture and food production
economic development
migration
```
148
spreads pathogens, parasites, and diseases
increases vulnerability to infectious diseases
Impacts: human health, agriculture, fisheries
Climate Change
149
____ ______ is becoming one of the world’s most powerful--and destabilizing--geopolitical forces
Climate Displacement
150
ground that is permanently frozen (all of the organic material is starting to thaw)
reanimates anthrax spores
permafrost
151
all species in a given place and their physical environment
ecosystem
152
True or False
Exponential Growth only occurs in small populations
False
Exponential Growth occurs in all populations
153
atoms with varying atomic masses due to differences in the # of neutrons
Isotopes
154
all the individuals in one species
population
155
max number of individuals of a species than an area’s resources can sustain indefinitely without significantly depleting or degrading those resources
Carrying Capacity
156
What are some factors that keep a population under its carrying capacity(Chose all that apply)
a. Predation
b. Increased birth rate
c. Competition
d. Parasitism
e. Fungal pathogens
A
C
D
E
157
When talking about competition in a community, how is species 1 affected
negative
158
When talking about competition in a community, how is species 2 affected
negative
159
When talking about predation in a community, how is species 1 affected
positive
160
When talking about predation in a community, how is species 2 affected
negative
161
When talking about mutualism in a community, how is species 1 affected
positive
162
When talking about mutualism in a community, how is species 2 affected
positive
163
Plants capture light energy. What happens to energy in an individual plant?
a. Used to make carbohydrates
b. Used to maintain homeostasis
c. Lost as heat
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
D
164
only __% of the biomass of each trophic level is passed onto the next level
10
165
the variety of life on earth or in a particular place
total number of specie, genetic diversity, phylogenetic diversity, ecosystem diversity
Biodiversity
166
There were 4 things listed in lecture that effect Biodiversity, what are they
Global change (ex: climate)
Invasive species
Overharvest (including incidental harvest)
Habitat loss/change
167
There were 7 benefits to humans that intact natural ecosystems can provide that were listed in lecture, what are they
```
medicines
shelter
food
oxygen
enjoyment
direct products
ecosystem services
```
168
Natural Processes that help sustain human life
Ecosystem services
169
What are the 7 ecosystem services that were listed in class
```
produce oxygen
purify water
reduce severity of floods
control of “pests”
generate and preserve fertile soils
reduce erosion
pollination of crops and natural vegetation
```
170
Can we replace ecosystem services with technology
Often no
171
True or False
Humans are not adapted to current biosphere conditions physiologically or economically
False
172
a region with high biodiversity
Biodiversity Hotspot
173
When designing a preserve, what is feasibility
cost/availability of the land
174
True or False
When designing a preserve, a smaller size is ideal
False
Bigger is better
175
True or False
When designing a preserve and taking shape into consideration, a low surface area/volume is ideal
True
176
Which of these is not a type of RNA?
mRNA
sRNA
tRNA
rRNA
sRNA
177
What is the job of the promoter?
It tells RNA polymerase where to end transcription
It tells RNA helicase where to begin transcription
It tells DNA polymerase where to begin transcription
It tells RNA polymerase where to begin transcription
it tells RNA Polymerase where to begin Transcription
178
RNA uses ______ instead of thymine.
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Uracil
Uracil
179
True or False: The making of RNA is called elongation
True
180
True or False: We cut out the exons and splice together the introns
False
We cut out the introns and splice together the exons
181
A polypeptide chain is made up of ______ and held together by _______.
Sugars; covalent bonds
Lipids; covalent bonds
Amino Acids; covalent bonds
Amino Acids; hydrogen bonds
Amino Acids; Covalent Bonds
182
True or False
Amino acids w/ hydrophobic R groups are mostly found buried in the interior of folded proteins
True
183
What is the start codon?
AAG
UAG
UAC
AUG
AUG
184
The Genetic Code...
always has the same effect
always creates hydrophobic substances
is redundant
is redundant
185
Which 2 Animal Kingdoms do not have bilateral symmetry.
Porifera
| Cnidaria
186
What Major Animal Kingdom are Humans a part of
Chordata
187
Which Animal Kingdom has Paired, Jointed Appendages
Arthropoda
188
Which Animal Kingdom doesn't have Nerves
Porifera
189
Of the 7 Animal Kingdoms, which ones have collagen
All of them
190
Of the 5 Plant Kingdoms, which ones do not have leave with multiple veins
Lycophytes
| Mosses
