flashcards_pleuraeandlungs
(114 cards)
1
Q
The portion of \n\nthat membrane covering the lungs is called the __ pleura
A
visceral
2
Q
covering the inside of the adult thorax is the ___ pleura.
A
parietal
3
Q
B. The space between the parietal and visceral layers of pleura is the
A
pleural cavity. \n
4
Q
the surface tension of the ___ maintians the close association between lungs and thoracic wall
A
pleural fluid
5
Q
surface tension of pleural fluid maintians
A
lung inflation
6
Q
between the costal pleura and the diaphramgatic pleura is the
A
costiodiaphragmatic recess
9
Q
Knowledge of the lines of ____, which delineate the entire extent of \n\nthe pleural cavity, is critical when evaluating a patient with a penetrating wound \n\nto the thorax. T
A
pleural reflection
10
Q
The parietal pleura receives most of its innervation from branches of somatic \n\nsensory fibers contained within
A
intercostal nerves
11
Q
types of fibers from the intercostal nerves that innervate the parietal pleura
A
somatic sensory
12
Q
the phrenic nerve comes from
A
somatic snesory somatic motor sympathetic motor from c3 c4 c5
13
Q
a lot of of the diaphramatic pleura receives soamtic snesory fibers from the
A
phrenic nerve
14
Q
costal pleural is located
A
pleaura facing the thoracic wall
15
Q
superior pleura
A
cervical pleura
16
Q
pleura near the heart
A
medistinal pleura
17
Q
____ inflammation of parietal pleura
A
pluersy
18
Q
localized pain of throacoabdominal wall caused by
A
pleursy, inflammation of somatic sensory neurons in parietal pleura
19
Q
two components of bronchial tree
A
conducting and respiratory portion
20
Q
The conducting portion of the bronchial tree is solely for the \n
A
conduction of air
21
Q
The respiratory portion of the bronchioles is specialized for \n
A
gas exchange
22
Q
The Trachea \n\nContinuous with the
A
larynx
23
Q
the trachea is a tube comprised of
A
hyaline \n\ncartilage and smooth muscle;
24
Q
trachea bifurcates at the level of the ____\n\ninto right and left principal bronchi
A
sternal angle
25
Q
division begtween the right and left principal bronchi after the trachea
A
carina
26
Q
The right principal bronchus is ___ ___ and ____\n\nthan the left.
A
wider shorter more vertical
27
For this reason, foreign objects tend to be inhaled \n\ninto the ___ bronchus.
right
28
The left principal bronchus is longer and narrower than the right; \n\nit passes
in front of the descending \n\naorta and the esophagus.
29
The ____ bronchi are distributed to the lobes of the lungs.
secondary
30
right side secondary bronchi names
superior, middle, inferior
31
secondary bronchi on the left side
superior and inferior
32
The tertiary bronchi are features of the ___ bronchopulmonary \n\nsegments to which they are distributed.
10
33
The terminal bronchiole is the most distal \n\nbranch of the bronchial tree that is used solely for
conduction of \n\nair
34
the ____ bromnchiole is the beginning of the terminal ventilatory unit.
terminal
35
A ____ bronchiole is peripheral and distal to a terminal bronchiole
respiratory
36
A respiratory bronchiole is peripheral to a terminal bronchiole. It is \n\ncharacterized by the presence of
alveoli
37
____ the functional units of respiratory \n\nexchange
alveoli
38
there are approximately ____ alveoli in the normal lung
300 million
39
Alveolar ducts branch from _____; they consist of a \n\nseries of alveoli.
respiratory bronchioles
40
avelar sacs are a large circle of ____ forming a pocket of air
aveoli
41
type 1 avelolar epithelial cells are specialized for
gas exchange
42
type 2 avelolar epithelial cells produce
surficant
43
suficant produced by type II epithelial cells acts to
reduce surface tension at the blood air interface
44
___ rami are shorter when you are talking about intercostal nerve but the funcitonal components are the same
dorsal
45
from hilum of lungs, pulmonary arteries.. at secondary bronchi lobular arteries_ by tertiary bromnchi become segmental arteries which follow
tertiary bronchi into the susbtance of the lungs
46
Once at the levels of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and \n\nalveolar saccules, the minute vessels participate in the formation of ____ that surround each alveolus.
capillary \n\nplexi
47
At the level of the alveoli, half of the capillary plexus surrounding each alveolus \n\ncontains
oxygenated blood.
48
the capillary plexus colesce to form _____ which run in the connective sept between bronchopulmonarye segments
pulomnary veins
49
the pulomnary veins colase so that by the time they reach the hilum of lung they split into
right and legft superior and right and left inerior pulmonary veins
50
the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the ___ of the heart
left atrium
51
the fibrication of the trachea occurs at the sternal angle of the
level of the second rib
52
main goal of lymphatic drainage of lungs is to
capture extra fluid leaving capillary beds draining into interstital space in order to maintian conditions compatible with efficient oxygen, nutrient, waste exchange
53
The lymphatic system is constructed to cleanse the interstitial fluid it \n\nsequesters; foreign material, dirt, and bacteria accumulate in lymph nodes, \n\nwhich serve as _on line filters_ and often in lymph capillaries.
.
54
Each lung has ___ and ____ lymphatic plexi.
superfieical and deep
55
superficial lymphatic plexi are The tiny superficial lymphatics are located immediately beneath the \n\nvisceral pleura and usually are often visible upon initial inspection of the \n\nlungs in situ. The fluid that these vessels contain drains into the \n\n
bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes.
56
The lymph vessels of the deep plexi drain the substance of the lungs. \n\nThey run from the periphery, centrally, going first to the pulmonary \n\nnodes located near the origins of the tertiary bronchi and then to the hilar \n\nnodes.
.
57
Efferent lymphatics from the bronchopulmonary nodes drain superiorly \n\nto the tracheobronchial and paratracheal nodes and ultimately into the \n\nbronchomediastinal lymph trunk.
.
58
Enlarged lymph nodes associated with disease processes, such as carcinoma, often \n\nimpinge on adjacent structures producing symptoms that may alert the examining \n\nphysician to the presence of an otherwise
clinically silent condition.
59
bronchogenic carcinoma, enlarged ____ often produce \n\ndistortion of the position of the trachea that may be visualized during \n\nbronchoscopy or on a radiograph.
tracheobronchial nodes
60
Enlarged ____ or _____ \n\nnodes may obstruct the conducting portion of the airway, causing shortness of \n\nbreath and/or a chronic cough.
pulomonary and bracheopulmonary
61
An increase in size and/or proliferation of \n\n____ nodes on the left side may compress the underlying recurrent \n\nlaryngeal nerve, causing noticeable change in voice quality.
bronchopulmonary
62
The Pulmonary Plexus \n\nThis plexus consists of a mixture of ____ and _____ fibers that \n\nfollow the distribution of the bronchi and blood vessels.
visceral motor and visceral sensory
63
vagus nerve is cranial nerve
10
64
afferent snesory fibers of vagus nerve are distrubted to
Mucosae of the bronchi _ initiate cough reflex \n\nb. Muscles of the bronchi _ respond to stretch \n\n46
65
autonomic nervous system is going to ____
viscera
66
Arterial chemoreceptors, the ___ and ____ bodies, work in concert \n\nwith afferent vagal fibers by monitoring changes in arterial blood gas \n\ntensions and in the pH of the blood.
aortic and carotid
67
Most of the _pain_ associated with the lungs is transmitted by _____ fibers \n\ncontained within the intercostal and phrenic nerves that supply the parietal pleurae
somatic sensory
68
pain associated by lungs is transmitted by
somatic sensory within intercostal and phrenic nerves that supply the parietal pleurae\nvisceral afferents from bronchi
69
The apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck, projecting \n\napproximately an ___ above the medial aspect of the clavicle.
inch
70
The anatomic base of the lung is the
diaphragmatic surface
71
The clinical\n\nbase of the lung as the
lowermost aspect of its inferior lobe
72
The root of the lung is comprised of a
primary bronchus, pulmonary \n\nvessels, bronchial vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
73
The ___ and ____ l surfaces of the lung meet to define its anterior \n\nborder
costal and mediastinal
74
____ and ___ surfaces of the lung meet to define its anterior \n\nborde;l
costal and medistinal
75
the cardiac notch is on the ____ side
left
77
The round and wide posterior border lies on either side of the thoracic \n\nvertebral bodies. It is formed by the union of the
costal and mediastinal \n\nsurfaces posteriorly.
78
The inferior border forms the margin of the diaphragmatic surface and \n\nseparates the latter from the
mediastinal and costal surfaces.
79
The left and right lungs are divided into superior and inferior lobes by \n\n___ fissures.
OLIQUE
80
the inferior lobes begin posterioyl between vertebrae
t2 and t4
81
The superior and middle lobes of the right lung are divided by a \n\n____ fissure
horizontal
82
the horizonstal fissure begins olique fissure and ends at the
fourth costal cartilage
83
The superior lobe of the left lung is characterized by the ____, \n\nwhich is defined by a tongue-like projection of lung tissue, the lingula.
cardiac notch
84
sharp stabbing pain specifically over shoulder
pluersy, specifically involving the somatic sensory fibers from phrenic nerve of c3 c4 c5
85
drainage from deep plexi goes to the
pulmonary nodes at level of the tertairy bronchi then to hilar nodes then to trachobronchial and paratracheal then to bronchomedistinal lhymph
86
nodes at level of the tertiary bronchi
pulmonary nodes
87
lymph trunk that drains into subclavian and internal juglat
bronchomediastinal
88
The apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck, projecting approximately an ___ above the medial aspect of the clavicle.
inch
89
The anatomic base of the lung is the ___ surface.
diaphragmatic
90
The clinical base of the lung as the
lowermost aspect of its inferior lobe.
91
the hilum is at what spinal level
t5 to t7
92
during inspiration, the vertical anteroposterior and transverse diamters increase as the results because of the
downward movement of diaphargm and upward movement of downward sloping ribs
93
the contraction of a diaphragm produces
flattening
94
causes of upward movement of downward sloping ribs is
fixation of 1st rib by anterior scalene and contraction of intercostal muscles
95
what allows air to be drawn in through the nose trachea and laryna
increase in intrathoracic volume and decrease in thrathoracic pressure
96
during expiration what relaxes
the diaphram and intercostal muscles
97
what is responsible for expelling air from lungs
elastic recoil of lungs
98
bronchoavleaolr development stage that occurs at 8-16 weeks
pseudoglandular
99
bronchoavleaolr development stage that occurs at 17-26 weeks
canalcicular
100
bronchoavleaolr development stage that occurs at 27 weeks to birth
terminal sac stage
101
order of stages of the bronchoalveolar system
pseudoglandular stage, canacilular, termianl sac
102
stage of prolific cell divion and devleopment of ducts of entire cinducting system
pseudoglandular
103
stage where primitive alveoli and vascular chanels form and potential for functional relationship between type 1 epithelial cells and capillary beds where gas may take place
canaclicular stage
104
why do infants during canalcilular stage have poor prognosis
insufficient number of functional aveoli, there is not enoguh surfacant which collapses the alveoli
105
stage of bronchoalveolar devleopment where the primitive alveoli gradually increase and the capillary beds become well developed, type II epithetial cells produce surficant
terminal sac stage
106
what stage of bronchoalveolar development are type ii epithelial cells able to make surfactant after the 35th week of gestation
terminal sac stage
107
why are babies born during terminal sac stage at risk for chronic pulmonary disease
they are able to breath by the increase in o2 and pressure may compromise alveolar devleopment
108
disease in infants where there is not enough surfacant because they are born during canalicular stage and ot later
hyaline membrane disease
109
what fibers in the pulmonary plexus
sympathetic and parasympathetic motor fibers, visceral sensory fibers
110
the pulmonary plexus follows the distribution of
bronchi and blood vessels
111
parasympathetic motor fibers of the pulmonary plexus innervate
airways as bronchoconstrictors controlling amount of airand the secretions of mucus glands
112
the sympathetic motor fibers of the pulmonary plexus are associated with the
bronchodilators since inhibit parasympathetic, vasoconstrictors, inhibit secretion of mucuous
113
sympathetic motor fibers of pulmonary plexus are classified as what in terms to what they do to bronchi
bronchodilators
114
afferent motor fibers fo vagus nerve are districubred to
bronchi mucose to initiate cough, muscles of bronchi to respond to streth, interalveolar sepate to prevent oeverexpansion of lungs, pulmonary arteries are pressoreceptors, and pulmonary veins as chemoreceptors
115
what works together with vagus to monitor chanes in aterial blood gas tnesions and ph
aortic and carotid bodies
116
what senses pain in the lungs
somatic sensory fibers within intercostal and phrenic nerves supplying parietal pleurae, also visceral afferent fibers from bronchi
117
the pain detected by visceral afferent fibers of bronchi are referred over the
chest wall at t1-t5
