Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards
Normal Serum Sodium Levels
136-145 mEq/L
Normal Serum Potassium Levels
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Serum Calcium Levels
9.0-10.5 mEq/L
Normal Serum Magnesium Levels
1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
<136 mEq/L
Hypernatremia
> 145 mEq/L
Causes of Hyponatremia
GI losses, diuretics, excessive water intake, burns
Causes of Hypernatremia
Increased water loss, Increased ingestion of sodium
Symptoms of Hyponatremia
Muscle cramps and weakness Depressed deep tendon reflexes Nausea and vomiting Headaches Disorientation Lethargy Seizures/coma Nausea and vomiting Abdominal cramps
Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Decreased blood pressure Weak, rapid pulse Increased thirst Headache Disorientation and agitation Seizures (later stages) Dry skin and mucous membrane
Treatment of Hyponatremia
Identify underlying cause
Treatment of Hypernatremia
Identify underlying cause
Hypokalemia
<3.5 mEq/L
Hyperkalemia
> 5.0 mEq/L
Causes of Hypokalemia
Diuretics, GI losses, Extreme sweating
Causes of Hyperkalemia
Renal failure, Diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms of Hypokalemia
Cardiac irregularities or EKG changes Confusion depression Increased sensitivity to digitalis Muscle weakness Muscle cramps and tenderness Paraesthesia Decreased GI motility Anorexia, nausea, vomiting Abdominal distention and flatulence
Symptoms of Hyperkalemia
Nausea and vomiting Abdominal cramps Weakness Paresthesias/Numbness and tingling Cardiac irregularities on EKG
Treatment of Hypokalemia
Potassium replacement
Treatment of Hyperkalemia
Calcium administration, insulin, Kayexelate, dialysis
Hypocalcemia
<9.0 mEq/L
Hypercalcemia
> 10.5 mEq/L
Causes of Hypocalcemia
Vitamin D deficiency, Pancreatitis
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism, Large doses of Vitamin D