Flashcards Module 2 Flashcards by Ronel Mark Bautista

"Smooth muscle is located in the following except:
A. Urinary bladder
B. Heart
C. Intestine
D. Uterus"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"Which of the following are involuntary muscles?
A. Cardiac and Skeletal
B. Smooth and Skeletal
C. Skeletal and Cardiac
D. Cardiac and Smooth"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Smooth Muscles are:
A. Elongated, Multiple nucleus, without striations
B. Spindle-shaped, Multiple nucleus, with striations
C. Branched, Single nucleus, with striations
D. Spindle-shaped, Single nucleus, without striations”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Cardiac Muscles are:
A. Branched, Single nucleus, with striations
B. Elongated, Single nucleus, with striations
C. Branched, Single nucleus, without striations
D. Elongated, Single nucleus, without striations”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Skeletal Muscles are:
A. Elongated, Multiple nucleus, without striations
B. Branched, Multiple nucleus, without striations
C. Elongated, Multiple nucleus, with striations
D. Elongated, Single Nucleus, with striations”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Skeletal muscle is similar to the nerve in that the fiber responds to a stimulus. this response is called:

a. muscle twitch
b. summation
c. relaxation
d. tetanus “

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“the __________ the motor unit , the finer the control of movement in the muscle

a. smaller
b. greater
c. larger”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Motor nerves releases the neurotransmitter to generate movements:

a. acetylcholine
b. glutamate
c. GABA
d. Serotonin”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

” it is a brief muscular contraction followed by relaxation

a. muscle twitch
b. summation
c. spatial summation
d. temporal summation”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Muscle twitch is due to

a. single action potential
b. double action potential
c. triple action potential
d. no action potential”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"What is the electrical response that propagates through a muscle in ~10ms? 
A. Muscle Twitch  
B. Action Potential  
C. Depolarization 
D. Graded Muscle Force"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"What is the total time for a twitch contraction to occur? 
A. ~10 ms  
B. ~50 ms  
C. ~100 ms 
D. ~150 ms"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"What is the mechanical response of a muscle that occurs relatively longer compared to the electrical response? 
A. Tension generation 
B. Depolarization 
C. Latent period 
D. Excitation-contraction coupling"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"This type of response has 3 basic stages correlated to the different time phases during the twitch. When graphed, it formes a hill or curved plot. 
A. Electrical 
B. Mechanical 
C. Treppe 
D. Temporal"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"Skeletal muscle can be classified as either fast-twitch or slow-twitch muscle. Fast-twitch muscle is also called as: 
A. Type IIA only
B. Type IA only
C. Type IIA and IIB
D. Type IA and II B"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Each motorneuron that leaves the spinal cord innervates multiple muscle fibers, with
the number of fibers innervated depending on the type of muscle. All muscle
fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber are called:
A. Alpha Motor Neuron
B. Motor unit
C. Gamma Alpha Motor Neuron
D. Sarcomere”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"A motor unit is a/an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and all of the skeletal muscle fibers that its axon supplies.
A. Alpha Motor Neuron
B. Beta Motor Neuron
C. Delta Motor Neuron
D. Gamma Motor Neuron"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"The synapse between axons and skeletal muscle is called:
A. Contact junction
B. Neuromuscular junction
C. Varicosities
D. Diffuse Junction"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

" Most of Acetylcholine released in the synaptic space is destroyed by what enzyme?
 A. Acetylcholinesterase
B. Myosin phosphatase
C. Monoamine oxidase
D. Catechol-O- methyltransferase"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"Vesicles containing acetylcholine empty into the synaptic space by the process of: 
A. Endocytosis
B. Diffusion
C. Exocytosis
D. Facilitated transport"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Catalyzes the formation of ACh from acetyl coenzyme A ( CoA) and choline in the presynaptic terminal.
A. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
B. Vanillylmandelic acid
C.Choline acetyltransferase
D. Normetanephrine”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"It is a bacterial poison that decreases the quantity of acetylcholine release by the nerve terminals.
A. Curare
B. Hemicholinium
C. Neostigmine
D. Botulinum toxin"

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“In the absence of extracellular calcium, skeletal muscle ____________.

a. Will still be able to contract
b. Will not be able to contract
c. Will experience fatigue
d. Will lead to spasm”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“An L-type voltage gated calcium channel with five subunits.

a. Ryanodine
b. Dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR)
c. Histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC)
d. Calsequesterin “

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

"An increase in intracellular calcium that initiates a contraction. a. Tetany b. Triadin c. Twitch d. Excitation "

" Association of a T. Tubule with two T. Cisternae a. Triad b. Feet c. Sarcolemma d. End plate"

"Which does not define a Ryanodine Receptor (RYR) a. Small protein ; heterotetramer b. Only a small portion is embedded in SR membrane c. Most RYR appears to be in myoplasm d. Spans the gap between T. Cisternae and T. Tubules"

"The second event in skeletal muscle cross bridge cycling involves __________. A. The binding of actin to myosin B. The unbinding of actin to myosin C. The binding of calcium to Troponin C D. The conformational change in myosin due to ATP bonding"

``` "ATP is attached to ___________ and is hydrolyzed to ADP + inorganic phosphate before the cross-bridge cycle is activated. A. Sacromere B. Actin C. Myosin filament D. Myosin head" ```

"The cross bridge cycle stops when ___________. A. there is absence of ATP B. there is absence of ADP C. calcium ions are transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum D. calcium ions are destroyed"

``` "The release of myosin from actin is the result of _______________. A. Binding of ATP to myosin B. Release of inorganic phosphate C. Hydrolysis of ATP D. Release of ADP" ```

``` "Lactic acid that causes muscle fatigue is an end product of? A Aerobic pathway B anaerobic pathway C krebs cycle D both A and C" ```

``` "According to the sliding filament theory, ____ filament slides against the ____ filament towards the center of the ____. A. Thin, thick, myosin B. Thin, thick, sarcomere C. Thick thin, sarcomere D. thick thin myosin" ```

"Thick filaments within the myofibril are composed of a. Sarconina. b. Smooth muscles c. Sarcomere d. Myosin"

"The “all-or-none” concept of skeletal muscle contraction means that a. The strength of the muscle contractions b. The muscle fibers contract completely c. All muscles contract completely and not partially d. All of the actin and myosin molecules contract"

"The ability of a muscle to be stimulated is called: a. Excitability b. Contractility c. Elasticity d. Extensibility"

"What part of a muscle is the muscle fiber? a. The muscle it self b. The nuclei and the golgi apparatus c. The actin and myosin component d. Series of elastic component"

"Bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles) are wrapped by a tissue known as: a. Superficial mysium b. Endomysium c. Epimysium d. Perimysium"

``` "What is the functional unit of muscle? A. Endomysium B. Sarcomere C. Sarcolemma D. Transverse Tubules " ```

"Which of the following statements describe the unitary smooth muscle? A. No gap junctions B. No spontaneous contractions C. One nerve, multiple muscle fibers that act together as one. D. One nerve, multiple muscle fibers that act together on their own."

``` "Which of the following is not included in cardiac muscle? A. Multi-unit smooth muscle B. Atrial Muscle Fibers C. Ventricular Muscle Fibers D. Conductive Muscle Fìbers" ```

``` "Skeletal muscle type IIB is A. Oxidative B. Fast Glycolytic C. Fast Oxidative D. Slow Glycolytic E. Glycolytic" ```

``` "It is an invaginations of the sarcolemma in close proximity to the terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum. A. Endomysium B. Sarcomere C. Sarcolemma D. Transverse Tubules" ```

``` "It is the remaining contractile activity of the muscle at rest. A. Muscle fatigue B. Muscle hypertrophy C. Muscle tone D. Muscle atrophy" ```

``` "A skeletal muscle concept in which there is no muscle shortening/lengthening? A. Isometric Contraction B. Eccentric Contraction C. Isotonic Contraction D. Concentric Contraction" ```

``` "A skeletal muscle concept in which there is muscle lengthening? A. Isometric Contraction B. Eccentric Contraction C. Isotonic Contraction D. Concentric Contraction" ```

``` "Which of the following exerts an Eccentric contraction? A. lifting a bag of coffee B. carrying a pale of water C. laying down a sack of sand D. carrying a notebook" ```

"In Eccentric contraction, length is held constant. A. True B. False"

"Skeletal muscle obeys the all or none law where if the action potential did not reach the threshold of the muscle, there will be no depolarization that will occur and vice versa. However, the strength of contraction depends on the number of activated motor units. This process is called? a. Recruitment b. Summation c. Twitch d. Tetanus"

"It is seen in the graph that when there is a heavier load, the velocity of muscle shortening is slower and the duration of the contraction is shorter. In order for the velocity and duration of contraction to increase, a. Lessen the motor units b. Recruitment of additional motor units c. Maintain the motor units d. The velocity and duration of contraction cannot be increased"

"As the muscle is streched, the tension a. Remains the same b. Decreases c. Increases"

"When will the maximum contractile force of the sarcomere occur? a. When there is only some of the crosslinks between actin and myosin filaments b. When there is the minimum number required of crosslinks between actin and myosin filaments. c. When there is the maximum number of crosslinks between actin and myosin filaments. d. The maximum contractile force of the sarcomere can happen anytime."

"A skeletal muscle received consecutive tensions in a given time, as shown in the picture below. What is the effect of this frequent stimulus (as shown in the graph)? a. wave summation b. Muscle twitch c. Complete tetanus d. Incomplete tetanus"

``` "When a muscle begins to contact after a long period of rest, its initial strength of contraction maybe as little as one half its strength 10 to 50 muscle twitches later. Each contraction occurs after complete relaxation. That is, the strength of contraction increases to a plateau ,a phenomenon called the____________. A. Tetanization B. Muscle Fatigue C. Summation (Temporal) D. Staircase Effect (Treppe)" ```

"Although the possible causes the Staircase Effect are not known, it is believed to be primarily caused by: A. Increasing calcium ions in the cytosol, increase in temperature, pH changes B. Decreasing calcium ions in the cytosol,decrease in temperature, pH changes C. Decreased release of calcium ions by the sarcolpasmic reticulum, increase in temperature,pH maintained D. Increased release of calcium ions by the sarcolpasmic reticulum, decrease in temperature, pH maintained"

``` "Muscle fatigue is _________ proportional to lactic acid, and ___________ proportional to muscle glycogen. A. Inversely, Inversely B. Diversely, Diversely C. Inversely, Diversely D. Diversely, Inversely" ```

``` "It is a protective mechanism to stop a person from exercising before muscles become damaged. A. Muscle remodeling B. Crossbridge cycle C. Muscle fatigue D. Excitation-Contraction coupling" ```

``` " Which of the following does not contribute to muscle fatigue? A. Insufficient oxygen B. Elevation of muscle glycogen C. Inadequate release of calcium ions D. Build up of lactic acid" ```

"During intense exercise, _____________ accounts for muscle fatigue. A. Increase in myoplasmic pH B. Increase interaction of actin and myosin C. Accumulation of lactic acid D. Depletion of inorganic phosphate"

"All of the following is TRUE about muscle fatigue except: A occurs earlier in fast twitch fibers B occurs earlier in slow twitch fibers C directly proportional to rate of depletion of muscles glycoprotein And creatine phosphate stores and accumulation of lactic acid D decline in ATP levels in a muscle causes muscle fatigue"

``` "Type 1: slow oxidative myosin atpase is ___ while type 2b: fast glycolitic (white) myosin atpase is __ A slow, fast B fast, fast C slow, slow D fast, slow" ```

"What is the most important cause of muscle fatigue? A intracellular acidosis due mainly to lactic acid accumulation B extracellular acidosis due main to lactic acid accumulation C both a and b D none of the above"

``` " What do you call a membrane that encloses a skeletal muscle fiber (may be thick or thin membrane)? A. Myofibrils B. Sarcolemma C. Muscle Fascicle D. Muscle Fiber" ```

``` "This is a muscle protein that is responsible for cellular signaling and is the largest protein in the body. A. Titin B. Desmin C. Dystrophin D. Actinin" ```

``` "These are nonstriated muscle cells that are a major component of hollow organs. A. Muscle Spindles B. Cardiac Muscle C. Skeletal Muscle D. Smooth Muscle" ```

``` "What connect the cardiac cells to each other which also include a combination of mechanical junction and electrical connection? A. Fascia Adherens B. Desmosomes C. Intercalated Disks D. Gap Junction" ```

``` "A smooth muscle that do not contain a gap junction because they act independently. It is also responsible for the fine motor control of the body. A. Phasic Smooth Muscle B. Visceral Smooth Muscle C. Unitary Smooth Muscle D. Multi-unit Smooth Muscle" ```

``` "Type of smooth muscle that does not contain gap junction because they act independently A. Unitary smooth muscle B. Multi-unit smooth muscle C. Phasic smooth muscle D. Tonic smooth muscle" ```

``` " Bile ducts, ureters, uterus and intestines are the examples of this type of smooth muscle A. Unitary smooth muscle B. Multi-unit smooth muscle C. Phasic smooth muscle D. Tonic smooth muscle" ```

``` "Type of smooth muscles that may exhibit spontaneous contractions A. Unitary smooth muscle B. Multi-unit smooth muscle C. Phasic smooth muscle D. Tonic smooth muscle" ```

``` "Type of smooth muscle that is controlled mainly by nerve signals (Ach, NE) A. Unitary smooth muscle B. Multi-unit smooth muscle C. Phasic smooth muscle D. Tonic smooth muscle" ```

``` "Smooth muscle that exhibits rythmic and intermittent contractions A. Unitary smooth muscle B. Multi-unit smooth muscle C. Phasic smooth muscle D. Tonic smooth muscle" ```

"Calmodulin is an important regulatory protein for smooth muscle contraction because: a. Calmodulin causes increased calcium influx to the muscle b. Calmodulin is important for the termination of the muscle contraction c. The calmodulin-calcium complex causes the activation of myosin light chain kinase d. The calmodulin-calcium complex causes the dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain during muscle contraction"

"Which of the following is/are true? A. Smooth muscles has thick and thin filaments that are not arranged in sarcomeres; therefore, they appear striated B. Vascular smooth muscle is the most common type and it is spontaneously active C. Unitary smooth muscle exhibits “pacemaker” activity and has a low degree of electrical coupling between cells D. Multi-unit smooth muscle are densely innervated and contraction is controlled by neural innervations"

``` "In smooth muscle contraction, Ca2+ binds with ____ A. Troponin C B. Troponin I C. Calmodulin D. Troponin T" ```

"Ca2+ has an important role in the contraction of smooth muscle. Which of the following statement regarding the [Ca2+] is correct? I. Influx of Ca2+ through the voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel increases the intracellular [Ca2+] in smooth muscle II. Activation of the ryanodine receptor decreases the intracellular [Ca2+] in smooth muscle III. Activation of SR Ca2+-ATPase decreases intracellular [Ca2+] in smooth muscle IV. Extrusion Ca2+ through 3 Na+-1Ca2++ antiport increases intracellular [Ca2+] in smooth muscle A. I and II B. I and III C. II and IV D. III and IV"

``` The mechanisms that couple activation to contraction in smooth muscle involve how many Ca++ sources? A.4 Ca++ sources B.1 Ca++ source C 2.Ca++ sources D.3.Ca++ sources. ```

"Binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors is preceded by which event? A. Phosphorylation of myosin B. Activation of calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase C. Increased influx of calcium into the cell D. Increase myosin ATPase activity and binding of myosin to actin"

``` "The actin attachement of smooth muscles A. Dark bodies B. Dense bodies C. Barr bodies C. Z line" ```

"""If a piece of muscle is stretched, it first exerts increased tension. However, if the muscle is held at the greatest length after stretching, the tension gradually decreases. Sometimes the tension falls to or below the level exerted before the muscle was stetched."" Given this statement, which of the following is NOT true. A. It is the relation between length and tension B. It is plasticity C. It occurs in skeletal muscles D. This muscle behaves more like viscous mass than rigidly structured tissue"

"Myosin cross-bridge cycling in smooth muscles is slower than that in skeletal muscles due to: a. Less ATPase activity of cross-bridge heads in smooth muscles b. Less ATPase activity of cross-bridge heads in skeletal muscles c. Smooth muscles do not use ATP d. Selective ATPase activity of cross-bridge heads in skeletal muscles"

"Smooth muscles produce greater forces of contraction than skeletal muscles because: a. Smooth muscles use more ATP than skeletal muscles b. Smooth muscles have a greater diameter than skeletal muscles c. Myosin cross-bridges of smooth muscles are attached for a longer period of time to the actin filaments d. Myosin bodies of smooth muscles are attached for a longer period of time to the actin filaments"

"It is the molecular basis for contraction of smooth muscles A. Ca++-troponin C B. Ca++-calmodulin T myosin light-chain kinase C. Dihydropyridine receptor D. Troponin I"

``` "To achieve maximum muscle contraction in skeletal muscles, current must penetrate deeply into the muscle fiber to the vicinity of the seperate myofibrils through the transmission of action potentials along the A. Transverse tubules B. Ryanodine receptor channels C. Troponin-tropomyosin complex D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum" ```

``` "Smooth muscle contraction is considered low energy requiring among the three types of muscles because it can maintain prolonged tonic contraction for hours with little use of energy in the mechanism called _____. A. Latch mechanism B. Ca-Calmodulin binding C. Calcium Sparks D. Recruitment" ```

"Which is true about the mechanisms of muscle contraction? A. Smooth muscle contraction is dependent on intracellular Calcium ion like in Skeletal muscle. B. Smooth muscle contraction is dependent on extracellular Calcium ion like in Cardiac muscle. C. Smooth muscle contraction is dependent on intracellular Calcium ion like in Cardiac muscle. D. All of the three types of muscle contracts depending on the sarcoplasmic Calcium ion contraction."

``` "The quantitative voltage of the membrane potential of smooth muscle depends on the momentary condition of the muscle. Before contraction, the normal resting membrane potential of smooth muscle is ______. A. -50 to -60 mV B. -90 mV C. -80 mV D. -50 to -90 mV" ```

``` The decrease in myoplasmic [Ca2+] and cross-bridge phosphorylation but not reaching the baseline occurs on what type of contraction? A. Phasic contraction B. Tonic contraction C. Tetanic contraction D. NOTA ```

``` Contraction of this muscle depends on the regulation exposure of myosin binding sites on the actin thin filament. I. Skeletal muscle II. Cardiac muscle III. Smooth muscle. A. II and III only B. I and II only C. I and III only D. AOTA ```

Which would be a faster mechanism in regulation of muscle relaxation? A. Calcium pump in smooth muscle B. Sarcoplasmic reticulum pump in skeletal muscle C. Both ,the skeletal and smooth muscle has the same rate D. None, since both slow acting

Which utilies lesser energy for muscle contraction? A. Smooth Muscle B. Skeletal Muscle C. Cardiac Muscle D.Both A & B since they require the same energy reuquirement.

"Which of the following is NOT true of acetylcholine and norepinephrine on visceral smooth muscle. A. They are secreted by the same nerve fibers B. Spontaneous activity in the absence of nervous stimulation C. When ACh excites a muscle fiber, NE ordinaly inhibits it D. When ACh inhibits a fiber, NE usually excites it"

"The following local tissue chemical factors cause vasodilation except: a. Increased carbon dioxide b. Decreased hydrogen ion concentration c. Decreased oxygen in tissues d. Increased potassium ion concentration"

"Which of the following statement/s is/are true? A. Smooth muscle contraction is dependent on extracellular Calcium ions B. Small invaginations called caveolae are present in the sarcoplasmic tubules. When action potentials are transmitted towards it, this excites calcium ion release from the abutting sarcoplasmic tubules. C. The latent period before contraction of smooth muscles is about 50 times as great as for skeletal muscles D. AOTA"

"Which of the following discusses smooth muscle contraction via local tissue factors? A. Lack of oxygen in the local tissues causes smooth muscle relaxation and, therefore, vasodilatation. B. Excess carbon dioxide causes vasodilatation. D. Increased hydrogen ion concentration causes vasodilatation. D. AOTA"

``` Which of the following statements about the regulation of smooth muscle contraction is correct? I. "Thick filament regulation" is the formation of myosin cross-bridge by the phophorylation of myosin through the activation of MLCK. II. SR Ca2+-ATPase promotes smooth muscle relaxation by decreasing the [Ca2+] in the myoplasm. III. Endothelin uses inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate as its secondary messenger to contract smooth muscle. A. I and III only B. II and III only C. I and II only D. AOTA ```

``` In small smooth muscle cells, what is ths local depolariation called wherein is spreads electonically over the entire fiber? A. slow wave rhythm B.diffuse junctions C.junctional potential D.pacemaker waves ```

``` "The pupil is controlled reciprocally by the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nervous system causes what pupillary activity? A. Hyperopia B. Meiosis C. Mydriasis D. Myopia" ```

``` "The parasympathetic activity contracts the detrusor muscle of the bladder and relaxes the trigone and sphincter. What is the result of this action? A. Micturition B. Barrington C. Detrusion D. Micturation" ```

"Which of the following statement is NOT true? A. Sympathetic stimulation increases the overall activity of the heart. B. Sympathetic stimulation increases both propulsion by the heart and resistance to flow. C. Parasympathetic stimulation causes a decrease heart rate and strength of contraction. D. Parasympathetic stimulation via the vagus nerve decreases pumping by the heart and has a virtual decrease on vascular peripheral resistance."

"The value of tone is ________. (sympathetic and parasympathetic tone) A. It allows a single nervous system both to increase and decrease the activity of a stimulated organ. B. It allows a single nervous system to only increase the activity of a stimulated organ. C. It allows a single nervous system to only decrease the activity of a stimulated organ. D. It allows multiple nervous system both to increase and decrease the activity of a stimulated organs."

"___________ contracts the meridional fibers of the iris that dilate the pupil, whereas ___________ contracts the circular muscle of the iris to constrict the pupil A. Sympathetic stimulation; Parasympathetic stimulation B. Parasympathetic stimulation; Sympathetic stimulation C. Both Sympathetic stimulation D. Both parasympathetic stimulation "

``` "The following are the effects of Sympathetic stimulation, except: A. Increased force of heart contraction B. Bronchodilation C. Vasoconstrction D. Increased peristalsis and tone " ```

``` "Reflex arc is composed of the following except: A. Afferent Limb B. Integrating center C. Efferent Limb D. Visceral organ" ```

``` "Visceral afferent fibers are found in following except: A. CN 6 B. CN 7 C. CN 8 D. CN 9" ```

``` "Considered to be the “mini brain” cause it contains all elements of nervous system A. Central Nervous System B. Sympathetic Nervous System C. Enteric Nervous System D. Parasympathetic Nervous System" ```

``` "The _______ nerve supply parasympathetic nerves to the heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, kidneys and upper portions of the ureters A. Vagus B. Facial C. Oculomotor D. Abducens " ```

``` "It is the preganglionic receptor of parasympathetic nervous system A. Dopamine B. Epinephrine C. Nicotine D. Norepinephrine " ```

``` "Which of the following is NOT a division of Autonomic Nervous System based on its anatomic differences? A. Enteric Nervous System B. Intramural Nerve Plexus of GIT C. Sympathetic Nervous System D. Somatic Nervous System" ```

"What are the neurons involved in Autonomic Nervous System? A. Alpha-Motor Neurons only B. Pre-ganglionic and Post-ganglionic Neurons C. Pre-ganglionic Neurons only D. Alpha-Motor and Gamma-Motor Neurons"

"What are the neurons and nerve fibers present in the Enteric Nervous System? A. Pre-ganglionic and Post-ganglionic Neurons B. Myenteric and Submucosal Plexus C. Alpha-Motor and Gamma-Motor Neurons D. Mesenteric Neurons"

``` "This refers to fusion of the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion with the ganglion of T1 in the spinal cord. A. coccygeal fusion B. otic ganglion C. stellate ganglion D. ciliary ganglion" ```

``` "What is the main type of neuron in the Autonomic Ganglia? A. Post-ganglionic Neuron B. Pre-ganglionic Neuron C. Alpha-Motor Neuron D. Gamma-Motor Neuron" ```

``` "The parasympathetic fibers leave the central nervous system through the following cranial nerves, except: A. Optic B. Oculomotor C. Facial D. Vagus" ```

``` "Response favors digestion and absorption of food. A. Sympathetic Nervous system B. Parasympathetic Nervous System C. Enteric Nervous System D. Intramural Nerve Plexus of GIT" ```

``` "Response is appropriate to emergency and stress situations. A. Sympathetic Nervous system B. Parasympathetic Nervous System C. Enteric Nervous System D. Intramural Nerve Plexus of GIT" ```

"Which of the following is not a response of Sympathetic Nervous system? A. Tends to conserve energy and restore the body's resources B. Elevation of plasma glucose and fatty acid levels C. Increased in skeletal muscle strength D. Redistribution of blood from skin and splanchnic regions towards skeletal muscle"

"Which of the following is the effect of parasympathetic nervous system? A. Decreased GIT activity B. Dilates pupils of the eye C. Speeds up the heart D. Increased activity of intestinal muscles"

"The effector organ for the somatic motor nervous system are a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Glands d. All of the above"

"Some sympathetic preganglionic axons pass through the chain ganglia and a collateral ganglion before synapsing with cells in the a. Blood vessels b. Kidneys c. Adrenal medulla d. Heart"

"Parasympathetic preganglionic axons whose cell bodies are in the sacral region of the spinal cord travel through __________ nerves that innervate the urinary bladder, lower colon, etc. a. Sympathetic b. Splanchnic c. Pelvic d. Spinal"

"Which of these effects results from the stimulation of the parasympathetic division? a. Contraction of the arrector pili muscles b. Increased glucose in the blood c. Increased contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the digestive tract d. Increased heart rate and force"

"the autonomic nervous system is activated mainly by the centers located in the a. spinal Cord b. frontal lobe c. free nerve ending d. premotor area"

"the autonomic nervous system is activated mainly by the centers located in the: a. brainstem b. frontal lobe c. free nerve ending d. premotor area"

"the autonomic nervous system is activated mainly by the centers located in the a. hypothalamus b. frontal lobe c. free nerve ending d. premotor area"

"the ANS also often operates through a. visceral reflexes b. frontal lobe c. free nerve endings d. hypothalamus"

"Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release a. Norepinephrine b. Acetylcholine c. Dopamine d. Epinephrine"

"Receptor that enhances secretion of gastric acid in the stomach a. M1 b. M2 c. M3 d. M4"

" Sympathetic Preganglionic neurons may release a. Enkephalin b. Substance P c. Neurotensin d. All of the above"

``` "Nuerotransmitter released by adrenergic neurons A. Norepinephrine B. GABA C. Glycine D. Serotonin" ```

``` "These are synaptic transmitter substances that is mainly secreted by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers A. Substance P, nitric oxide B. Nitric oxide, acetylcholine C. Muscarinic, nicotinic D. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine" ```

``` "These are bolbous enlargements which contains vesicles for synthesis and storage of acetylcholine and norepinephrine A. Chromafin cells B. Ganglia C. Varicosities D. pheochromocytoma" ```

"The sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers secrete mainly one or the other of two synaptic transmitter substances, _________ or ____________. A. Epinephrine or Norepinephrine B. Nicotinic or Muscarinic C. Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine D. Dopamine or Adrenaline"

``` "The nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine are said to be: A. Cholinergic B. Adrenergic C. Dopaminergic D. Catecholamine" ```

"The nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine are said to be___________, a term derived from adrenaline. A. Cholinergic B. Adrenergic C. Dopaminergic D. Catecholamine"

``` "All preganglionic neurons are __________ in both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. A. Nicotinic B. Muscarinic C. Adrenergic D. Cholinergic" ```

"This receptor is located in the bronchioles of the lungs. a. Alpha 1 b. Beta 1 c. Beta 2 d. Beta 1 and Beta 2"

"It is a cholinergic receptor that is involved in muscle contraction thus affected by curare and resulting to muscle paralysis. a. Muscarinic b. Nicotinic c. Alpha 1 d. Beta 1 and Beta 1 and Beta 2"

"This adrenergic receptor is stimulated by noerepinephrine and epinephrine resulting to the constriction of arteries. a. Beta 1 b. Beta 2 c. Alpha 1 d. Muscarinic"

"It is an adrenergic receptor that increases the heart rate and heart’s strength of contraction when stimulated. a. Beta 1 b. Beta 2 c. Alpha 1 d. Beta 1 and beta 2"

"Which of the following receptor causes contraction in the skin? a. Alpha 1 b. Alpha 2 c. Beta 1 d. Beta 2"

"Which of the following receptor(s) relaxes the bladder wall? a. Alpha 1 and Beta 2 b. Alpha 1 and M3 c. Beta 2 and M3 d. Alpha 1 and M2"

"Which of the following receptor causes mydriasis of the eye? a. Alpha 1 b. Alpha 2 c. Beta 1 d. Beta 2"

"Which of the following sympathetic receptor causes inhibition of secretions in the GIT? a. Alpha 1 only b. Beta 2 only c. Both alpha 1 and Beta 2 d. Neither alpha 1 and Beta 2"

``` "Which adrenergic receptor inceases the formation of 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacyglycerol (DAG)? A. α1 receptor B. α2 receptor C. β1 receptor D. β2 receptor" ```

``` "Which autonomic receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor? A. α1 receptor B. nicotinic receptor C. β1 receptor D. muscarinic receptor" ```

``` "Which autonomic receptor acts as ion channels for Na+ and K+? A. α2 receptor B. nicotinic receptor C. β2 receptor D. muscarinic receptor" ```

``` "Which of the following autonomic receptors present on cells of brown adipose tissue causes thermogenesis? A. α1 receptor B. α2 receptor C. β3 receptor D. β2 receptor" ```

``` "Which cholinergic receptor enhances gastric acid secretion? A. M1 B. M2 C. M3 D. M4" ```

``` "Which adrenergic receptor involves decrease in cAMP by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase? A. α1 receptor B. α2 receptor C. β1 receptor D. β2 receptor" ```

"Which of the following adrenergic receptors present in smooth muscles cause not just contraction but also secretion? A. α1 receptor B. α2 receptor C. β2 receptor D. D1 receptor"

``` "_________ receptor involves increase in cAMP causing an increase in heart rate. A. α1 B. α2 C. β1 D. β2" ```

``` "This neurotransmitter is maily produced in the cytoplasm and is absored by the vesicles in the axon terminal. A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. choline acetyltransferase D. choline" ```

``` "What is the nutrient, involved in the process of acetylation, that enters the axon terminal by active transport? A. acetyl-CoA B. acetylcholine C. choline D. choline acetyltransferase " ```

``` "Together with the energy provided by the mitochondria, this enzyme playes a vital role in the synthesis of Acetylcholine. A. choline acetyltransferase B. choline C. acetyl-CoA D. cholinesterase " ```

``` "After release of acetylcholine, this enzyme then breaks it down to acetate and choline. A. norepinephrine B. choline acetyltransferase C. cholinesterase D. DOPA " ```

"Norepinephrine undergoes _______________ by the prejunctional fiber diffusion into the extracellular spaces. A. Active reuptake B. Passive reuptake C. Enzymatic destruction D. Enzymatic formation"

"There are certain molecules of norepinephrine are left to linger in the synaptic cleft. Which of the following enzyme systems metabolize some catecholamines that are not dissapated? A. Choline acetyltransferase B. Acetycholinesterase C. Catechol-ortho-methyltransferase D. Monoamine oxidase"

"When anxiety occurs, there is an increase in the secretion of this substance in the postganglionic sympathetic nervous system. A. Acetylcholine B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Tyrosine"

"An ezyme that can be used as an antidepressant and breaks down norepinephrine while it is still in the axoplasm of the preganglionic fiber. A. Choline acetyltransferase B. Acetycholinesterase C. Catechol-ortho-methyltransferase D. Monoamine oxidase"

"Two commonly used parasympathominetic drugs that interacts with muscarinic receptors imitating ACh and and acts directly on teh muscarinic type of cholinergic receptors. A. Pilocarpine and Methacholine B. Phenoxybenzamene and Guanethidine C. Pyridostigmine and Amebenonium D. Ephedrine and Tyramine"

"Preganglionic neurons of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system secrete ACh at their endings. What does ACh do? A. Causes release of norepinephrine from its vesicles B. Stimulate postganglionic neuron C. Prevents reuoptake of of NE by the posganglionic fibers D. Blocks effects of NE on adrenoreceptors"

``` "These drugs potentiate the effects of naturaly secreted ACh at the parasympathetic endings. A. Homatropine and scapolamine B. Propranolol and metaprolol C. Reserpine and Guanethedine D. Neostigmine and Pyrodostigmine" ```

"What does Atropine, homatropine and Scopolamine do at effector organs? A. Block the action of acetylcholine on the muscarinic type of cholinergic effector organs B. inhibit acetylcholinesterase C.Blocks acetylcholine stimulation of the postganglionic neurons D. Excites adrenergic effector organs"

``` "It is a drug that blocks both sympathetic and parasympathetic transmission through the ganglia A. Hexomethonium B. Metacholine C. Atropine D. Reserpine" ```

"The indirect sympathominetic action of Ephedrine, Tyramine and Amphetamine causes? A. Inihibit acetylcholinesterase B. Prevent rapid destruction of acetylcholinesterase C. Stimulation of postganglionic neuron D. release of norepinephrin from its storage vesicle in the sympathetic nerve endings"

``` "What is the drug that can stimulate postganglionic neurons in the same manner as acetylcholine? A. guanethidine B. metoprolol C. nicotine D. hexamethonium " ```

``` "This drug excites the sympathetic post ganglionic neurons, (i.e. vasoconstriction in abdominal organs) and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (i.e. slowing of the heart) at the same time? A. ephedrine B. metacholine C. ambenonium D. nicotine " ```

"One of the mechanisms of denervation hypersensitivity is when number of receptors in the postsynaptic membranes of the effector cells increases when norepinephrine or acetylcholine is no longer released at the synapses. This process is called _. a. Down-regulation of receptors b. Up-regulation of receptors c. Up-regulation of neurotransmitters d. Recuitment "

Which of the following statements is true? A. During the first week after symphatetic or parasympathetic nerve is destroyed, innervated organs becomes less sensitive to injected norepinephrine or acetylcholine B. During the first week after symphatetic or parasympathetic nerve is destroyed, innervated organs becomes more sensitive to injected norepinephrine or acetylcholine C. During the first week after symphatetic or parasympathetic nerve is destroyed, innervated organs has no effect on sensitivity to injected norepinephrine or acetylcholine D. During the first week after symphatetic or parasympathetic nerve is destroyed, innervated organs becomes effect to injected norepinephrine or acetylcholine is not yet distinguished.

``` The stellate ganglion is a collection of sympathetic nerves at the level of C6-7 that maintains the sympathetic tone of the blood vessels of the face and arm. The increase in the intrinsic tone of the vessels even after the removal of the said ganglion is attributed to the increase in the number of cell membrane receptors. The increase in the cell membrane receptors is called? A. Positive feedback B. Negative feedback C. Up-regulation D. Down-regulation ```

"Denervation supersensitivity results to an increase in the response of the effector cells to as much as: a. two-fold b. more than two-fold c. 10-fold d. more than 10-fold"

``` "Neurotransmitter(s) of ANS a. ach only B. Ne only C. Ach and ne D. None of the above" ```

``` "Autonomic motor neurons links ____ to ____ A pns, visceral organs B. Pns, skeletal muscles C. Cns, visceral organs D. Cns, skeletal muscles" ```

``` "Visceral affectors are found in the CN A 7,8,9 and 10 B 8,9 and 10 C 6,7,8 and 10 D 9,10,11 and 12" ```

``` "All of the following is TRUE about ANS except: A two neuron pathway B ach and ne neurotransmitter C location: neuroeffector junction D effector: skeletal muscle" ```

``` "In ans, visceral effector cells maybe innervates by ___ neurons A single preganglionic B single postganglionic C many preganglionic D many postganglionic" ```

``` "A parasympathomimetric agent that inhibits acytcholinesterase that prolongs and enhances action of ACh at muscle end plate A. Neostigimate B. Nicotine C. Curare D.Hemicholine" ```

``` "A drug that blocks the reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal which leads to the depletion of ACh stores from the presynaptic terminal A. Neostigmine B. Physostigmine C. Hemicholinium D. Neostigmine " ```

"A bacterial poison that decreases the quantity of acetylcholine release by the nerve terminals is _. a. Curare b. Nicotine c. Botulinum toxin d. Hemicholine"

``` What is the drug that blocks the gating action of acetylcholine on its channels? A. Nicotine B. Curare C. Suxamethonium D. Methampethamine ```

``` An alkaloid drug that is both a noncompetitive and competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine on the acetylcholine receptors, thus preventing the sufficient increase in permeability of the muscle membrane to initiate an action potential. A. Neostigmine B. D-tubocurarine C. Diisopropyl flourophosphate D. Physostigmine ```

"Botulinum toxin, a zinc endopeptidase, act on the neuromuscular junction by blocking acetylcholine release which results to: a. flaccid paralysis b. spastic paralysis c. spastic and flaccid paralysis d. death"

Which of the following conditions does NOT describe Myasthenia Gravis? A. Autoimmune disease B. Causes muscle weakness because of the inability to of the neuromuscular junctions to transmit enough signals C. Muscle fibers are mostly too weak to initiate opening of the voltage-gated sodium channel D. Developed antibodies that block or destroy their own acethylcoline receptors at the presynaptic neuromuscular junction

"Which of the following about Acetylcholine is true? A. Acetylcholine is destroyed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase B. A small amount of acetylcholine diffuses out of the synaptic space C. Both A and B are correct D. None of the above"

"When acetylcholinesterase is inactivated, there could be _. a. Muscle relaxation b. Paralysis c. Myasthenia gravis d. Muscle spasm"

``` "Myasthenia gravis has a defect on the action which neurotransmitter? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Serotonin D. Epinephrine" ```

``` "Myasthenia gravis is what type of disorder? A. Acquired B. Hereditary C. Autoimmune D. Personality" ```

``` "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is what type of disorder? A. Acquired B. Inherited C. Autoimmune D. Personality" ```

"The following are true Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy regarding except: A. Inherited disorder B. characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness C. caused by an absence of dystrophin, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact D. muscle disorders with a central or peripheral nerve abnormality"

``` "In Rigor Mortis, all muscles go into the state of: A. Curvature B. Contracture C. Caricature D. Creature" ```

"The rigidity in Rigor mortis results from loss of all the ATP, which is: A. required to cause separation of the cross-bridges from the actin filaments during the relaxation process. B. required to cause connection of the cross-bridges from the actin filaments during the relaxation process. C. required to cause separation of the cross-bridges from the actin filaments during the contraction process. D. required to cause separation of the cross-bridges from the myelin filaments during the relaxation process."

``` Which of these drugs causes autonomic effects by stimulating postganglionic neurons A.Nicotinic drugs B.Methacholine C.Curare D.Pilocarpine ```

Amphetamine releases the norepinephrine from its storage vesicle in the nerve endings which causes sympathetic effects. Amphetamine can be considered as?A. Sympathomimetric Agent B. Sympatholytic Agent C. Parasympathomimetric Agent D. Parasympatholytic Agent

``` Potentiates adrenergic effects that interact with alpha -receptors or beta-receptors A. Sympathomimetric Agents B. Sympatholytic Agents C. Parasympathomimetric Agents D. Parasympatholytic Agents ```

``` "It is a volatile alkaloid which is used to contract the pupils and to relieve pressure in the eye in patients with glaucoma. A. Atropine B. Pilocarpine C. Hemicholine D. Scopolamine" ```

"Which of these parasympatholytic agents block cholinergic effects by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles? a. botulinum toxin b. hemicholine c. atropine d. curare"