Flashcards
(237 cards)
1
Q
abbreviated outline
A
an outline using short phrases and allows you to glance at key words and phrases rather than complete sentences; deliver presentation in a dynamic and conversational manner
2
Q
abstract
A
intangibles; (love, honor, moral)
3
Q
ad hominem
A
someone argues against something by attacking the person who made the argument rather than the argument itself
4
Q
adaptors
A
movements that you engage in to relieve stress or anxiety
5
Q
affect displays
A
nonverbal movements that reveal emotion
6
Q
affection needs
A
our need for others to approve of us and affirm our value or identity
7
Q
ambiguous intitiation
A
making contact with someone, but not making your intent or desired form of relationship clear
8
Q
appeal to misplaced authority
A
basing an argument on the expertise of a person from a field unrelated to the argument
9
Q
artifacts
A
adornments one displays on or around their physical person
10
Q
assurances (relationship maintenance strategy)
A
a type of relationship maintenance; stressing commitment and implying that the relationship has a future
11
Q
asynchronous communication
A
outside of the constraints of time and place (email, uploaded videos)
12
Q
attribution error
A
interpreting our own or others’ behavior by relying on faulty explanations
13
Q
bad apple effect
A
the impact of having even one ineffective team member
14
Q
behavioral intention
A
an individual’s idea of how he or she will act
15
Q
bias and judgement
A
not listening due to a preconceived notion about someone over gender, language use, sex, or other factors
16
Q
bias-free language
A
communicates respect through being sensitive to others’ sex, race, age, physical condition, and more
17
Q
biological factors
A
height, weight, senses, and other biological elements that can effect how you perceive and take in the world
18
Q
blind
A
second quadrant; things about us we don’t see, but others do
19
Q
boomerang effect
A
an audience rejects recommendations and becomes even more entrenched in their current beliefs
20
Q
brainstorming
A
the generation of as many ideas as possible in a short period of time
21
Q
brief report
A
short and highly structured overview of a very specific topic
22
Q
cause and effect speech
A
structured around a causal relationships between events or things
23
Q
channel
A
a medium for sending a message (text, document, email, phone call); the channel used often affects the process and outcome of communication
24
Q
chronemics
A
the way we use time and messages we communicate as a result of how we manage our time
25
chronological speech
for how-to speeches, step by step presentation
26
chronological
represented by different moments in time; how to
27
citation
verbal reference to your source
28
closure
way of organizing; ability to fill in missing information to complete a perception
29
co-cultures
reflect the similarities of members of particular groups that exist under the umbrella culture
30
coercive power
power associated with the ability to punish someone for not complying
31
collectivism
value their membership in their particular group to such an extent that they place a greater importance on their role within the group than their role as an individual
32
communication overload
the connections one has with others and information via multiple communication modes becomes overwhelming
33
communication
the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages with the intent of stimulating particular meaning in the minds of others
34
competent communication
involves being alert and aware of what behaviors are appropriate in light of the context, building and developing communication skills, motivation
35
connection and autonomy
a type of dialectical tension; the balance between being with each other and being alone
36
connotative meanings
the contextual meanings associated with words
37
context
the environment and situation in which communication occurs
38
control needs
the extent to which relationships help us feel confident as individuals and influential over others
39
counterarguments
dismantle any potential objections from your audience or other speakers
40
credible
comes from credible sources and is consistent with other accepted and proven facts
41
critical thinking
internal process of assessing the communicator, context, and message and producing a reasoned conclusion
42
culture
this is influenced by similarities that exist between people who share values and beliefs, lifestyles, products, and rules
43
current internal states
hungry, tired, fearful, and more emotions like this effect how you may be able to communicate when in these states
44
cyberstalking
using the internet to threaten or communicate in unwanted ways with others
45
deciding
a sender selects a message to send to a receiver to achieve a desired outcome; the sender is also the source
46
decoding
the receiver translates the symbols of words, sounds, or gestures and assigns them to thoughts or feelings; opposite of encoding
47
deductive reasoning
begins with general claims and moves to a specific instance
48
definitional speech
argues the basic identification or classification of a thing
49
demonstration
provides how-to advice
50
denotative meanings
universal definitions of words that have been agreed upon
51
devil terms
terms that invoke negativity
52
dialectical tension
tension between two competing and contradicting forces; push-pull
53
digital media
digital codes including digitized photographs, video, or written words of which a tremendous amount can be stored in a very small space
54
digitally mediated communication
we may over-rely on this type of communication; it can cause us to sacrifice communication for mere connection, and suffer from an information overload, as we cannot process and respond to all of the messages we receive
55
direct initiation
clearly letting the other person know what type of relationship they are interested in
56
dyadic relationships
two individuals in a relationship
57
effective communication
determine how to deliver messages to best understand and predict the needs and responses of others and be responsive to their feedback
58
effective self-presentation
set a goal, create a strategy, execute and evaluate, modify negative perceptions
59
electronic aggression
use of media to threaten, target, or embarrass another person
60
emblems
nonverbal movements that substitute for words and verbalization
61
empathy
the ability to perceive another's messages through his or her worldview and experiences
62
encoding
the sender assigns symbols such as words, sounds, or gestures to his or her thoughts and feelings
63
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own culture and lifestyle is superior to all others
64
ethos
the credibility of a speaker; accurate and trustworthy in their communication
65
euphemism
a polite expression to substitute for a term that lacks social acceptability
66
expert power
you believe someone and do as they ask because you believe they know more than you do about something
67
external factors
events that happen outside of the human psyche (car accidents, car trouble, death in the family)
68
factual speech
argues for the truth or falsity of an idea
69
fallacy
a description of a way in which an argument can go wrong
70
fear appeals
seek to influence listeners to change by making them afraid of the consequences of not doing so
71
feedback (windows)
the bridge between open and blind; we learn things about ourselves that was once only known to others
72
feedback
the nonverbal and verbal messages and cues that a receiver provides to the sender as he or she perceives and assigns meaning to the sender's message
73
femininity
value rests on relationships, nurturing, cooperation, listening, and showing empathy
74
figure
the foreground or point of emphasis for attention (distinguishing between this and ground is a way to organize)
75
flaming
online verbal abuse on social media sites or through instant messaging and email
76
flippant
essentially, pick-up lines
77
forced dichotomy
speaker presents only two solutions to an issue while ignoring other solutions
78
forming
stage one of team development; the team identifies its primary objective
79
full-content outlines
uses complete sentences; consists of entire introduction and conclusion written out, and includes all of your main points, transitions, examples, and evidence
80
fundamental attribution error
we attribute OTHER PEOPLE'S successes to external situational factors and their failures to internal factors
81
general purpose statement
reveals whether your talk is informative or persuasive and states your presentation topic
82
globalization
the process of the world becoming more connected in economic, political, organizational, and personal ways as transportation and telecommunication improve
83
god terms
terms that are universally appreciated as positive and desirable
84
ground
represents the background of the particular stimuli that captured your focused attention (distinguishing between this and figure is a way to organize)
85
groupthink
a team's motivation to agree and reach a consensus; failure to critically evaluate the task or alternative plans and solutions
86
groupware
software that facilitates collaboration among users working on related tasks
87
haptics
the use of touch in communication
88
hasty generalization
fallacy of inductive reasoning that is a general conclusion drawn from too few or bad examples
89
hate speech
communication that attacks a person or group based on discrimination
90
hidden
third quadrant; we know about ourselves, but hide from others
91
high power distance
there is a great value placed on social rank and status associated with certain ranks and political offices
92
high-context
subtle cues are enough to convey a message; no explicit message is required
93
identity factors
the groups one may be affiliated with may effect how you perceive things; this includes gender, sexual identity, and others, and these factors refer not to the group itself, but the normal associated with those groups
94
illustrators
movements that either accompany or reinforce the meaning of a verbal code
95
impression management
the use of verbal and non-verbal messages to create a particular impression among others
96
inclusion needs
our need to feel accepted by and involved with others
97
individualism
values people who are assertive and speak for themselves, independent, and not reliant on others to any great extent
98
inductive reasoning
begins with specific instances or examples and then moves to generals claims
99
influencing factors
things that effect perception
100
information overload
exposed to more messages that can be processed at a given time
101
informational power
you can have information if you do what this person wants
102
informative speech
a speech designed to create, further, or alter the audience's factual beliefs about a topic
103
initiaiting
the initial stage in which we use communication to start encounters with people we are interested in
104
instructional presentation
designed to provide listeners with in-depth knowledge on the topic
105
intensification
communication intended to move the relationship toward greater intimacy and commitment
106
intercultural communication skills
prepare, adapt to the normal behavior of other cultures, be aware that everyone is influenced by their culture and is not trying to be "difficult", be more tolerant of struggling to understand, use labels and generalizations with caution
107
intercultural communication
communication between and among people and groups across national, ethnic, and cultural boundaries; can be difficult as individuals are different from us and we often do not understand subtle communication nuances and cues from different parts of the world
108
interdependence
two people are mutually dependent on one another; the behaviors of one affects the other
109
internal factors
fundamentals about who we are as individuals that effect an outcome (honesty, loyalty, motivation)
110
interpersonal communication (IPC)
a verbal or non-verbal interaction between two individuals that are dependent on each other in a relationship that can vary from being impersonal to intimate and can take place over many different platforms or medias
111
interpretation
when we assign meaning to stimuli; subject to both our internal states and our own preferences as well as external stimuli
112
intimate distance
the space that extends up to eighteen inches away from you
113
intimate partner violence (IPV)
actual or threatened violent crimes against spouses, cohabiting partners, boyfriends, or girlfriends
114
jealousy
a feeling in a relationship resulting from a possibly threatening rival
115
Johari Window
model of self-disclosure to help people better understand their relationships with the self and others (open, hidden, blind, unknown)
116
keylogging
using software to detect the keystrokes that an individual types on their personal computer
117
kinesics
the study of body movements including postures, gestures, and facial expressions
118
language
collection of words that are symbolic because they have meanings governed by a system of rules
119
lean media
reliant mostly on test and permit little or no exchange of instant feedback or important non-verbal cues
120
legitimate power
power assigned to people because of their job, position, or assignment
121
linear communcation
the message moves one way; the receiver cannot respond (television shows, radio shows)
122
linear framework
follows a clear, straightforward, and direct, fact-based approach to organizing presentation
123
linear model of communication
basic components of simple exchange between two people; deciding on message, encoding, transmitting, perceiving, decoding and assigning meaning
124
listening
process of receiving and assigning meaning to messages
125
locus of causation
whether the behavior was motivated by an internal state or external factor
126
logos
a logical argument presented by a speaker
127
low power distance
people tend to communicate in ways that promote equality and diminish the barriers between people that status and rank create
128
low-context
an explicit message is required for understanding what is trying to be communicated
129
masculinity
value rests on competitiveness and achievements at the expense of relationships and direct and forceful communication
130
medium
a device that moves messages over a distance so people who are not face to face can communicate
131
message complexity
messages that are difficult to follow and comprehend due to a number of arguments and related evidence
132
monochronic
one thing at a time, punctuality, concentration, rarely cancel plans, very structured in their use of time and time lines, and can be highly irritated by interruptions or delays
133
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
method of structuring and presenting ideas that use valid logic to persuade audiences in education, business, and sales; five steps, avoids previewing plan or proposal at the beginning of speech; reduces likelihood of audience resistance
134
networking
connections among devices and the people who use them
135
new media
digital or networked information that has emerged since the latter part of the twentieth century
136
no shared meaning
there is no common meaning to what is being said that can help it be understood
137
noise
any auditory, visual, or psychological distraction that interferes with the sending or receiving of a message
138
norming
stage three of team development; members resolve their conflicts and assume their roles in functional ways
139
open
first quadrant; things about us we see and others see
140
openness (relationship maintenance strategy)
a type of relationship maintenance; being honest about feelings and discussing the quality of the relationship with one another
141
openness and privacy
a type of dialectical tension; the struggle between being honest and open and wanting to keep some things private
142
organization
a communicators efforts to group information into meaningful units to make further sense out of it
143
overcomplexity
using terms that are much more complex than necessary to convey the point
144
overly technical language
using words that are very technical that are not necessary to convey the point
145
oversimplification
using language that is to simple and better fit for children
146
paralanguage
vocal cues such as how fast one speaks, the pitch of their voice, the tone and more
147
paraphrasing
taking someone's message and restating it in your own words
148
passivity
receiving messages mindlessly and without maintaining concern for what is being said
149
past experience factors
previous interactions with other people effect how you interact with people going forward
150
pathos
a speaker's ability to arouse emotion within an audience
151
perceiving
a receiver detects a message they have been sent and he or she attends to it and perceives it in some fashion
152
performing
stage four of team development; members do the work necessary to accomplish objectives
153
personal distance
the space that begins eighteen inches away and extends up to four feet
154
personal space
aspect of proxemics; the space that we create around ourselves and claim as our own
155
persuasive speech
a speech intended to change someone's opinions, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
156
policy speech
describes a social or political problem and then seeks to lay out specifics of a solution to that problem
157
polychronic
flexible, change plans and priorities easily, border between work or family time is fluid, may seem chaotic and unfocused
158
positivity (relationship maintenance strategy)
a type of relationship maintenance; creating enjoyable interactions and being generally cheerful and optimistic
159
post hoc ergo propter hoc
after this, therefore because of this; a fallacy that states that because one thing happened it must be responsible for the resulting thing
160
power language
conveys your own belief in what you say
161
power
the ability to influence other people to do things they may lack motivation to do on their own
162
predictability and novelty
a type of dialectical tension; stability versus spontaneity and change
163
preoccupation
over-focusing on a single task, inhibits effective listening
164
presentation
the development and use of messages that result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are
165
primacy effect
lead the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence first
166
pro-con organization
presenting the benefits and harms of a product
167
problem-solution speech
presentation that opens with a problem and gives specific solutions
168
proxemics
the study of ways in which humans use and manage the space around them as a way of shaping meaning
169
proximity
way of organizing; physical closeness in relation to other information
170
psychological reactant theory
the idea that persuasive messages threaten the freedom to think, believe, and act as wished
171
public distance
more than twelve feet away from you
172
recency effect
end the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence last
173
recent
most information published within the last five years is generally valid
174
referent power
you do what someone says because they are well liked
175
relationship audtition
use of small talk to determine if pursing a relationship is what you want
176
relationship maintenance
the behaviors that partners in interpersonal relationships use to keep their relationships stable, satisfying, and in good repair
177
relationships
the nature of the relationship between communicators influences communication behavior
178
relevent
directly supports the objective of your presentation
179
reward power
having power over someone because you can provide a positive reward or remove a negative aspect
180
rich media
allows for the exchange of non-verbal information, emotion, and quick feedback
181
role-taking
a skill that allows communicators to figuratively stand in one another's shoes and assume their social role or perspective
182
roles
clearly defined and specialized functions that each member of a team possesses
183
rules
formal expectations that guide team member interactions and task performance
184
ruminating
incessantly talking about a problem or issue that is bothering you
185
selective attention
once we are engaged in information exchange we focus on certain information that supports our ideals and ignore those that contradict
186
selective exposure
we subject ourselves to information that reinforces existing beliefs and stay away from information that contradicts those beliefs
187
selective perception
the inclination to see, hear, and believe what we want and ignore what we don't
188
selective recall
we remember things we agree with and tend to forget those that we disagree with
189
self-concept
the way you define yourself; this is influenced by the groups we are a part of, the roles we play, the relationships and past experiences we have and have had, and our interpretation of how others evaluate us
190
self-disclosure (windows)
bridge between open and hidden; we share things with others we had kept hidden from them
191
self-disclosure
act of disclosing personal information to others to deepen a relationship
192
self-discovery (windows)
bridge between hidden and unknown; we learn about ourselves while sharing with others
193
self-esteem
the degree to which you approve of, value, and like the concept that you have of yourself
194
self-presentation
the development and use of verbal and non-verbal messages that result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are
195
self-serving bias
when we attribute our OWN successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors
196
self-talk
internal dialogue we have running a commentary on what we do and experience
197
sender-receiver reciprocity
senders and receivers adapting to one another and sharing responsibility for listening effectiveness
198
sensory aids
supporting devices appeal to one or more of the five senses
199
shared connections (relationship maintenance strategy)
a type of relationship maintenance; spending time with a shared circle of friends
200
shared discovery (windows)
bridge between open and unknown; constantly learning things about ourselves and each other
201
similarity
way of organizing; the degree to which something shares attributes with other stimuli
202
social attraction
the attraction friends feel toward one another based on shared enjoyment of activities and interests
203
social distance
space that is four to twelve feet away from you
204
social loafing
situations in which one or more members of a team exert little or no effort
205
source credibility
communicator's competence, trustworthiness, and caring toward other people relative to the claims their making
206
spamming
sending large volumes of junk mail to intended victims
207
spatial
information is organized by way of space; such as explaining a layout of a place
208
stages of perception
selection, organization, interpretation
209
stalking
unwanted and repeated conduct placing another in fear of their safety
210
stereotype
assuming a standard and generalized profile of an individual because he or she belongs to a group
211
storming
stage two of team development; team members openly discuss how to go about their tasks
212
straw person
presenting a weak version of an argument to immediately claim victory; knock down a straw person rather than a real one
213
synchronous communication
instant replies and real-time interaction (texting, instant messaging)
214
synergy
the energy created by a high performing team when it interacts and functions well
215
system
a larger environment in which a group operates, and includes rules, history, norms, and communication
216
task attraction
form of attraction that reflects the desire to work together based on the perception that the person is competent or skilled
217
tasks (relationship maintenance strategy)
a type of relationship maintenance; share responsibilities and tasks
218
team building
activities that encourage team members to examine their process of working together in an effort to maximize their quality of work and effectiveness
219
team
a group characterized by cohesiveness, membership, goal orientation, performance, or synergy
220
technophobic
anxious and avoidant of using new media
221
territoriality
aspect of proxemics; how we establish and manage space as belonging uniquely to us
222
thesis statement
a brief, one sentence summary of the central idea of your presentation and includes the answer of why this is important to the audience
223
topical
each main point is a separate entity connected by the overall topic
224
training
team members are taught specific skills and knowledge to enhance performance
225
transactional model of communication
feedback, along with consideration of other factors that make accurate decoding of messages difficult, turn linear into transactional; communicators are simultaneously encoding and decoding messages at all times during an interaction, and our previous interactions influence our present communication, and senders are constantly analyzing the responses and feedback of other communicators
226
transformational leadership
some leaders inspire, energize, engage, and motivate teammates to excel in committed and passionate ways
227
transmitting
the message goes from the sender to receiver using a particular channel selected by the sender
228
two-sided message with refutation
present both sides of the issue, but refute the validity of the opposing side
229
understanding (relationship maintenance strategy)
a type of relationship maintenance; communication in understanding and empathetic ways
230
understanding
create the meanings we intend in the minds of others
231
undervalued communication
many individuals do not appreciate communication and vary in their willingness to communicate, their degree of apprehension or anxiety, and competence with communicating
232
unknown
fourth quadrant; unknown to both you and others
233
value speech
argues the virtue, accuracy, or soundness of a judgement or belief
234
verbal communication
sharing of information using language
235
verbal plagiarism
presenting someone else's ideas as if they were your own
236
violence
use of physical force against oneself, person, group, or community
237
virtual teams
teams that collaborate across time or space through electronic communication
