Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neo Board Review MAP > Fluid And Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid And Electrolytes Flashcards

(48 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Total body water

A

Decreases with increasing gestational age

Diuresis in first 3 days from extracellular fluid compartment (ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Increases insensible water loss (IWL)

A 
Lower GA and BW
Increased RR
Ambient temp above NTE
Fever
Radiant warmer use
Activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Decreased IWL

A 
High relative humidity (esp <28 week)
Heat shield/double walled incubators
Plastic blankets
Clothing
Humidified inspired gases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osmolality

A

Smaller molecules more osmotic than larger ones
Na > gluc > albumin
Stimulus of ADH secretion via osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Electrolytes in stomach fluids

A

Na 20-80
K 5-20
Cl 100-150

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Electrolytes in small intestine fluids

A

Na 100-140
K 5–15
Cl 90-120

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Electrolytes in bile

A

Na 120-140
K 5-15
Cl 90-120

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Electrolytes from ileostomy

A

Na 45-135
K 3-15
Cl 20-120

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Electrolytes in diarrhea

A

Na 10-90
K 10-80
Cl 10-110

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fractional excretion of sodium

A

Proportion of Na excreted based on how much serum is filtered by kidney
Decreases with increasing GA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypernatremia

A 
Na > 150
Due to:
- dehydration (decreased free water)
- too much sodium
- congenital decreased ADH (seen after 2-3 days, rare)
- occasionally excess maternal Na
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypernatremia and IVH

A

Hypernatremia over first several days after birth associated with severe IVH

Risk increased with concommitmenthyperglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hyponatremia

A 
Na < 130
Due to: 
- overhydration (too much free water)
- excess renal loss of sodium
- SIADH
- other losses
- use of indomethacin (potentiates ADH effect)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia (K>7)

A 
Sampling site
Acidosis (Shifts K extracellular)
Renal failure
Adrenal insufficiency
Excess intake
Spironolactone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia

A

Stop all K
Consider bicarb (K into cell)
Can give sodium polystyrene sulfonate (will increase Na)
Peritoneal dialysis
Exchange transfusion
Maintain normal ionized calcium to stabilize heart

Use of glucose and insulin shifts K into the cell, doesn’t lower total body K


How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Causes of hypokalemia (K<3.5)

A 
Preterm infants with IUGR (DOL 1)
Increased G.I. losses
Renal losses
Drugs (amphotericin, aminoglycosides, beta agonists)
Restricted intake

Similar clinical signs, different EKG findings from hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia (Ca<8)

A 
Early - abrupt cessation of transplacental Ca passage
Elevated calcitonin
Decreased PTH
Decreased 25-OH vitamin D
DiGeorge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Risk factors for hypocalcemia

A 
Prematurity
Infant of diabetic mother
Perinatal stress/asphyxia
Intrauterine growth restriction
22q11 abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia (Ca>11)

A

Increased administration of Ca
Low Phos
Elevated PTH
Elevated vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Risk factors for hypercalcemia

Study These Flashcards
A

TPN
Therapeutic hypothermia (fat necrosis)
Maternal hypoparathyroidism
Williams syndrome

21
Q

Hypophosphatemia

Study These Flashcards
A

P < 4
Very common among preterm infants with IUGR
Worry about refeeding syndrome

22
Q

When is antidiuretic hormone secreted?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • increased osmolality (osmoreceptors in hypothalamus)

- decreased plasma volume (pressure receptors in veins, atria, carotids)

23
Q

Overall effect of ADH secretion?

Study These Flashcards
A

Increases water reabsorption by kidney

24
Q

Diabetes insipidus

Study These Flashcards
A 
Decreased ADH
Nephrogenic or neurogenic
Signs:
- Polyuria
- Hypernatremia
- Increased thirst

Think about with holoprosencephaly or Septo optic dysplasia

25
SIADH
Increased ADH Hyponatremia Concentrated urine (Uosm > Sosm without dehydration) Normal or hypervolemia
26
Diabetes insipidus treatment
Neurogenic - Desmopressin (DDAVP) = analog of ADH | Nephrogenic - hydrochlorothiazide increases proximal tubule reabsorption of sodium and water
27
Aldosterone
Mineralocorticoid made in zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex Can cross placenta Increases reabsorption of Na and water and secretion of K Simulates renal secretion of H Feedback loop to pituitary to release ADH
28
Aldosterone stimulated by
Stretch receptors in atria of heart Renin angiotensin aldosterone system Hyperkalemia Plasma acidosis
29
Hypoaldosteronism
Hypotension Hyponatremia Hyperkalemia Metabolic acidosis Seen in CAH, adrenal insufficiency 
30
Hyperaldosteronism
Hypertension Hypernatremia Conn syndrome, Bartter syndrome Extremely rare in neonates
31
Causes of metabolic acidosis
``` Lactic acidosis Acute renal failure Inborn errors of metabolism Toxins Diarrhea CAH TPN Renal tubular acidosis ```
32
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
Acid loss (vomiting, pyloric stenosis) Diuretics (contraction alkalosis) Compensation of chronic respiratory acidosis Bartter syndrome (IUGR, polyuria, low K, low mag) Exogenous bicarb Increased aldosterone Cystic fibrosis
33
When is nephrogenesis complete?
34 weeks gestation
34
Is urine concentrating ability increased or decreased at lower gestational ages?
Decreased
35
How do antenatal steroids help the kidneys concentrate urine better?
Increased Na/K-ATPase and Na/H exchanger
36
Clinical signs of hyperkalemia
Ileus Muscle weakness Cardiac arrhythmia
37
Where is antidiuretic hormone made?
Hypothalamus
38
Where is antidiuretic hormone stored?
Posterior pituitary
39
How does ADH affect renin secretion?
Decrease
40
How does ADH affect ACTH secretion?
Increase
41
What does ADH do to the distal tubules of the kidney?
Increases permeability
42
How does ADH affect V2 receptors?
Increase cAMP -> phosphorylation of aquaporin 2
43
How does ADH affect renal mesagial cells?
Contraction - remove debris from glomerular basement membrane
44
Management of SIADH
Water restriction | AVP receptor antagonist
45
What pathologies is SIADH seen with?
HIE IVH Pulmonary air leaks
46
What is the total body water in a newborn
75% of birth weight
47
What can cause a transudative effusion?
Congestive heart failure Cardiac arrhythmias Hypoalbuminemia
48
What can cause an exudative effusion?
Chylothorax | Meconium peritonitis

Neo Board Review MAP (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions