Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Serum Sodium Levels

A

136-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

Normal Serum Potassium Levels

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

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3
Q

Normal Serum Calcium Levels

A

9.0-10.5 mEq/L

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4
Q

Normal Serum Magnesium Levels

A

1.3-2.1 mEq/L

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5
Q

Hyponatremia

A

<136 mEq/L

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6
Q

Hypernatremia

A

> 145 mEq/L

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7
Q

Causes of Hyponatremia

A

GI losses, diuretics, excessive water intake, burns

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8
Q

Causes of Hypernatremia

A

Increased water loss, Increased ingestion of sodium

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9
Q

Symptoms of Hyponatremia

A
Muscle cramps and weakness
Depressed deep tendon reflexes
Nausea and vomiting
Headaches
Disorientation
Lethargy
Seizures/coma
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal cramps
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10
Q

Symptoms of Hypernatremia

A
Decreased blood pressure
Weak, rapid pulse
Increased thirst
Headache
Disorientation and agitation
Seizures (later stages)
Dry skin and mucous membrane
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11
Q

Treatment of Hyponatremia

A

Identify underlying cause

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12
Q

Treatment of Hypernatremia

A

Identify underlying cause

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13
Q

Hypokalemia

A

<3.5 mEq/L

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14
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

> 5.0 mEq/L

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15
Q

Causes of Hypokalemia

A

Diuretics, GI losses, Extreme sweating

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16
Q

Causes of Hyperkalemia

A

Renal failure, Diabetic ketoacidosis

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17
Q

Symptoms of Hypokalemia

A
Cardiac irregularities or EKG changes
Confusion
depression
Increased sensitivity to digitalis
Muscle weakness
Muscle cramps and tenderness
Paraesthesia
Decreased GI motility
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
Abdominal distention and flatulence
18
Q

Symptoms of Hyperkalemia

A
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal cramps
Weakness
Paresthesias/Numbness and tingling
Cardiac irregularities on EKG
19
Q

Treatment of Hypokalemia

A

Potassium replacement

20
Q

Treatment of Hyperkalemia

A

Calcium administration, insulin, Kayexelate, dialysis

21
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

<9.0 mEq/L

22
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

> 10.5 mEq/L

23
Q

Causes of Hypocalcemia

A

Vitamin D deficiency, Pancreatitis

24
Q

Causes of Hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism, Large doses of Vitamin D

25
Symptoms of Hypocalcemia
Paresthesias especially numbness and tingling Tetany Skeletal muscle cramps Abdominal muscle spasms and cramps Positive Chvostek’s sign (twitching of the facial muscles) Positive Trousseau’s sign (flexion of the wrist, hyperextension of the fingers)
26
Symptoms of Hypercalcemia
``` Polyuria Excessive thirst Flank pain Anorexia Lethargy Weakened muscles Hypertension ```
27
Treatment of Hypocalcemia
Calcium supplementation
28
Treatment of Hypercalcemia
identify underlying cause
29
Hypomagnesemia
<1.3 mEq/L
30
Hypermagnesemia
>2.1 mEq/L
31
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
malnutrition and alcoholism, Diarrhea, NG suction
32
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Renal failure
33
Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia
``` Personality changes Tetany Tachycardia Hypertension Cardiac arrhythmias ```
34
Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia
``` Lethargy Hyporeflexia Confusion Coma Hypotension Cardiac arrhythmias Cardiac arrest ```
35
Treatment of Hypomagnesemia
Magnesium administration
36
Treatment of Hypermagnesemia
symptomatic
37
SIADH
Syndrome of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone; Serum Na+ - ↓, Serum osmolality- ↓, Extracellular volume-Normal (isovolemic), Urine osmolality and SG ↑ (concentrated urine with osmolality usually > 300 mmol/kg); retaining a lot of fluid
38
DI
Diabetes Insepidus; Serum Na+ - ↑, Serum osmolality - ↑, Extracellular volume - Normal (isovolemic), Urine osmolality and SG - ↓; fluid lose, lots of urination
39
Normal Blood Urea Nitrogen levels
5-25 mg/dl
40
Normal serum creatinine
0.5 to 1.5 mg/dl